Working Principle of the Circuit : The impulse capacitor is cgarged via a high charging resistance (R0) to the direct

voltage U0, and then discharged by ignition of the switching gap F. During this charging and discharging period, the desired impulse voltage U(t) appears across the load capacitor Cy. If Rd >> Ra Cd is charged rapidly (short time to front), and discharged slowly (long time to tail).
U U m ax

1,0 0,9 0,5 0,3

t a il

O O T /

fro

nt

T TC TS

Waveform of the impulse voltage is determined by circuit components. T = time between (%30 - %90) Tc = rise time (Tc = 1,67 . T )

Ts = decay time (tail) ( T = 0,3 . Tc = 0,5 . T ) ( Tc / Ts = 1,2 / 50 s Standard Impulse Voltage )

The smaller the Ra.Cy, the faster the time to Um. As the Rd get higher, decay time will be longer. According to charging polarity of Cd Impulse voltage can be either positive or negative To increase the efficiency, C d C y . Impulse Energy: The impulse energy transformed during a discharge:

W=

1 . Cd . U02 [ Joule=Wh ] 2

dan hesaplanr.

Multiple Stage Impulse Generators: The multiplier circuit can be obtained by cascading single stage impulse generators. Workig principle is based on the charging of several idendical impulse capacitor in parallel and then discharged in series.

Cd ' Cd ' Cd '

Cd '

Cd '

Cd '

U0'
Charged in parallel by U0

3U 0 '
Discharged in series
To prevent the discharging of charged capacitors through Ra. Since its value is high, current flow though Ra and F spheres. R' o R' R'

U0'

C '+
d

F C'
d

F C' +
d

' Rd ' Ra

Rd '

Ra '

Rd '

Ra '

When all the switching gaps are broken down(Cds are in series)

Discharging of Cy (Decay Time)

Cy U(t)

3 Stage b type impulse generator

R'

The impulse capacitors of stages Cd are charged to the stage charging voltage U0 via the high charging resistors R. When all the switching gaps F break down, Cd will be connected in series, so that Cy is charged via the series connection of all the damping resistors Ra. Finally, all Cd and Cy will discharge again via the resistors. The n-stage circuit can be reduced to a single stage equivalent circuit as below: Ra = n . Ra Rd = n . Rd Cd =

Cd ' n

U0 = n . U0 Output voltage of Impulse generator can be given in terms of circuit elements as below:
t t T1 . T2 U0 T1 T2 u (t ) = . e e R a . Cy T1 T2

u (t )

+ U0

Um

U0 . e

t T1

(t )
Tcr T2
t
t T2

U0 . e

U0

T1

For circuit a T1 (Ra + Rd ). (C d + C y )

Ra . Rd T2 R +R d a C y .C d .C +C y d

=
For circuit b

Rd Cd . R a + Rd C d + C y

T1 Rd . (C d + C y )
Cd . C y T2 Ra . C +C y d Cd = Cd + C y

( T1 >> T2)

To calculate the output voltage, Laplace transform can be used.:

Ra

1 + s . Cd
U0 s
1

Rd

1 s . Cy

U ( s)

Ra

1 + s . Cd
U0 s
1

Rd

1 s . Cy
2

U ( s)

Problem:

The component values of each single stage in a 5-stage a-type impulse generator are given as below: Cd=100 nF Ra=80 Rd=1 k Cy=1 nF R=1 M dur. This impulse generator is supplied by a 100 kV DC voltage source. Calculate the following:
a) Output Voltage [U(t)=?] b) Efficiency c) Tc (rise time) ve Ts (decay time)? Solution: a) The 5 stage circuit can be reduced to a single stage equivalent circuit:

Ra = 5 . Ra = 5.80 = 400 Rd = 5.1 = 5 k

Cd = Cd ' 100 = = 20nF 5 5

Cy = 1nF U0 = 5.100 = 500 kV By the ignition of the switching gap, following circuit in s-domain can be drawn:

By writing the 1st and 2nd loop equations;

( Ra + Rd +

U 1 ) I 1 Rd I 2 = 0 s Cd s
1 ) I2 = 0 s Cy

1st equation 2nd equation 3rd equation

R d I 1 + ( Rd + U (s) = I 2 1 s Cy

Take the I1 from equation 2 and insert into (1):

I 1 = (1 + 1 s Rd C y ) I2

( Ra + Rd +

1 1 U ) (1 + ) I 2 Rd I 2 = 0 s Cd s Rd C y s

U 1 I2 = 0 Ra 1 1 1 s ( Ra + s C + s R C + s C + s 2 R C C d d y y d d y

By rearranging the equation I2:

U0 1 I2 = 1 1 1 1 s Ra 1 1 + s ( R C + R C + R C ) + s 2 R C C R a d d y a y d d y a

place the equation I2 into (3);

U0 1 U ( s) = 1 1 1 1 Ra C y 2 s + s (R C + R C + R C ) + R C C R a d d y a y d d y a

Assuming A =

U0 1 1 1 1 ; b= ; c= ; + + Ra C y Ra C d Rd C y R a C y Rd C d C y Ra

U(s) is reduced to: 1 1 A A 1 = U (s) = A 2 = s + s b + c ( s s1 ) ( s s 2 ) s1 s 2 s s1 s s 2

s1, 2 = b m b2 4 a c 2a

K=

u (t ) = K e

s1t

s2t

A s1 s 2

By writing the numerical values:

b = 2,825 10 6 c = 0,025 1012 K = 445,3 10 3 s1 = 8,877 10 3 s 2 = 2,8161225 10 6

3 6 u (t ) = 445,3 103 e 8,877.10 t e 2,8161225.10 t

Um . To find the Um the derivative of dU(t)/dt should be taken, and U0 should be equalized to zero (For this curve, we have only max. value. Hence the value we will find is the peak value);

b) Efficiency is =

s1t du (t ) = K e m dt

s2tm

s1 e

s1tm

= s2e

s2tm

=0

s1 s1tm e s2

=e

s2tm

s1 ln + s1 t m = s2 t m s2

s1 ln s tm = 2 = 2,05s U m = u (t m ) = 436 103[V ] s2 s1

436 = %87,2 500

c)

s t e 2 A ) find t A s t s t u (t B ) = 0,3 U m 130,8 103 = 445,3 103 (e 1 B e 2 B ) find t B s t s t u (t E ) = 0,5 U m 218 103 = 445,3 103 (e 1 E e 2 E ) find t E

s t u (t A ) = 0,9 U m 392,4 103 = 445,3 103 (e 1 A

TC = (t A t B ) 1,67 TS T E
How we can find the tA?

By following the simple iteration technique, tA can be found easily. Let us take the initial value of tA as 0,5 s. s t 0,88 = e 1 A tA =

s2 t A

s t e 2 A

=e

s1t A

0,88

s t 1 ln e 1 A s2

0,88

t A (0) = 0,5s

t A (1) = 0,76625 10 6 t A (2) = 0,77355 10 6 t A (3) = 0,773752 10 6 t A = 0,773s . tB and tE can also be calculated by the same way.