Notes: Martin Luther George Berkley

These notes cover from Martin Luther through to George Berkley. Test is on 2/26/14. Key details are bolded for clarity. All dates in this guide are needed for the test. Remember to study the John Locke packet for the test!

Martin Luther:
Born in 1483, to a wealthier peasant (Hans) At the time, Germany was considered to be the boonies, the sticks, the backwoods, etc. (like Spokane) Genius noticed at an early age, was sent to law school Graduated 2nd in his class as a lawyer at the University of Erfurt After graduation party, lightning struck by him and flung him from his horse. o "Help me Saint Anne! I will become a monk!" o 2 weeks later became an Augustinian monk, Dad wasnt happy. Luther was tormented by his guilt, and practice asceticism as his penance. After reading through Romans 1:16-17, tries to reconcile: Not ashamed of the Gospel of Christ and The righteousness of God is revealed o Conclusion: Righteousness is a gift that God gives to us. 1517- Posts his 95 Theses on the Wittenberg Church door (Community Bulletin Board), random dude takes the 95 theses, translates them into German, publishes them, distributed them around Germany, and they set Germany on fire. o Response to indulgence sales. o Written only in Latin Excommunicated by Leo X 1521 - Interrogated by Leo X (Giovanni Medici) at the Diet of Worms, delivered his "Here I Stand" speech. 1529- Colloquy of Marburg with Ulrich Zwingli Died 1546.

Giovanni Medici (Pope Leo X)

Son of Lorenzo Medici, brother of Julio (Pope Julius) and Michelangelo (the artist). Cardinal at 13 years old, Pope around 30, said God has given us the papacy! Let us enjoy it" when elected.

Massive partier, bankrupted the papacy in less than three years. Started using indulgences to boost funds, sent Johann Tetzel to Germany to sell indulgences. Angered by Martin Luther.

Diet of Worms Summary:

Duke Friedrich, elector of Saxony, protected Luther from the Pope and was a key player in the Diet of Worms (which doesnt sound authentically German unless you say Diet uf Vorrmppffs!) Lots of important people attended, including the young Holy Roman Emperor Last chance for Luther to recant his beliefs. This is where he gave his famous "Here I Stand" speech (I am convinced vs. Church convinces you) Philosophical shift, Luther thought he'd be dead in 2 months o Steps outside to greet large crowd, gives victory sign. o Men hired by Duke Friedrich in black hoods abduct Luther Taken to Wartburg Castle, spends 11 months there. o Puts on some weight, grows a beard, puts on the clothes of a squire, and becomes "Squire George" o Moves back to Wittenberg o Denounces both sides of the Peasant's Revolt Marries Katerina Von Bora o Former nun who led nine nuns in escape from convent o Has 7 children with Luther, 3 died - 1st child, Hans Luther o "the child of a monk and a nun" o Writes A Mighty Fortress is our God Attends the Colloquy of Marburg in 1529 o Agreed with Ulrich Zwingli on 14 of 15 points o Only disagreement came on communion Physical presence of Christ vs. a means of remembrance Consubstantiation vs. Memorial

The Four Solas VS the Churchs Un-Solas

Sola Fide (By Faith Alone) Sola Scriptura (By Scripture Alone) Sola Gratia (By Grace Alone) Sola Christus (By Christ Alone) Sola Deo Gloria (The Glory of God Alone) Faith + Works Scripture + Tradition Grace + Merit Christ + Church Something extra (the church doesnt define)

Expansion of By Faith Alone

By: implies causation Faith causes our justification Luther explains with Aristotle's Four Causes o Material: unjustified humans (Materials) o Formal: Image of Christ (Plan) o Efficient: God (Designer) o Final: His Glory (Purpose)

Faith: Instrumental Cause: Faith (Tool) Notitia o Information, content knowing the Gospel Assensus o Agreeing and being convinced of the truth of the Gospel Fiducia o Entrusting yourself to the Gospel, Christ becomes your fiduciary.

Alone: goes into conflict between Reformers and Catholic Church

Reformed Position Forensic - Justification is a legal declaration by God - Spoken Synthetic - Synthesis of ourselves and Christs righteousness Imputation - Legal transfer - Guilt is transferred to Christ and righteousness is transferred to us Qualitative Grace - Gods disposition towards you

Catholic Position Legal Fiction - Forensic is fiction - There is some righteousness there, God simply digs around and finds it Analytic - God analyzes us to look for some righteousness Infusion - Fusing something into another, mixing - Righteousness is mixed into us Quantitative Grace - Habitus - A substance rationed out to people

No Merit - Christs work alone

Congruous Merit - We have merit sufficient enough for God to accept if He wants Provisional - You can commit mortal sin (as opposed to venial sin) and lose your salvation - You can regain it through penance Faith + Works - See notes above

Secures - You cannot lose your salvation

Faith Alone - See notes above

Faith - You are justified the moment you have faith

Baptism - You are justified the moment you are baptized

The Seven Sacraments of the Catholic Church Mass Baptism Confirmation Marriage Penance o Contrition o Confession o Absolution o Satisfaction Holy Orders Extreme Unction

Rene Descartes
1596-1650 Great upheaval due to the Scientific Revolution, Doubts of the Church, and People in Skeptical Panic

Bible printed in people's native languages People started to read for their own as the Church lost moral authority If people couldnt trust the Church or the Bible, then the only thing they have left is their reason This introduces us to the Age of Reason (lasts for 300 years, 1600-1900)

Two ages
Age of Reason (1600 1900) Age of Irrationality (1800 present)

Descartes

Kant Darwin Freud Hegel Nietzsche Schaeffer

Three sections 1600-1700 Reason vs. Empiricism (The mind vs. Experience) Two movements o Continental Rationalists Descartes Leibniz Spinoza o British Empiricists Locke Berkeley Hume (who will not be on this text but the next one) 1700-1800 Reason vs. Revelation 1800-1900 Reason alone, is God

Descartes
For Descartes, reason is where we put our trust Meditations o Meditation 1: Doubt o Meditation 2: "Cogito Ergo Sum" - leads to certainty o Meditation 3: God All have sensations All sensations are stimuli from the environment All have factitions, what my mind constructs from experience, prior sensations All have pure innate ideas of the Perfect Being (This is a mixture of Anselm and the Causation Arguments) o Eventually the meditations lead to everything we know and experience (Saving the Appearances)

Problem of Interactionism Two types of reality o Extended (Existence is in space and time) o Non-extended (Existence is not in space and time)

The question is how do these two types of reality interact? Descartes's answer: A point in the penial gland.

Spinoza and Leibniz

Spinoza: 1632-1677 Spanish Jew, fled the Inquisition as a child, resettled in Holland At age 24, rejected Judaism, kicked out. Earns a living grinding glass for microscopes and telescopes Met Leibniz later in his life Died of breathing glass dust

Most famous work: Ethics (or, as it should really be called, Anti-Ethics)

Spinoza believed in Substance Monism There can only be one substance (sufficient to explain its own existence) Substance must be equal to everything (pantheist) o God is substance in nature and God = Substance = Nature o God must be infinite, therefore everything

Substance AKA Nature AKA God has Attributes God has infinite amount of attributes We can only know 2 (Extension and Non-Extension)

In addition to the attributes are Modes Substance has temporary wrinkles, like waves on an ocean they just happen with little significance. Wrinkles are called modes Wrinkles are experienced in space and time Just like waves take different forms, substance takes different forms

How humans connect to modes is through Active/Passive Emotion Free will is impossible, we only think we have free will, but we are not aware of the causing factors Human bondage - being forced to act on some causes, and not others Passive Emotion o Being a victim to aggravating circumstances in the world. Active emotions o Being a victim to aggravating circumstances in the world but at least knowing that you are a victim.

Spinoza wants us to respect and awe nature reverently - love God/nature, but dont expect any love back

Leibniz
Born in 1646, politician, liked the limelight Court official in King George I (Hanover line from Germany) Co-inventor of Calculus (Newton won)

Leibniz's Philosophy consisted of infinite particles Monadology Everything is made of simpler, smaller parts, the smallest part is a monad The first monad was God, who created an infinite number of monads If they are infinitely small, they cannot be material, therefore spiritual Therefore, there is no matter, all is spiritual

His philosophy questions causation Pre-established Harmony All monads are programmed All monads are in sync with each other

All of this leads to his theodicy a justification of God Addresses the problem of evil o Evil is an unavoidable necessity, no other way to make the world. Evil comes in three forms, in a kind of progression. Metaphysical since everything God creates is inferior, everything is evil, Physical- Natural disasters Moral- violence, crime, sin

"If you start with the mind, you lose the world. If you start with the world, then you lose your mind." - Mr. Gore

John Locke:
Born 1632 in England, British Empiricists under the rule of Charles I Lives through the puritan revolution, interregnum of Oliver Cromwell, Charles beheading Becomes an aid to Lord Shaftsbury, founder of the Whig Party in England. (Opposite the Tories) Lord Shaftsbury gets into trouble, Locke flees. Travels Europe for Four years Comes into contact with the Continental Rationalists o Doesnt like them because their thought directly leads to monarchy Returns to England, writes The Two Treatises on Government

The social contract is rooted in "Official Authority" (temporary) not "Personal Authority" (staying with the person)

Most Important Work: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Book 1: Attacks Descartes's reliance on "innate idea" i.e. existence, God o Gives definitions for the Idea: the mind is tabula raza or a blank slate, and the Self: the stream of perception writing knowledge on your slate . o Denies independence of the mind, ideas are effects that comes from perception o An idea is the effect of perception Book 2: Ideas are an effect of perceptions o Perceptions leave residual images in our mind o Fundamental reality is outside of us. o Locke is an Objectivist

Ideas are divided into two qualities: Primary - qualities that are inherent to that object itself. They dont depend on the observer (size, number of objects, etc.) Secondary - only possible because of the participation of the observer (color, smell, etc.)

Knowledge is a combination of the two (think of these as the knobs on an Etch-A-Sketch) Mind operating on perception - "Natural Law" Knowledge of this natural law comes from the discovery of the world and applying reason to perception

This idea bled over into other philosophies, inspiring Blackstone - law Adam Smith - economics Montesquieu - politics

George Berkeley
1685-1753 Bishop in Anglican Church, 1st of our philosophers to come to America (missionary) Published in math and optics Saw the rise of materialism, seeds of atheism, and wanted to bring mankind away from it. In order to deny materialism, Berkeley thinks we need to deny the existence of matter. Anti-material empiricist (its weird, but it works).

Criticized Locke's view of qualities (primary and secondary). In his mind, everything is secondary.

Famous quote: Esse est percepe To be is to be perceived A thing only exists if it is perceived. Basically, its all in your head. God's perceptions are creative, everything is in the mind of God (This is his theistic proof)

Goofy limerick written about him after his death. You dont need to know this for the test. Thought he was saving the world, but no one bought his thought. This only helped contribute to the eventual collapse of Rationalism.

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