Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research

Vol. 34, June 2009, pp. 122-128

Comfort properties of suiting fabrics
R K Nayak
a
, S K Punj & K N Chatterjee
The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani 127 021, India
and
B K Behera
Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110 016, India
Received 18 June 2008; revised received and accepted 7 September 2008
The effects of polyester content, pick density and weave on the thermal comfort and tactile properties of
polyester/viscose blended yarn fabrics have been studied by measuring the low- stress mechanical properties on Kawabata
evaluation system. The thermal comfort has been studied by measuring the air permeability, thermal insulation and moisture
vapour transfer properties of fabrics. The tactile properties have been studied by measuring the fabric mechanical and
surface properties, such as tensile, shear, bending, compression, surface roughness, surface friction and handle. The fabrics
with higher polyester content give higher total hand value and higher thermal insulation, but lower air permeability and
lower moisture vapour transfer. The fabrics with higher polyester content also show lower extensibility; the extensibility in
warp direction is higher than in weft direction and twill woven fabrics give higher extensibility than the plain woven fabrics.
Keywords: Air permeability, Fabric comfort, Fabric handle, Low-stress mechanical properties, Moisture vapour transfer,
Thermal insulation
1 Introduction
Clothing comfort is an extremely complex
phenomenon and has drawn the attention of many
textile research workers. It can be classified into three
groups, namely psychological, tactile and thermal
comfort
1
. Psychological comfort is mainly related to
the garment style, proper fit, fashion and suitability
for the occasion and shows no relationship with the
fabric properties. Tactile comfort is the feel of the
fabric when it is touched and it is directly related to
fabric handle. The handle of a fabric is influenced by
its mechanical and surface properties. The ease of
body motion and the level of load generated in fabric
during body movement are obviously related to the
fabric handle properties, and therefore a study of
clothing tactile comfort must take into account the
fabric low-stress mechanical properties. It is
concerned with the subjective judgment of roughness,
smoothness, harshness, pliability, thickness, etc.
Many researchers have carried out extensive work on
fabric handle properties
2-8
. Thermal comfort is the
factor governed by the movement of heat, moisture
and air through the fabric. The maintenance of
thermal balance is probably the most important
attribute of clothing and has drawn the attention of
many textile research workers
9-14
. The main problem
associated for thermal comfort is the incompatibility
between the requirement of heat conservation during
low metabolic activity and heat dissipation at high
energy level. There are numerous factors regarding
conditions of thermal comfort, such as age, sex,
adaptation, season and heat-flow conditions as well as
physical conditions existing next to the skin surface.
Fabric low-stress mechanical properties are most
important from tactile comfort standpoint. In this
study, Kawabata evaluation system for fabrics (KES-
FB) has been used to measure the low-stress
properties because of its accuracy and high degree of
sensitivity. Also the effects of polyester content,
weave and pick density on comfort properties of
polyester/viscose blended suiting fabric is studied.

2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
Twelve plain and twill woven suiting samples (six
samples of each) with fixed end density and three
different pick densities were used for study. The
50:50 and 30:70 polyester/viscose (P/V) blended
suiting fabrics were prepared in the CIMCO sample
loom.
__________
a
To whom all the correspondence should be addressed.
Present address: School of Fashion & Textiles, RMIT University,
Melbourne, Vic 3056, Australia.
E-mail: rkn.nayak@gmail.com
NAYAK et al.: COMFORT PROPERTIES OF SUITING FABRICS


123
2.2 Methods
2.2.1 Evaluation of Fabric Dimensional Properties
Thread density was measured by pick glass. Warp
and weft counts were measured by Beesley balance.
The constructional parameters of the fabric samples
are given in Table 1.

2.2.2 Testing of Fabric Tactile Comfort Properties
Handle properties of the fabrics were evaluated by
measuring the fabric low-stress mechanical properties
(tensile, shear, bending, compression, surface
roughness and surface friction) on Kawabata
evaluation system for fabrics (KES-FB). The tensile
and shear properties were studied on KES-FB1
(tensile and shear tester). The tensile properties were
measured by plotting the force extension curve
between zero and a maximum force of 500 gf/cm and
the recovery curve. Shear properties were measured
by shearing a fabric sample parallel to its long axis,
keeping a constant tension of 10 gf/cm on the clamp.
Bending properties were measured on KES-FB2 (pure
bending tester) by bending the fabric sample between
the curvatures -2.5 and 2.5 cm
-1
. Compressional
properties were studied on KES-FB3 (compression
tester) by placing the sample between two plates and
increasing the pressure while continuously monitoring
the sample thickness to a maximum pressure of 50
gf/cm
2
. The surface roughness and surface friction
were measured on KES-FB4 (surface tester). The
primary and the total hand values were calculated
from the sixteen mechanical properties using the
prescribed procedure by Kawabata and Niwa
15
.

2.2.3 Testing of Fabric Thermal Comfort Properties
Air permeability tests were conducted according to
BS 5636 on prolific air permeability tester. At least 10
specimens were taken for testing with exposed area of
10 cm
2
under a pressure head of 10 mm of water
column. Thermal insulation was determined using the
KES-FB 5 (Thermolabo II). The dry contact method
with an air velocity of 30 cm/s was used for the
measurement of thermal insulation. The evaporation
cup method was used to measure the resistance of
fabric to moisture vapour as per BS 7209. The fabric
was sealed over a cylindrical cup containing distilled
water and the rate of evaporation was measured under
standard atmospheric conditions. The moisture vapour
resistance was calculated in grams of water passing
through square metre of fabric in 24 hours.

3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Tensile Properties
The tensile properties of suiting fabrics are shown
in Table 2. The EM (tensile strain) value indicates
low-stress extensibility and is related to crimp
removal process during tensile loading. It is the factor
affecting fabric tailorability and seam slippage.
Higher value of EM provides wearing comfort but
creates problem during stitching and steam pressing.
It is observed that for the fabric with higher polyester
content, the extensibility is lower. This may be
attributed to the higher initial modulus and bending
rigidity of polyester fibre. Matsudania and
Kawabata
16
have explained the tensile deformation of
the fabrics in two steps. In first step, the crimps are
stretched without any mechanical restriction and the
removal of crimp depends upon the inter-yarn contact
area. When the fabric is stretched, initially the tensile
force is supported by the bending rigidity of the bent
yarn. In the second step, the crimp interchange
phenomenon takes place and the bending rigidity
plays an important role in the tensile deformation.
Hence, the compact structure of fabric having higher
polyester content combined with the higher bending
rigidity of polyester results in the decrease in
extensibility with the increase in polyester content.
Very high values of tensile strain in warp direction
(EM1) generates problem in sewing and seam
pressing due to distortion of fabrics during sewing.
The tensile strain in weft direction (EM2) is also
crucial for good tailorability and comfort. For all the
fabric samples, EM1 is higher than EM2. The twill
woven fabric is having higher EM values as compared
to plain fabrics. This is because of more mobility of
the yarns in a twill fabric due to less crossover points.
The linearity of tensile property (LT) is indicative
of wearing comfort. Lower values of LT give higher
Table 1Fabric constructional parameters
[Ends/cm 20, warp linear density 30 tex, and weft linear
density 60/2 tex]
Sample code Fabric
(P/V)
Weave Picks/cm

S1 50:50 Plain 18
S2 30:70 Plain 18
S3 50:50 Plain 16
S4 30:70 Plain 16
S5 50:50 Plain 14
S6 30:70 Plain 14
S7 50:50 Twill 18
S8 30:70 Twill 18
S9 50:50 Twill 16
S10 30:70 Twill 16
S11 50:50 Twill 14
S12 30:70 Twill 14
P Polyester and V Viscose.
INDIAN J. FIBRE TEXT. RES., JUNE 2009


124
fabric extensibility in initial strain range indicating
better comfort, but the fabric dimensional stability
decreases. It is observed that LT is higher for the
fabrics with higher polyester content. The LT values
of plain fabric are higher than that of twill fabric; the
values are higher in warp direction than in weft
direction. The tensile energy (WT) also shows the
same trend as the elongation for all the samples. The
tensile resilience (RT) indicates recovery after tensile
deformation. It has been observed that with the
increase in polyester content, the tensile resilience
increases. It may be attributed to higher resilience of
polyester fibre compared to that of the viscose. The
RT values are higher for the fabric with tighter
construction (i.e. higher pick density) because of the
crimp removal which leads to a better recovery in a
tight fabric.

3.2 Shear Properties
It has been observed from Table 3 that the shear
rigidity (G) increases with the increase in polyester
content. This may be attributed to the higher flexural
rigidity and coefficient of friction of polyester fibre as
compared to viscose. The high value of shear rigidity
causes difficulty in tailoring and discomfort during
wearing. Shear rigidity of a fabric mainly depends
upon the mobility of the warp and weft threads within
the fabric. Subramanium et al.
17
have shown that the
contact between the threads greatly affects the shear
rigidity of the fabrics. In the tighter structure of the
fabric, there is a greater contact between warp and
Table 2Tensile properties

EM, % LT WT, gf.cm/cm RT, % Sample
code
Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft

S1

4.46

3.80

0.72

0.69

7.89

6.69

57.12

56.83
S2 4.97 4.17 0.71 0.65 8.57 6.81 54.27 55.94
S3 4.02 3.76 0.70 0.68 7.66 6.56 54.22 53.94
S4 4.56 4.50 0.68 0.67 8.26 6.74 50.56 52.64
S5 3.88 3.22 0.69 0.68 7.54 6.44 54.16 53.86
S6 4.48 3.32 0.67 0.64 8.12 6.57 49.78 48.57
S7 4.92 3.97 0.69 0.67 8.48 7.01 54.10 54.87
S8 5.19 4.22 0.68 0.63 9.46 8.27 49.83 50.35
S9 4.54 3.84 0.68 0.67 8.32 6.88 53.92 54.21
S10 5.00 4.89 0.67 0.66 9.00 8.36 49.26 50.24
S11 4.16 3.28 0.68 0.67 8.12 6.80 53.86 54.13
S12 4.86 3.82 0.66 0.62 8.24 8.22 48.64 50.10

EMTensile strain, LTLinearity of tensile property, WTTensile energy, and RT Tensile resilience.

Table 3Shear and bending properties

G, gf/cm.deg 2HG, gf/cm 2HG5, gf/cm B, gf.cm/cm 2HB, gf.cm/cm Sample
code
Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft

Warp Weft Warp Weft
S1 1.129 1.063 2.211 1.411 2.446 2.132 0.058 0.078 0.045 0.065
S2 0.975 0.914 1.945 1.318 1.890 1.459 0.056 0.072 0.041 0.061
S3 1.101 1.012 2.106 1.214 2.347 1.921 0.057 0.074 0.043 0.061
S4 0.957 0.905 1.864 1.212 1.657 1.317 0.054 0.070 0.040 0.059
S5 0.908 0.899 2.003 1.198 2.332 2.012 0.051 0.071 0.041 0.059
S6 0.882 0.846 1.846 1.147 1.643 1.114 0.049 0.068 0.039 0.056
S7 0.795 0.742 1.466 1.133 1.563 1.122 0.070 0.076 0.055 0.057
S8 0.712 0.690 1.358 1.123 1.421 1.113 0.068 0.072 0.051 0.056
S9 0.772 0.701 1.309 1.152 1.443 1.071 0.065 0.071 0.052 0.054
S10 0.692 0.663 1.308 1.111 1.317 1.065 0.062 0.070 0.049 0.052
S11 0.722 0.655 1.269 1.099 1.308 1.113 0.063 0.068 0.051 0.053
S12 0.657 0.626 1.268 1.097 1.269 1.087 0.060 0.066 0.048 0.049

GShear rigidity, 2HGHysteresis of shear force at 0.5, 2HG5Hysteresis of shear force at 5, BBending
rigidity, and 2HB Hysteresis of bending moment.
NAYAK et al.: COMFORT PROPERTIES OF SUITING FABRICS


125
weft threads. Therefore, compact structure of fabric
having higher pick density gives higher shear rigidity
values. 2HG and 2HG5 indicate the hysteresis of
shear force at 0.5

and 5

respectively. It is also
observed from Table 3 that the hysteresis of shear
increases with the increase in polyester content. This
is also attributed to the compact structure of the fabric
having higher polyester content. In the compact
structure, the yarns once shifted during shearing do
not recover their original position completely. Also
for the same blend, 2HG and 2HG5 values are higher
for the fabrics with higher pick density. In all the
fabric samples, the G, 2HG and 2HG5 values are
higher in warp direction than in weft direction and
these values are higher for the plain fabric.

3.3 Bending Properties
Bending rigidity (B) of a fabric depends upon the
bending rigidity of the threads and the mobility of
warp and weft threads within the fabric. Therefore,
the fabrics with higher polyester content give higher
bending rigidity (Table 3). Bending rigidity is one of
the important mechanical properties influencing the
tailorability of the fabrics. Bending rigidity is higher
in weft direction for both the fabric. 2HB represents
the hysteresis of bending moment which is a measure
of recovery from bending deformation. Table 3 also
shows that the bending hysteresis increases with the
increase in polyester content. It is also observed that
in all the fabric samples the B and 2HB values are
higher in weft direction than in warp direction and
also higher for the fabric with more pick density.
3.4 Surface Properties
The fabric surface properties are shown in Table 4.
It is observed that the coefficient of friction (MIU)
increases with the increase in polyester content. The
MIU value for a particular weave depends upon the
contact area. As in the fabric with higher polyester
content the contact area with the contactor increases,
the coefficient of friction increases. It is observed that
the mean deviation of coefficient of friction (MMD)
does not show any specific trend with the increase in
polyester content. MMD indicates the variation in
MIU. It has also been observed that the geometrical
roughness (SMD) decreases with the increase in
polyester content in the P/V blended fabrics. As
shown in Table 4, a twill fabric has lower SMD as
compared to a plain fabric. This can be attributed to
the longer floats in the twill weave, causing low
surface variation in a unit surface area.

3.5 Compressional Properties
The compressional properties of fabrics are
measured by placing the sample between two plates
and monitoring its thickness with increasing pressure.
The linearity of compression (LC) mainly depends on
the fabric thickness and compressional characteristics
of the yarn. It has been observed from Table 4 that LC
decreases with the increase in polyester content. The
LC values are higher for twill fabric. Compressional
energy (WC) depends upon LC and the amount of
compression. With the increase in polyester content,
WC decreases. This may be attributed to the smoother
rod like structure of polyester fibre. When the fabric
Table 4Surface and compressional properties

MIU MMD SMD, m Sample
code

Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft
LC WC
gf.cm/cm
RC
%
W
mg/m
T
mm
S1 0.205 0.203 0.0559 0.0628 8.69 5.19 0.285 0.144 70.12 18.53 0.62
S2 0.194 0.198 0.0778 0.0695 8.99 5.69 0.309 0.162 68.06 19.07 0.59
S3 0.199 0.209 0.0498 0.0566 8.27 5.69 0.280 0.142 69.84 16.70 0.60
S4 0.196 0.187 0.0884 0.0754 8.57 6.65 0.300 0.164 67.36 17.15 0.57
S5 0.190 0.200 0.0486 0.0782 8.12 5.55 0.282 0.142 69.88 13.54 0.58
S6 0.176 0.168 0.0846 0.0798 8.86 6.88 0.294 0.148 67.54 13.82 0.54
S7 0.199 0.225 0.0695 0.0704 2.63 3.11 0.301 0.151 76.73 19.33 0.72
S8 0.196 0.221 0.0186 0.0221 2.74 3.23 0.312 0.154 75.05 19.84 0.70
S9 0.186 0.216 0.0112 0.1180 2.54 2.98 0.299 0.148 75.85 16.06 0.71
S10 0.184 0.211 0.0365 0.0465 3.62 3.74 0.304 0.150 74.12 16.89 0.69
S11 0.198 0.196 0.0116 0.1240 2.30 2.86 0.303 0.146 75.34 14.53 0.68
S12 0.190 0.106 0.0456 0.0546 3.64 3.98 0.304 0.153 75.23 14.90 0.66

MIUCoefficient of friction, MMDMean deviation of MIU, SMDGeometrical roughness, LCLinearity of compression,
WCCompressional energy, RCCompressional resilience, WFabric weight per unit area, and TFabric thickness.
INDIAN J. FIBRE TEXT. RES., JUNE 2009


126
is compressed by compression element, the warp and
weft threads tend to flatten governed by the fibre-to-
fibre slippage. With the increase in polyester content,
the fibre-to-fibre slippage increases and the energy
required to compress the fabric decreases. The
compressional resilience (RC) like the linearity of
compression mainly depends on the fabric thickness
and compressional characteristics of the yarn. It has
been observed that the RC increases with the increase
in polyester content. This may be attributed to the
higher resilience and lower fibre-to-fibre friction of
polyester as compared to viscose. RC values are
higher for the twill fabrics. Fabric weight (W) is
higher for the fabric with lower amount of polyester
content and higher pick density. Fabric thickness (T)
is higher for fabric with higher polyester content as
polyester fibre is bulkier than viscose. Also, the fabric
thickness is higher for twill woven fabrics as the
number of crossover points are lower in twill fabric
than in a plain woven fabric. Due to the lower
crossover points, the yarn compression at the
crossover points would be lower which leads to
higher thickness in twill fabrics.

3.6 Fabric Hand Value
As the fabric is mainly preferred for winter suiting,
the three primary hand values, namely Koshi, Numeri
and Fukurami, have been calculated and are shown in
Table 5. In a fabric the Koshi depends on its bending
properties. It has been observed that with the increase
in polyester content the Koshi value increases. It may
be attributed to the higher bending rigidity of
polyester fibre accompanied by higher shear rigidity
(G) and tensile resilience (RC). Also for a particular
blend, with the increase in picks/cm (PPC) the Koshi
values increase. A plain woven fabric has higher
Koshi values as compared to a twill fabric.
It has also been observed that with the increase in
polyester content the Numeri value increases. This
may be attributed to the decrease in tensile and
compressional energy as well as increase in tensile
resilience, bending rigidity, shear rigidity, and
hysteresis of shear curve with polyester content. All
the factors are responsible for the increase in Numeri
value, but major role is played by the compressional
energy. For the same blend percentage, Numeri is
higher for the fabric with lower PPC. Also, the
Numeri values for twill fabric are higher as compared
to plain fabric.
Fukurami is the bulky, rich and well-formed feeling
and it mainly depends on fabric bulk and
compressional properties. It has been observed that
with the increase in polyester content the Fukurami
value increases. This may be attributed to the increase
in hysteresis of shear force and decrease in
compressional resiliency as the polyester content
increases. Also, for the same blend percentage the
Fukurami is higher for the fabric with higher PPC.
Twill woven fabrics show higher Fukurami values as
compared to plain fabrics. This is in accordance with
the earlier findings by Behera et al
4
.
The total hand value (THV) of the fabric is
estimated from the primary hand values using
Kawabata system of equations. It has been observed
Table 5Hand values of suiting fabrics
Property S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12

Koshi 4.78 3.96 4.23 3.51 4.07 3.38 3.86 3.76 3.52 3.34 3.22 3.12
Numeri 5.71 5.14 5.77 5.42 5.84 5.44 7.41 7.19 7.52 7.24 7.68 7.55
Fukurami 4.67 4.29 4.24 4.15 4.16 4.12 4.72 4.65 4.68 4.30 4.41 4.22
THV 3.46 3.44 3.28 3.22 3.10 3.06 3.55 3.51 3.46 3.40 3.42 3.39

Table 6Comfort properties of suiting fabrics

Property S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12

Air
permeability
m
3
/dm
2
/min
152.2 156.3 154.1 158.6 162.7 167.5 168.0 170.3 169.5 172.7 171.2 175.6

Thermal
insulation
%
14.12 13.10 13.93 12.78 13.21 12.45 13.62 12.98 12.66 12.09 11.83 11.62

Moisture vapour
transfer
g/cm
2
/24h
13.9 15.1 14.3 15.8 14.7 16.2 13.3 14.8 13.7 15.9 14.5 16.1
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127
from Table 5 that THV values are higher in the fabric
with higher polyester content. Also, it is observed that
the THV is higher for the fabric with higher pick
density, and that the twill fabrics show higher THV
values as compared to plain fabrics.

3.7 Fabric Comfort Properties
The thermal comfort is related to fabric
transmission behavior, namely air permeability,
thermal insulation and moisture vapour resistance.
Table 6 shows the above-mentioned comfort
properties of the fabrics. It has been observed that the
air permeability decreases with the increase in
polyester content. This may be attributed to the
compact structure of the fabric having higher
polyester content, and hence lesser number of pores of
lower cross-sectional area available for air passage.
The fabric with lower PPC gives higher air
permeability due to less fabric cover. Twill fabrics
give higher air permeability than plain fabrics due to
the fabric cover differences. The air permeability of a
fabric determines its resistance to wind penetration
during stormy weather which affects the thermal
insulation of the fabric.
Thermal insulation plays a major role in
maintaining heat balance between the body and the
environment. The main function of clothing in
summer should be heat dissipation, whereas in winter
it should be heat conservation which is influenced by
thermal insulation. It has been observed that the
thermal insulation increases with the increase in
polyester content and PPC of the fabric. This may be
attributed to the greater thickness of the fabric having
higher polyester content. Fabric thickness is the most
important factor governing the thermal insulation.
Other factors affecting the thermal insulation are fibre
type, bulk density, fibre arrangement, compressibility,
and air permeability of the fabric. Higher the air
permeability, lower will be the thermal insulation.
Moisture vapour transfer is the ability of a fabric to
transfer the perspiration in form of moisture vapour
through it. A fabric with low moisture vapour transfer
is unable to transfer sufficient moisture, leading to
sweat accumulation and hence discomfort. It is
observed that the moisture vapour transfer of the
fabrics decreases with the increase in polyester
content of the fabric. This may be attributed to the
higher thermal insulation and lower moisture regain
of the polyester fibre as compared to viscose fibre.
Due to higher thermal insulation, there will be a great
difference between the environmental temperature
and the temperature of the layer under the fabric.
Therefore, the evaporation of vapours will be low.
The moisture vapour transfer is higher for plain
woven fabrics as compared to that for twill woven
fabrics.

4 Conclusions
4.1 The fabric with higher polyester content gives
lower extensibility; the extensibility in warp direction
is higher than in weft direction and twill woven
fabrics give higher extensibility than the plain woven
fabrics.
4.2 The linearity of tensile property, the tensile
energy and the tensile resilience increase with the
increase in polyester content. The linearity of tensile
property and tensile energy are higher in plain woven
fabrics. The fabric with higher fabric cover gives
higher tensile resilience.
4.3 The shear rigidity and the hysteresis of shear
increase with the increase in polyester content. The
fabric having higher pick density gives higher shear
rigidity and higher hysteresis of shear values. The
hysteresis of shear is higher in warp direction than in
weft direction and these values are higher for plain
fabric than for twill fabric.
4.4 The fabrics with higher polyester content give
higher bending rigidity and bending hysteresis; these
values are higher in weft direction than in warp
direction and also higher for the fabric with more pick
density.
4.5 The coefficient of friction increases and
geometrical roughness decreases with the increase in
polyester content. The twill fabric has lower
geometrical roughness as compared to a plain fabric.
4.6 The linearity of compression and compressional
energy decrease while compressional resiliency
increases with the increase in polyester content. The
linearity of compression and compressional resiliency
values are higher for twill fabric. Fabric weight is
higher for the fabric with lower amount of polyester
content and higher pick density. Fabric thickness is
higher for the twill woven fabrics and for the fabrics
with higher polyester content.
4.7 The fabrics with higher polyester content give
higher Koshi, Numeri, Fukurami and THV. The plain
woven fabrics give higher Koshi and lower Numeri,
Fukurami and THV. The Koshi, Numeri, Fukurami
and THV values are higher for the fabric with higher
pick density.
INDIAN J. FIBRE TEXT. RES., JUNE 2009


128
4.8 The air permeability and the moisture vapour
transfer decrease while the thermal insulation
increases with the increase in polyester content. The
fabric with lower pick density gives higher air
permeability. Twill fabrics give higher air
permeability and lower moisture vapour transfer than
plain fabric.
Industrial Importance: The study will be useful for
the manufacturers of suiting fabrics in terms of
selection of blend percentages of polyester and
viscose fibres as well as the selection of weave while
deciding the comfort of suiting fabrics. Todays
market is buyers market and hence, one of the most
deciding factors.

Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to All India Council for
Technical Education, Govt. of India, New Delhi for
sponsoring the project entitled Comfort and Handle
properties of fabrics produced from Khadi, Handloom
and Mill sectors under AICTE-RPS grant (File No.:
8023/ RID/ BOR/RPS-143/2005-06).

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