ETE405 :: Lecture 8

Dr. Mashiur Rahman

Book : Cisco - Voice over ! "un#amenta$s !a%e &5-

Chapter 7 :: IP Tutorial
Dr. Mashiur Rahman

Book : Cisco - Voice over ! "un#amenta$s !a%e ''0-

! Tutoria$
Man( o) the *ene)its o) Voice over ! +Vo !, are #erive# )rom the use o) nternet !rotoco$ + !, as the trans-ort mechanism. To tru$( un#erstan# these *ene)its. /e must )irst un#er-stan# what IP actually means. 0hat are the *ehaviora$ characteristics o) !. an# /hat #oes an ! -acket $ook $ike1

23 Re)erence Mo#e$
The nternationa$ 2r%ani4ation )or 3tan#ar#i4ation + 32, #eve$o-e# the 23 re)erence mo#e$ in the ear$( '&80s. an# it is no/ the stan#ar# )or #eve$o-in% -rotoco$s that ena*$e com-uters to communicate. 5$thou%h not a$$ -rotoco$s )o$$o/ this mo#e$. man( -eo-$e use it to he$them #eve$o- an# teach ne/ -rotoco$s. The 23 re)erence mo#e$ *reaks u- the -ro*$em o) intermachine communication into seven $a(ers. Each $a(er is concerne# on$( /ith ta$kin% to its corres-on#in% $a(er on the other machine. This means that La(er 5 has to /orr( on$( a*out ta$kin% to La(er 5 on the receivin% machine. an# not /hat the actua$ -h(sica$ me#ium mi%ht *e.

23 Re)erence Mo#e$

The !h(sica$ La(er

The -h(sica$ $a(er is concerne# /ith creatin% 's an# 0s on the -h(sica$ me#ium /ith e$ectrica$ im-u$ses6vo$ta%e chan%es. Common -h(sica$ $a(er communication s-eci)ications inc$u#e the )o$$o/in%: E 56T 5-7879E$ectrica$ n#ustries 5ssociation6Te$ecommunications n#ustr( 5ssociation s-eci)ication use# )or communicatin% *et/een com-uter #evices. :ou can use #i))erent connectors; this inter)ace is o)ten use# )or connectin% com-uters to mo#ems. V.859 nternationa$ Te$ecommunication <nion Te$ecommunication 3tan#ar#i4ation 3ector + T<-T, si%na$in% mechanism that #e)ines si%na$in% rates )rom '&.7 =*-s to '.544 M*-s. This -h(sica$ inter)ace is a 84--in connector an# a$so is kno/n as a 0inchester B$ock. R3-44&9<ses 8> -ins an# is ca-a*$e o) $on%er runs than R3-787.

The Data Link La(er

The #ata $ink $a(er -rovi#es re$ia*$e trans-ort across a -h(sica$ $ink. The $ink $a(er has its o/n a##ressin% scheme. This a##ressin% scheme is concerne# /ith -h(sica$ connectivit( an# can trans-ort )rames *ase# u-on the #ata $ink $a(er a##ress. Tra#itiona$ Ethernet s/itches s/itch net/ork tra))ic *ase# u-on the #ata $ink $a(er +La(er 7, a##ress. 3/itchin% tra))ic *ase# on a La(er 7 a##ress is %enera$$( kno/n as *ri#%in%. n )act. an Ethernet s/itch is nothin% more than a hi%h-s-ee# *ri#%e /ith mu$ti-$e inter)aces.

The ?et/ork La(er

The net/ork $a(er -rovi#es )or the $o%ica$ a##ressin% /hich ena*$es t/o #is-arate s(stems on #i))erent $o%ica$ net/orks to #etermine a -ossi*$e -ath to communicate. The net/ork $a(er is the $a(er in /hich routin% -rotoco$s resi#e. 2n the nternet to#a(. ! a##ressin% is *( )ar the most common a##ressin% scheme in use. Routin% -rotoco$s such as Enhance# nterior @ate/a( Routin% !rotoco$ +Enhance# @R!. or E @R!,. 2-en 3hortest !ath "irst +23!",. Bor#er @ate/a( !rotoco$ +B@!,. nterme#iar( 3(stem to nterme#iar( 3(stem + 3- 3,. an# man( others are use# to #etermine the o-tima$ routes *et/een t/o $o%ica$ su*net/orks +su*nets,.

The Trans-ort La(er

The trans-ort $a(er is res-onsi*$e )or ensurin% re$ia*$e #ata trans-ort on an internet/ork. This is accom-$ishe# throu%h )$o/ contro$. error checkin% +checksum,. en#-to-en# ackno/$e#%ments. retransmissions. an# #ata seAuencin%. 3ome trans-ort $a(ers. such as Transmission Contro$ !rotoco$ +TC!,. have mechanisms )or han#$in% con%estion. TC! a#Busts its retransmission timer. )or eCam-$e. /hen con%estion or -acket $oss occurs /ithin a net/ork. TC! s$o/s #o/n the amount o) tra))ic it sen#s /hen con%estion is -resent. Con%estion is #etermine# throu%h the $ack o) ackno/$e#%ments receive# )rom the #estination no#e.

The 3ession La(er

5s its name im-$ies. the session $a(er esta*$ishes. mana%es. an# terminates sessions *et/een a--$ications. 3essions consist o) #ia$o%ue *et/een t/o or more -resentation entities +reca$$ that the session $a(er -rovi#es its services to the -resentation $a(er,. The session $a(er s(nchroni4es #ia$o%ue *et/een -resentation $a(er entities an# mana%es their #ata eCchan%e. n a##ition to *asic re%u$ation o) conversations +sessions,. the session $a(er o))ers -rovisions )or #ata eC-e#ition. c$ass o) service +throu%h the use o) t(-e o) service DTo3E *its,. an# eCce-tion re-ortin% o) session-$a(er. -resentation-$a(er. an# a--$ication-$a(er -ro*$ems.

The !resentation La(er

The -resentation $a(er ensures that in)ormation sent *( the a--$ication $a(er o) one s(stem is rea#a*$e *( the a--$ication $a(er o) another s(stem. ) necessar(. the -resentation $a(er trans$ates *et/een mu$ti-$e #ata )ormats *( usin% a common #ata re-resentation )ormat. The -resentation $a(er concerns itse$) not on$( /ith the )ormat an# re-resentation o) actua$ user #ata. *ut a$so /ith #ata structures use# *( -ro%rams. There)ore. in a##ition to actua$ #ata )ormat trans)ormation +i) necessar(,. the -resentation $a(er ne%otiates #ata trans)er s(ntaC )or the a--$ication $a(er.

The 5--$ication La(er

Most users are )ami$iar /ith the a--$ication $a(er. 3ome /e$$-kno/n a--$ications inc$u#e the )o$$o/in%: E-mai$ 0e* *ro/sin% 0or# -rocessin%

nternet !rotoco$
! itse$) is a connection$ess -rotoco$ that resi#es at La(er 8 +the net/ork $a(er,. /hich means that no re$ia*i$it( mechanisms. )$o/ contro$. seAuencin%. or ackno/$e#%ments are -resent. 2ther -rotoco$s. such as TC!. can sit on to- o) ! +La(er 4. session, an# can a## )$o/ contro$. seAuencin%. an# other )eatures.

IP Packet Fields

Trans-ort !rotoco$s
T/o main t(-es o) tra))ic ri#e u-on nternet !rotoco$ + !,:
'.

<ser Data%ram !rotoco$ +<D!, an# Transmission Contro$ !rotoco$ +TC!,

7.

n %enera$. (ou use TC! /hen (ou nee# a re$ia*$e connection an# <D! /hen (ou nee# sim-$icit( an# re$ia*i$it( is not (our chie) concern. Due to the time-sensitive nature o) voice tra))ic. <D!6 ! /as the $o%ica$ choice to carr( voice. More in)ormation /as nee#e# on a -acket-*(--acket *asis than <D! o))ere#. ho/ever. 3o. )or rea$time or #e$a(-sensitive tra))ic. the nternet En%ineerin% Task "orce + ET", a#o-te# the RT!. Vo ! ri#es on to- o) RT!. /hich ri#es on to- o) <D!. There)ore. Vo ! is carrie# /ith an RT!6<D!6 ! -acket hea#er.

! Trans-ort Mechanisms
TC! an# <ser Data%ram !rotoco$ +<D!, have #i))erent characteristics that various a--$ications can use. ) re$ia*i$it( is more im-ortant than #e$a(. )or instance. (ou can use TC!6 ! to %uarantee -acket #e$iver(. <D!6 ! #oes not uti$i4e -acket retransmissions. ho/ever. This can $o/er re$ia*i$it(. *ut in some cases a $ate retransmission is o) no use.

RT!
RT! is the stan#ar# )or transmittin% #e$a(sensitive tra))ic across -acket-*ase# net/orks. RT! ri#es on to- o) <D! an# !. RT! %ives receivin% stations in)ormation that is not in the connection$ess <D!6 ! streams.

5s sho/n in "i%ure. t/o im-ortant *its o) in)ormation are seAuence in)ormation an# timestam-in%. RT! uses the seAuence in)ormation to #etermine /hether the -ackets are arrivin% in or#er. an# it uses the timestam-in% in)ormation to #etermine the interarriva$ -acket time +Bitter,.

Real-Time Transport Header

TC!
TC! -rovi#es )u$$-#u-$eC. ackno/$e#%e#. an# )$o/-contro$$e# service to u--er-$a(er -rotoco$s. t moves #ata in a continuous. unstructure# *(te stream /here *(tes are i#enti)ie# *( seAuence num*ers.

To maCimi4e throu%h-ut. TC! ena*$es each station to sen# mu$ti-$e -ackets *e)ore an ackno/$e#%ment arrives. 5)ter the sen#er receives an ackno/$e#%ment )or an outstan#in% -acket. the sen#er s$i#es the -acket /in#o/ a$on% the *(te stream an# sen#s another -acket. This )$o/ contro$ mechanism is kno/n as a s$i#in% /in#o/.

TC!

0ithin the si%na$in% -ortion o) Vo !. TC! is use# to ensure the re$ia*i$it( o) the setuo) a ca$$. Due to the metho#s *( /hich TC! o-erates. it is not )easi*$e to use TC! as the mechanism to carr( the actua$ voice in a Vo ! ca$$. 0ith Vo !. -acket $oss is $ess im-ortant than $atenc(.

<D!
<D! is a much sim-$er -rotoco$ than TC! an# is use)u$ in situations /here the re$ia*i$it( mechanisms o) TC! are unnecessar(. <D! a$so is connection$ess an# has a sma$$er hea#er. /hich trans$ates to minima$ overhea#.

The <D! hea#er has on$( )our )ie$#s: source -ort. #estination -ort. $en%th. an# <D! checksum. The source an# #estination -ort )ie$#s serve the same )unctions as the( #o in the TC! hea#er. The $en%th )ie$# s-eci)ies the $en%th o) the <D! hea#er an# #ata. an# the checksum )ie$# ena*$es -acket inte%rit( checkin%. The <D! checksum is o-tiona$.

<D! is use# in Vo ! to carr( the actua$ voice tra))ic +the *earer channe$s,. TC! is not use# *ecause )$o/ contro$ an# retransmission o) voice au#io -ackets are unnecessar(. Because <D! is use# to carr( the au#io stream. it continues to transmit. re%ar#$ess o) /hether (ou are eC-eriencin% 5 -ercent -acket $oss or 50 -ercent -acket $oss.

<D!

) TC! /ere uti$i4e# )or Vo !. the $atenc( incurre# /aitin% )or ackno/$e#%ments an# retransmissions /ou$# ren#er voice Aua$it( unacce-ta*$e. 0ith Vo ! an# other rea$-time a--$ications. contro$$in% $atenc( is more im-ortant than ensurin% the re$ia*$e #e$iver( o) each -acket.

Protocols of VoIP

The Protocols used in VoIP communication can be sub divided into three main parts.
1. Signaling Protocols 2. Media Transfer protocols 3. Transport Layer Protocols

Most popular signaling protocols are SIP and H323. They work in application layer to establish signaling between two ends. Media transfer protocol is used to transmit the voice. RTP(Real-time Transfer Protocol) is the typically used for media transmission.

Protocols of VoIP ( cont..)

In transport layer of a VoIP network UDP (user datagram protocol ) is used instead of TCP. Because, TCP is more reliable which slows down the transmission speed. On the other hand UDP is less reliable and can send errors. However, it is faster than TCP and it takes less bandwidth.

3ummer(

! is one o) the most u*iAuitous -rotoco$s on the -$anet. t ena*$es usua$$( #is-arate a--$ications an# net/orks to communicate in ne/ /a(s.

5nnouncement

Quiz will be on 22 Feb 2010 Lec 7 & 8