GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN "LITHIC" ANALYSIS

ADZE: 1. A chiselling or gouging tool used for shaping and trimming wooden artefacts. A composite artefact, containing a stone artefact as the bit. 2. A functional/typological description of a stone artefact thought to have been the bit. ALTERNATE FLAKING: Flakes removed from different surfaces alternately by blows on the same edge. AMORPHOUS: Non crystalline, without definite structural parts. ANGLE OF APPLIED FORCE: !he angle at which the force of flaking is applied to a rock. ANISOTROPIC: Not having the same properties in all directions" eg. rocks with preferred planes of cleavage. ANVIL: #b$ect which supports a stone artefact being struck with a hammer. ANVIL TECHNIQUE: A procedure in which an artefact is struck against a stationary ob$ect with sufficient force to produce a fracture. Also called %block on block&. APPLIED FORCE: !he force e'erted upon a core or retouched flake. ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT: (ultural residues no longer used by humans. ARTEFACT: Any ob$ect which is physically modified by humans. ATTRIBUTE: A physical characteristic of an artefact. AXE: A stone headed a'e or hatchet or the stone head alone. (haracteristically containing two ground surfaces which meet at a bevel. BACKED: )hen one margin of an flake is retouched at a steep angle, and that margin is opposite a sharp edge, both the margin and the artefact are said to be backed. Fo BACKED ARTEFACT: *etouched flake with backing. For issues of nomenclature in Australia see +acked into a corner.

BEHAVIOUR: !he observable actions of an organism. BEVELED EDGE: An edge which has had its angle altered. #ften a result of !urning !he ,dge. BIFACE: A chipped stone artefact which has flake scars on both surfaces. -uch artefacts generally have lenticular cross sections and platforms which are edges between the flaked surfaces. BIPOLAR: !echni.ue of knapping where a core is rested on an anvil and force applied into the core at an angle close to /0o in the direction of the core&s contact with the anvil. BULB OF FORCE: !he bulb of force is a conve' protuberance located at the pro'imal end of the ventral surface of a flake, immediately below the ring crack. Also called the 1ositive +ulb of Force or simply &the bulb&. BULBAR SCAR: !he negative scar that results from the bulb of force. BURIN: 1. A chisel like implement. 2. A retouched flake which has had the lateral margin removed on flakes which run parallel to the percussion a'is 2(rabtree 1/324 56 708. BUTT: 1. !he pro'imal end of a flake. 2. !he end of a stone artefact opposite the cutting edge. CHERT: 1. 9ineral4 A cryptocrystalline variety of .uart:. (omposed of interlocking grains generally not discernible under the microscope. 2. *ock4 A siliceous sedimentary rock composed of micro organisms or precipitated silica grains. #ccurs as nodules, lenses or layers in limestone and shale. CLEAVAGE PLANE: A plane of weakness or preferred fracture in a rock. COMPOSITE: An artefact made up of two or more parts $oined together. COMPRESSIVE STRESS: A stress which pushes two parts of a body together. CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE: A type of fracture which gives smoothly curved surfaces resembling the form of a bivalve shell. CONE: -horthand term for ;ert:ian cone crack, a cone shaped fracture plane e'tending from a circular ringcrack as a result of loading from a blunt indenter CONJOIN: A physical link between artefacts broken in anti.uity. CONJOIN ANALYSIS: !he identification of con$oins. CONJOIN SET: A number of artefacts refitted together. CORE: A piece of flaked stone which has one or more negative flake scars but no positive flake scars. CORTEX: )eathered outer surface of rock, usually chemically altered.

CRAZING: 1roduction of visible surface cracks by uncontrolled heating of rock. CRENATED FRACTURE: An undulating fracture plane induced by e'cessive heating. CRUSHING: Abrasion, small fracturing and the formation of ringcracks, usually along an edge. CRYPTOCRYSTALLINE: *ock in which the crystal structure is too fine for clear resolution with an optical microscope. CULTURAL MATERIALS: !he products of human behaviour, such as stone artefacts or food debris. DEBITAGE: (ores and unretouched flakes. DEBRIS: 1. Any refuse discarded from a cultural system. 2. <ebitage. DECORTICATION: *emoval of corte' from a stone artefact. DEFORMATION: (hange of shape or dimension under applied force. -ee ,lastic deformation and 1lastic deformation. DISCARD: !he movement of an ob$ect from its systemic conte't to an archaeological conte't. DISTAL: !he end of a flake opposite the bulb. !he area of a flake containing its termination. DIRECT FREEHAND KNAPPING: A method of holding the material to be flaked in the unsupported hand and directing the indenter with the other hand. DIRECT REST: A method where the core is immobilised on an anvil during flaking, but bipolar flaking is not employed. DORSAL SURFACE: !he face of a flake which was the core surface prior to flake removal and may therefore retain negative flake scars or corte'. DYNAMIC LOADING: Application of force by striking the ob$ect to be flaked with the indenter. -ee 1ercussion flaking. EDGE: !he $unction of two surfaces of a body. EDGE DAMAGE: !he removal of small flakes from the edge of an artefact. ELASTICITY: !he property of returning to an original form after a deforming force is removed. ELASTIC DEFORMATION: A non permanent deformation, in which the material reverts to its original shape after the load is released. ENERGY: (apacity for doing work. ERAILLURE FLAKE: A flake formed between the bulb of force and the bulbar scar. -ometimes the eraillure flake adheres to the core in the bulbar scar. !he eraillure flake leaves no scar on the core, but always leaves a scar on the ventral surface of the flake. !he eraillure flake is conve'/concave 2like a meniscus lens8, has no distinct features on the =dorsal face=, but may

contain compression rings on the bulbar face. ETHNO-ARCHAEOLOGY: !he study of material culture and its discard in e'tant societies. EXHAUSTED: An artefact that can no longer be used for the same activity. For e'ample, a core from which flakes can no longer be struck. FABRICATOR: Any ob$ect used to apply force to a piece of stone in the knapping process. -ee also ;ammer, 1ercussor, or >ndenter. FACE: #ne of the surfaces an artefact may possess see <orsal and ?entral. FACETED PLATFORM: A platform which is created by the removal of a number of flake scars. FEATHER TERMINATION: A termination of the fracture plane that occurs gradually 2ie. there are no sharp bends in the plane8, producing a thin, low angled distal margin. FLAKE: 1. Any piece of stone fractured from a larger mass by the application of an e'ternal force. 2. !he piece of stone struck off a core. >t has a series of characteristics showing that it has been struck off. !he most indicative of these features are ringcracks, showing where the hammer hit the core. Also the ventral surface may be deformed in characteristic fashion, for e'ample having a bulb or eraillure. FLAKED PIECE: A chipped artefact which cannot be classified as a flake, core, or retouched flake. FLAKER: A fabricator used solely for pressure flaking. FLAKING: !he process of fracturing stone by the application of an e'ternal force. FLINTKNAPPER: A knapper. FORCE: !he .uantity of energy e'erted by a moving body" power e'erted" energy e'erted to move another body from a state of inertia. FRACTURE: >rregular surface produced by breaking a mineral across rather than along cleavage planes. GENERALISED REDUCTION SEQUENCE: A description of the set of knapping behaviours common to, and characteristic of, a number of *eduction -e.uences in one assemblage or region. GRAIN: A description of the si:e of particles or crystals in rocks or sand. (oarse grained rocks have particles or crystals which are large 21 mm or more8, and fine grained rocks have particles which are small 20.1 mm or less8. GREYWACKE: ;ard fine grained rock of variable composition containing some .uart: and felspar but mostly very fine particles of rock fragments. GRINDING: !he abrasion of an artefact, accomplished by rubbing it with an abrasive stone and/or grit.

GRINDSTONE: 1. Any artefact which has been ground. 2. !he abrasive stone used to abrade another artefact or to processes food. HAMMER: A fabricator used to apply a dynamic load. HAND-HELD: <escription of the method used to immobili:e the rock during knapping, it which it is held in one hand and struck by a fabricator held in the other hand. HARDNESS: *esistance of material to permanent deformation. HINGE TERMINATION: A fracture plane that turns sharply toward the free surface of the core immediately prior to the termination of the fracture. !he bend of the ventral surface is rounded and should not be confused with a step termination. HINGE FRACTURE RECOVERY: !he process of removing hinge terminations from the core. !he process can take two different forms4 removing the hinge termination by further flaking 2ie. on the dorsal surface of flakes8, or by grinding the core surface. HOMOGENEOUS: @niform structure and property throughout the material. INCIPIENT CRACK: A crack or line of weakness in the rock. INCLUSION: An impurity or foreign body in the stone that reduces the homogeneity of the rock. INDIRECT PERCUSSION: 1unch techni.ue. INDENTER: An ob$ect that is applying a load. INWARD FORCE: Force applied to the platform, and directed into the body of the core. KNAPPER: A human who creates stone artefacts by flaking. KNAPPING: !he process of striking rocks and causing them to fracture. KNAPPING FLOOR: !he debris left on one spot and resulting from the reduction of one block of raw material. KNAPPING LOCATION: A site comprised of one or more knapping floors. LATERAL MARGINS: !he margins of a flake either side of the percussion a'is. LENGTH: !he distance from the platform to the termination of a flake or flake scar. Also 1ercussion Aength. LOAD: Applied force. LOADING: !he application of force. LONGITUDINAL CROSS SECTION: !he cross section of a flake along its percussion a'is. MAINTENANCE: !he process of keeping an artefact in a particular state or condition. An edge

which is being used is maintained by flaking off blunted portions. A core is maintained by keeping its characteristics within the limits re.uired for certain types of flaking. MANUFACTURE: !he process of making an artefact. MARGIN: ,dge between the ventral and dorsal surfaces of a flake. MASS: !he .uantity of matter in an ob$ect. METHOD: A particular pattern of knapping behaviour. MICROCRYSTALLINE: *ocks in which the crystals are very small but visible in an optical microscope. MICROWEAR: 9icroscopic use wear. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY: !he ratio of any stress to the resulting strain. MORPHOLOGY: !he topographical characteristics of the e'terior of an artefact. NEGATIVE BULB OF FORCE: !he concave surface left after a flake has been removed. -ee +ulbar -car. NORMAL FORCE: Angle of applied force in which the force is directed at appro'imately /0 o to the platform of the core. OUTREPASSE: 1. A fracture termination where the fracture path curves markedly away from the core face and continues directly into the core, removing the base of the core and giving the flake a B shape in longitudinal cross section. 2. Any flake containing an outrepasse termination. OUTWARD FORCE: Force applied while the indenter is moving away from the body of the core. OVERHANG: !he lip on a core or retouched flake, caused by the platform being undercut by the bulb on the flake removed. OVERHANG REMOVAL: !he act of brushing or tapping the platform edge in order to remove the overhang in a series of small flakes. PATINA: An alteration of rock surfaces by molecular or chemical change 2but not by attrition, hence not to be confused with sand blasting8. PERCUSSION FLAKING: !he process of detaching flakes by striking with a percussor. Also <ynamic Aoading. PERCUSSION LENGTH: !he distance along the ventral surface from the ring crack to the flake termination. PERCUSSOR: ;ammer.

PLANE OF FRACTURE: !he fracture path which produces the ventral surface of a flake. PLASTIC DEFORMATION: <eformation beyond the elastic limits of the material creating irreversible effects" includes all kinds of mechanical damage. 1lastic deformation is characterised by an abrupt %yield point& above which the flow is sudden. PLATFORM: Any surface to which a fabricator is applied when knapping. PLATFORM ANGLE: 1. !he angle between the platform and core face on a core. 2. !he angle between the platform and dorsal surface on a flake. C. !he angle between the platform and flaked surface on a retouched flake. PLATFORM PREPARATION: Alteration of the portion of the platform which receives the fabricator by grinding, polishing or flaking. PLATFORM REMOVAL FLAKE: A flake which contains a platform on the dorsal surface. POINT OF CONTACT: 1oint of Force Application. POINT OF FORCE APPLICATION: !he area of the platform in contact with the indenter during knapping. POSITIVE BULB OF FORCE: +ulb of force. POTLID: A concave conve' or plano conve' fragment of stone. 1otlids never have a ringcrack or any other feature relating to the input of e'ternal force. !hey often have a central protruberance which indicates an internal initiation to the fracture. 1otlids are the result of differential e'pansion of heated rock. PRESSURE FLAKING: !he process of detaching flakes by a pressing force. Also -tatic Aoading. PRIMARY DECORTICATION: !he first removal of corte' from a core, creating a primary decortication flake. PRIMARY DECORTICATION FLAKE: A flake that has a dorsal surface covered entirely by corte'. PROCUREMENT: #btaining raw materials. PUNCH: An ob$ect which is placed on a core or retouched flake and receives the blow from the percussor. PUNCH TECHNIQUE: !he use of a punch. Also >ndirect percussion. QUARRY: A place where humans obtained stone or ochre for artefact manufacture QUARTZ: A form of silica. QUARTZITE: A sandstone in which the .uart: sand grains are completely cemented together by secondary .uart: deposited from solution.

REDIRECTING FLAKE: A flake which uses an old platform as a dorsal ridge to direct the fracture plane. REDIRECTION: *otation of a core, and initiation of flaking from a new platform situated at right angles to a previous platform. 1roduces a redirecting flake. REDUCTION: 1rocess of breaking down stone by either flaking or grinding. REDUCTION SEQUENCE: A description of the order in which reduction occurs within one block of stone. REDUCTION STRATEGY: Duidelines used by knappers to enable them to apply their skills. REDUCTION SYSTEM: A description of manufacturing patterns which does not order the actions in their correct time se.uence. REJUVENATE: !he process of flaking in such a way that further reduction is possible or is easier. !his usually involves removing unwanted features, such as step terminations, or making unsuitable characteristics more favorable, for e'ample changing the platform angle. REPLICA: A copy of a prehistoric artefact made by a modern investigator for research purposes. REPLICATIVE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: A method of analysing prehistoric artefacts by creating e'act replicas of all the manufacturing debris. RESHARPENING: !he process of making a blunt edge sharper by grinding or flaking. RETOUCHED FLAKE: A flake that has subse.uently been re flaked. RETOUCHING: !he act of knapping a flake into a retouched flake. RIDGE: !he intersection of two surfaces, often at the $unction of two negative scars. RING CRACK: A circular pattern of micro fissures penetrating into the artefact around the 1oint of Force Application and initiating the fracture. >t appears on the ventral surface usually as a semi circular protuberance on the edge of the platform. SAND: Euart: grains with only a small content of other materials. Drain si:e 2.00 mm to 0.07 mm. SANDSTONE: A sedimentary rock composed of sand, and with only a small amount of other material, which has been consolidated by argillaceous or calcareous bonding of grains. SCAR: !he feature left on an artefact by the removal of a flake. >ncludes negative bulb, negative ringcrack and negative termination. SECONDARY DECORTICATION: !he removal of corte' from a core after the primary decortication flake. SECONDARY DECORTICATION FLAKE: A flake that has both corte' and flake scars on the dorsal surface.

SHEAR: !he effect produced by the action of a shear stress. SHEAR STRESS: A stress causing or tending to cause two ad$acent parts of a solid to slide past one another parallel to the plane of contact. SILICA: -ilicon dio'ide. SILCRETE: A silicified sediment. SILICEOUS: ;aving a high silica content. SITE: A concentration of cultural material. SPALL: -ynonym for Flake. SPLIT: !o (leave or -hear. STATIC LOADING: Application of force by placing the indenter on the ob$ect to be flaked and then applying load. Also 1ressure flaking. STEP TERMINATION: A fracture plane that turns sharply towards the free surface of the core immediately prior to the termination of the fracture. !he bend of the ventral surface is sharp, often a right angle. STEP FRACTURE RECOVERY: !he process of removing step terminations from the core. STIFFNESS: *esistance of material to elastic deformation. STONEWORKING: !he manufacture of stone artefacts. STRAIN: <eformation of the shape or si:e of a body as a result of the stress applied to it. STRESS: A force causing strain. SURFACE SITE: A site where artefacts are found on the ground surface. SYSTEMIC CONTEXT: (ultural materials operating within an ongoing behavioural system. TAPHONOMY: !he study of the depositional and preservational processes which produce archaeological or palaeontological material. TECHNIQUE: A particular combination of circumstances involved in making stone artefacts. >ncludes the ways of applying force, moving the body and the ob$ects used. TECHNOLOGY: !he manufacturing behaviour of humans. TENSION: Forces which draw portions of a body apart. TENSILE STRESS: A stress that pulls two parts of a body apart. TENSILE STRENGTH: !he ability of a material to resist tensile stress.

TERMINATION: !he point at which the fracture plain reaches the surface of a core and detaches a flake. TERTIARY FLAKE: A flake without corte'. THERMAL TREATMENT: Alteration of siliceous materials by controlled e'posure to heat. THICKNESS: 9easurement of the distance between the dorsal and ventral surfaces of a flake. TOOL: Any ob$ect that is used. TRANSFORMATION: An inference about the systemic conte't based on archaeological ob$ects. TRANSVERSE CROSS SECTION: !he cross section of a flake at /0o to the length. TULA: A flake with a prominent bulb, large platform and platform/ventral surface angle of about 1C0o, which is retouched at the distal end. Not to be confused with a !ula Ad:e. TULA ADZE: A composite tool observed ethnographically, consisting of a stone artefact 2often a !ula8, a wooden handle and resin. TURNED EDGE: !he result of turning the edge. TURNING THE EDGE: 1rocess of beveling the platform edge of a producer artefact by removing multiple small flakes. UNIDIRECTIONAL CORE: (ore from which flakes were removed from one platform surface and in only one direction. UNIFACE: Artefact flaked on only one side. USE: !he performance of a stone artefact in an activity involving non stone ob$ects. USELIFE: !he period of time during which an artefact is used. USE-WEAR: <amage to the edges or working surfaces of tools sustained in use. VENTRAL SURFACE: !he surface of a flake created when it is removed and identified mainly by the presence of a ring crack. VITREOUS: Dlassy amorphous te'ture.