Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia June 17-19, 2007

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Power Flow Study of Untransposed Transmission Lines

Ali Basrah Pulungan 1) , Sasongko Pramono Hadi 2) , Soedjatmiko 2)
Dept. of Electrical Eng., Faculty of Eng., Padang University State 1) Dept. of Electrical Eng., Faculty of Eng., Gadjah Mada University 2)

ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the unbalanced three-phase power flow, mainly to know the voltage magnitude, current and power each bus and lines. Unbalanced three-phase system can be caused untransposed lines, unbalanced loads or both of them. In this case, unbalanced of three-phase system is done with making simulation in 14 bus system from IEEE : untransposed lines of balanced loads. This simulation is done with using EDSA software to do phase dependent power flow analysis. The result of unbalanced three-phase power flow simulation caused untransposed lines of balanced loads is showing the difference among voltage magnitude, current and power in each phase. The greatest unbalanced bus voltage percentage is 2.38%. The total percentage each current a, b and c in untransposed lines of balanced loads are 30.94%, 33.06%, 36.00%. The total percentage each active power a, b and c are 31.26%, 29.31% and 39.43% and the total percentage each reactive power a, b and c are 35.18%, 41.34% and 23.48% Index Terms : unbalanced power flow, untransposed transmission lines,

1. Introduction
The transmission system should not introduce any unbalance to energy transported. However, the geometry of the transmission towers creates unbalances because the distances between phases and between the phases to earth not equal, consequently, it can generate unbalance to the power flows. The geometry of the towers of high voltage transmission lines produces impedance asymmetric, which in turn causes corresponding voltage and current unbalance at the line end. The effect of line asymmetric can be eliminated by the use of phase transposition, dividing the line into three, or multiples of three sections [1]. The phase conductor have their position interchanged at special transposition tower so that the conductor of each phase occupies positions 1, 2 and 3 [2], as shown as Fig. 1.
a
b

distributed along lines [3]. The conductor that used Hawk kind ACSR 26/7 with characteristics GMR = 0.029 ft, diameter = 0.858 in and resistans (500) = 0.216 ohm/mile, length conductor 165 miles, conductor configuration horizontal like Fig. 2.

(1)

c ( 2) a

b
c a L 3

(3)

L 3

b L 3
L

Fig. 2. conductor configuration horizontal The value of series impedance and shunt admittance determined by this equations [3][4]:

Fig. 1 Line scheme transposition with three sections

(l ) ' Z zl 1 + 6
E-mail:al1bp05@yahoo.com

'

ohm 1 l 2 yl 1 = 2 3 2
2

(1)

yl 2

(l ) 2 1 mho 12

(2)

2. Transmission lines Parameter

In this case, three phase transmission lines is assumed as the long transmission lines with lines parameters uniformly

z is lines impedance per unit of length-lines, with matrices element determined by this equations [5]:

ISBN 978-979-16338-0-2

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Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia June 17-19, 2007

F-62

D e ohm/mil z ii = ( ri + r e ) + j 0 . 12134 ln GMRi De ohm/mil z ij = r e + j 0 . 12134 ln D ij

(3)

Pi _ 1 = Pi Specified Pi Calculated _1 _1 Q i_1 = Q iSpecified Q iCalculated _1 _1

(4)

(10) The calculated positive sequence power for N bus power system given as (11) P = V V Y cos( + )
N Calculated i_1 j =1 i_1 j _1 ij _ 1 ij _ 1 i_1 j _1

IS

Z'

IR
Q iCalculated _1

= Vi_1 V
j =1

j _1

Y ij _ 1 sin( ij _ 1 i _ 1 +

j _1

where
VS

VR

Y' 2

Y' 2

i _ 1

= V

i _ 1

(12)
i _ 1

P i Specified _1

= P i Spesified _ Load_1 = Q
Specified i _ Load_1

+ +

k =1,k i

P i k_ Q

Line_1

(13)

Fig. 3. Long transmission line equivalent

circuit

Specified i_ 1

k =1,k i

k i _ Line_1

2.1 Classification and specification of buses In three phase power flow study all the buses in the network are classified as slack bus, PV buses or PQ buses Slack bus: at the slack bus, both the positive sequence voltage magnitude and the angle are specified.
V 1 Slack
bus

where M refers to the total number of untransposed transmission lines to bus i [6].

3. Case Study
The test of this case is done with simulating unbalanced power flow that caused by untransposed transmission lines. The simulation uses software EDSA by running phase dependent power flow analysis at IEEE 14 bus system, as shown by Fig. 4.
GRID
G1 G2 G3

= V 1 Specified

Specified 1

(5)

PV bus(Voltage controlled Bus): The PV bus is a generator bus in which both the positive sequence voltage magnitude and the total generated power are specified.
V 1 PV P PV
Bus Bus

GEN

GEN

BUS 1

BUS 2

BUS 3

= V 1 Specified = P Specified

(6)
L1 L2

P PV

Bus

Total

Generation

(7)
BUS 5 BUS 4

represents three phase total power.

L4 G4 L3

PQ bus: for balanced loads, the specified power for each phase is calculated from the total power demand at the load bus.
P Specified Sm = Total + jQ 3 Total

GEN

BUS 6

G5

BUS 7

GEN

BUS 9

Cap BUS 8 L5 BUS 10 L6 BUS 13 BUS 11 BUS 12 L7 BUS 14

m = a or b or c

(8)
L 10

2.2 Mathematical models of power flow Power flow mathematical model newton-raphson three phases asymmetric based on component sequence can be inscribed as sequence positive [6],
P1 H 1 Q = J 1 1 N 1 1 L1 V1

L9

L8

L 11

Fig. 4. IEEE 14 bus system 2.1 Power flow analysis Power flow analysis is done graphically. Fig. 5 shown the unbalance voltage in each bus to each low relative phase. The greatest unbalanced bus voltage [7] at bus 3 is 2.38%, Fig 6. Percentage of each phase a, b and c are 102.38%, 99.77%, 97.85.

(9)

where

H 1 J 1

N1 L1

positive sequence Jacobian matrices

ISBN 978-979-16338-0-2

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Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia June 17-19, 2007

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PERSENTASE TEGANGAN MASING-MASING FASA TERHADAP TEGANGAN RATA-RATA

110.00 100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

NOMOR BUS Fasa a Fasa b Fasa c

As does current each phase, active power unbalance each phase also happened in all lines and has big relative unbalance percentage, especially between bus 4-7, 6-11 and 7-9. Percentage magnitude each phase between bus 4-7 76.91%, 22.90% and 0.19% alternately in phase a, b and c, like showed Fig. 8. Reactive power unbalance each phase also happened in all lines and has big relative imbalance percentage. biggest unbalance percentage happens between bus 4-5 and 14-13, that is as big as 76.88%, 12.04% and 11.07% for phase a, b and c between bus 45, while between bus 14-13 84.27%,8.40% and 7.32% for phase a, b and c, like showed Fig. 8
PERSENTASE DAYA AKTIF PADA MASING-MASING FASA

TEGANGAN FASA (%)

Fig. 5. Voltage each phase Current difference in each phase happens at all of lines, percentage difference biggest that is between bus 7-9, 611,4-7 and 10- 11, special in 7-9, phase successive current percentage magnitude a, b and c that is 50.09%,48.47% and 1.45%. current in phase c this also be current percentage minimum, while the maximum current percentage between bus 6-11 as big as 50.15%, as shown as Fig. 7.
KETIDAKSEIMBANGAN TEGANGAN PADA SETIAP BUS
3.00
90.00 80.00 70.00

DAYA AKTIF (%)

60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00

56 611 612 613 78 79 910 914 10 -1 1 13 -1 2 14 -1 3 25 12 15 23 24 34 45 47 49

NOMOR BUS

KETIDAKSEIMBANGAN (%

Fasa a
2.38

Fasa b

Fasa c

2.50 2.00 1.50

Fig. 8. Active power each phase

PERSENTASE DAYA REAKTIF PADA MASING-MASING FASA
1.06 1.09 0.57 0.40 0.31 0.19 0.62 0.72

90.00 80.00

1.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 1 2 3 4 0.42 0.19

0.74 0.55

DAYA REAKTIF (%)

70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00

10

11

12

13

14

NOMOR BUS

Fig. 6. Bus voltage unbalanced

ARUS PADA MASING-MASING FASA SALURAN TIDAK DITRANSPOSISI
60.00 50.00

NOMOR BUS Fasa a Fasa b Fasa c

Fig. 9. Reactive power each phase

ARUS (%)

40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00

4. Conclusion
Untransposed transmission lines can be caused unbalanced each phase of bus and lines, this matter is showed with voltage difference, current, active power and reactive power in each phase Furthermore reseach can be done with make lines configuration vertically and trilateral.

NOMOR BUS Fasa a Fasa b Fasa c

Fig. 7. Current each phase

ISBN 978-979-16338-0-2

914 10 -1 1 13 -1 2 14 -1 3

12

11

13

7-

4-

1-

1-

2-

4-

2-

2-

3-

4-

5-

7-

6-

6-

6-

9-

10

56 611 612 613 78 79 910 91 10 4 -1 13 1 -1 14 2 -1 3

25

34

45

47

23

12

15

24

49

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Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia June 17-19, 2007

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References
[1] Elguera, A.V dan Tavares, M.C., Influence of Transmission Line Transposition in Electromagnetic Transients Phenomena IEEE, 1-42440288-3/06, 1-6, 2006. Gupta, B.R., Power System Analysis and Design S.Chand & Company Ltd, Ram Nagar, New Delhi, 2004. Saadat, H., 1999, Power Sistem Analysis McGraw-Hill, New York. Pai, M.A. 1984, Computer Techniques in Power Sistem Analysis Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi. Gupta, B.R., Power System Analysis and Design S.Chand & Company Ltd, Ram Nagar, New Delhi. 2004 Abdel-Akher, M., Nor, K. M. dan Rashid, A. H. A, Improved Threephase Power Flow Methods Using Sequence Components IEEE Transactions on Power sistem,Vol. 20, No. 3, 1389-1397. 2005 IEEE Std. 141-1993 (Revision of IEEE Std 141-1986), IEEE Standard Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants (Red Book) , New York.

[2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

[7]

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