ETE405 :: IP telephony

Lecture 4 Instructor: Dr. Mashiur Rahman

Book: isco ! "oice o#er IP $un%amentals pa&e '4!((

Announcement

ETE405: Quiz 1 on 8 February on lec 3 Discuss on topic.

Components of PSTN
three major components: Access: how a user accesses the network Switching: how a call is switched or routed through the network Transport: how a call travels or is transported over the network.

Multiplexing

frequency division multiplexing (FDM) Time division multiplexing (TDM)

frequency division multiplexing (FDM)

made possible by the vacuum tube where the range of frequencies was divided into parcels that were distributed among subscribers. In the first FDM architectures, the overall system bandwidth was 96 kHz. This 96 kHz could be divided among a number of subscribers into, for example, 5 kHz per subscriber, meaning almost 20 subscribers could use this circuit. Problem: picking up noise along the transmission path

Time division multiplexing (TDM)

Time division multiplexing (TDM)

TDM was made possible by the transistor that arrived in the market in the 1950s and 1960s. As the name would imply, TDM divides the time rather than the frequency of a signal over a given circuit. Although FDM was typified by some of the frequency all of the time, TDM is all of the frequency some of the time. TDM is a digital transmission scheme that uses a small number of discrete signal states.

SS7

Network-to-network signaling also uses an out-of-band signaling method known as Signaling System 7 (SS7) (or C7 in European countries).

SS7 is beneficial because it is an out-of-band signaling method and it interconnects to the Intelligent Network (IN). Connection to the IN enables the PSTN to offer Custom Local Area Signaling Services (CLASS) services. SS7 is a method of sending messages between switches for basic call control and for CLASS. These CLASS services still rely on the end-office switches and the SS7 network. SS7 is also used to connect switches and databases for network-based services (for example, 800number services and Local Number Portability [LNP]).

SS7
The SS7 network and protocol are used for the following: ) Basic call setup, management, and tear down ) Wireless services such as personal communications services (PCS), wireless roaming, and mobile subscriber authentication ) Local number portability (LNP) ) Toll-free (800/888) and toll (900) wireline services ) Enhanced call features such as call forwarding, calling party name/number display, and three-way calling ) Efficient and secure worldwide telecommunications

SS7 Network Architecture

ISDN

ISDN has been available to the public since the 1980s. International Telecommunication Union (ITU; formerly CCITT) I series recommendations define the international standards for ISDN. This subscriber or user-based interface protocol provides single access to multiple services. ISDN signaling is compatible with SS7 and inter-works with the ISDN User Part (ISUP) protocol. This inter-working enables ISDN subscribers to access the same services and intelligence as they can on the SS7 network. ISDN also enables PBXs to connect over the PSTN and create VPNs. This is accomplished by delivering PBX signaling over the network to distant PBXs.

ISDN functions and capabilities

ISDN provides circuit-based (voice and data) communications and packet-based communications to its users. Many new services can be extended to users. ISDN includes two access methods: Basic Rate Interface (BRI) and Primary Rate Interface (PRI). ISDN includes single access for PSTN, Direct-Inward-Dial (DID), Direct-Outward-Dial (DOD), 800, Foreign Exchange (FX), tie-lines, packet-switched data, circuit-switched data, and dedicated data. ISDN is capable of adding additional channels for high-speed data communications. ISDN is capable of transmitting voice and data on the same facility. ISDN uses separate channels for signaling. ISDN signaling is compatible with SS7. ISDN enables the creation of VPNs.

Reliability of PSTN

*++, -artner -roup stu%y

Availability and downtime

Quality of Service (QoS) of PSTN

The voice quality of the PSTN is the standard for telephone service. The Class 4 switch was the first deployment of TDM utilizing a 64 Kbps circuit (G.711 codec), which remains the standard to this day. Service on the PSTN is known for the absence of echo, crosstalk, latency, dropped or blocked calls, noise, or any other degradations of voice quality. Mainstream service providers in North America are reluctant to deploy equipment that offers voice quality at a lesser standard than the Class 4 or 5 switch. One advantage service providers have had in delivering good QoS is that their legacy networks were designed specifically to deliver excellent voice quality and dependability in call setup and teardown. Historically, service providers have owned and operated their own proprietary networks over which they have had total control. Given end-to-end control, this has ensured good QoS for their subscribers. Good voice quality has long been a selling point for long-distance service providers.

The architecture .uilt /or #oice is not /le0i.le enou&h to carry %ata

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Telecommunications Dere&ulation

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Packet Telephony Network Drivers

Data;"oice;"i%eo

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ircuit 4:itchin& "ersus Packet 4:itchin&

Standards-Based Packet Infrastructure Layer

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