Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

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Fluid Phase Equilibria

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fluid

Review

High-pressure uid-phase equilibria: Experimental methods and systems investigated (20052008)

Jos M.S. Fonseca a , Ralf Dohrn b, , Stephanie Peper c
a b c

Technical University of Denmark, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Fluid Properties & Thermodynamics, Geb. B310, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Institute of Thermodynamics, D-22043 Hamburg, Germany

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t
A review of systems is given, for which experimental high-pressure phase-equilibrium data were published in the period between 2005 and 2008, continuing a series of reviews. To nd candidates for articles that are of interest for this survey a three-stage search strategy was used including a systematic search of the contents of the 17 most important journals of the eld. Experimental methods for the investigation of high-pressure phase equilibria were classied, described and illustrated using examples from articles of the period between 2005 and 2008. For the systems investigated, the reference, the temperature and pressure range of the data, and the experimental method used for the measurements is given in 54 tables. Vaporliquid equilibria, liquidliquid equilibria, vaporliquidliquid equilibria, solidliquid equilibria, solidvapor equilibria, solidvaporliquid equilibria, critical points, the solubility of high-boiling substances in supercritical uids, the solubility of gases in liquids and the solubility (sorption) of volatile components in polymers are included. Most of experimental data in the literature has been given for binary systems. Of the 1469 binary systems, 796 (54%) have carbon dioxide as one of the components. Information on 206 pure components, 535 ternary systems of which 355 (66%) contain carbon dioxide, 163 multicomponent and complex systems, and 207 systems with hydrates is given. A continuation of the review series is planned, covering the years from 2009 to 2011. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Article history: Received 11 August 2010 Received in revised form 3 September 2010 Accepted 7 September 2010 Available online 25 September 2010 Keywords: Experimental equipment Data Method High pressure VLE review Hydrocarbons Non-hydrocarbons

Contents 1. 2. 3. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Literature search and evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Experimental methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1. Analytical methods (An) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.1. Analytical isothermal methods (AnT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.2. Analytical isobaricisothermal methods (AnPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3. Analytical isobaric methods (AnP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.4. Analytical spectroscopic methods (AnSpec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.5. Analytical gravimetric methods (AnGrav) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.6. Other analytical methods (AnOth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2. Synthetic methods (Syn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.1. Synthetic-visual methods (SynVis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.2. Synthetic-non-visual methods (SynNon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.3. Synthetic-isothermal methods (SynT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.4. Synthetic-isobaric methods (SynP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.5. Other synthetic methods (SynOth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 3 4 8 27 32 32 35 36 39 42 53 59 59 59

Corresponding author at: Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Fluid Properties & Thermodynamics, BTS-PT-RPT-KPM, Geb. B310 Room 609, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany. Tel.: +49 214 30 21787; fax: +49 214 30 81554. E-mail address: ralf.dohrn@bayer.com (R. Dohrn). 0378-3812/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.uid.2010.09.017

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

4.

Important points for experimental methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.1. Charging of the cell synthesis of the mixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.2. Equilibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.3. Analysis and determination of a phase transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Systems investigated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3.

60 60 60 60 61 61

1. Introduction Knowledge of high-pressure phase equilibria is important for the understanding of technical and natural processes that occur at high pressures. It is essential for the design and optimization of high-pressure chemical processes and separation operations. Other examples for the need of high-pressure phase equilibrium data are the simulation of petroleum reservoirs, enhanced oil recovery, carbon capture and storage, the transportation and storage of natural gas, refrigeration and heat-pump cycles, and the study of geological processes. There are several established and new applications of supercritical uids [1,2], like extraction, particle formation, impregnation (wood preservation, polymers, catalysts, textiles), leather, paper and textile treatment, dyeing, cleaning, reaction, chromatography, drying of aerogel, injection molding and extrusion, and electronic chip manufacturing. Examples of new applications are given in the recent review of Brunner [3]. A critical review of the present state and future directions of supercritical uid science and technology is given in the 20th anniversary special issue of The Journal of Supercritical Fluids [4]. Although the patent review on supercritical uid technology of Schtz [5] showed that the number of patents applications on supercritical uids reached a maximum in 2002, the number of publications in this eld is still increasing, e.g. the total number of publications in The Journal of Supercritical Fluids. Other reasons for the high number of publications on high-pressure phase equilibria are a rising interest in ionic liquid applications at high pressures, in hydrate formation and in polymer foaming processes. Gas solubility in the polymer plays a signicant role in almost all stages of the foaming process including the gas dissolution at compounding temperatures and pressures, bubble nucleation, and growth and partitioning between cells and matrix for cell structure stabilization. The search for new solvents for carbon dioxide (CO2 ) capture also increased the number of publications on high-pressure phase equilibria. There are many ways to obtain information about the phase behavior of uid mixtures, but the direct measurement of phaseequilibrium data remains an important source of information, though it is difcult and expensive to take precise experimental data. On the other hand, for a company, it is very often more expensive to use imprecise data or to estimate data a couple of times over the years, if experimental data are not available. An overview on review articles about techniques for experimental investigations and about reviews on high-pressure phase-equilibrium data in the literature has been given in the previous article of this series [6]. From the reviews on experimental methods that appeared after 2004 the articles of Knox [2], Richon [7], Smith and Fang [8], and Dohrn et al. [6] shall be mentioned. Some reviews on experimental data in the literature cover a specic topic, such as the phase behavior of ionic liquids with supercritical uids, e.g. Keskin et al. [9], the critical properties of elements and compounds, e.g. Marsh et al. [10,11], the solubility of certain substances in supercritical CO2 , e.g. Gcli-stndag and Temelli [12,13] for lipids, Su and Chen [14] for pharmaceutical compounds, or the solubility of inorganic and organic compounds in liquids at high pressures, e.g. Sawamura [15], for high-pressure gas hydrates, e.g. Loveday and Nelmes [16], for a certain class of binary systems,

like Schwarz et al. [17] for ethane + n-alkane systems, or for a specic substance, like Abdulagatov et al. [18] for methanol or Loerting et al. [19] for phase transitions of ice. Other reviews cover highpressure uid-phase equilibria data that have been published in specic periods, e.g. Knapp et al. [20] covering 19001980, Fornari et al. [21] covering 19781987, Dohrn and Brunner [22] covering 19881993, Christov and Dohrn [23] covering 19941999, and Dohrn et al. [6] covering 20002004. This work gives an overview about systems for which high-pressure phase equilibrium data have been published from 2005 to 2008, including vaporliquid equilibria (VLE), liquidliquid equilibria (LLE), vaporliquidliquid equilibria (VLLE), the solubility of high-boiling substances in supercritical uids, and the solubility of gases in liquids (GLE). Work on the continuation of the review series is under way, covering the period between 2009 and 2011. 2. Literature search and evaluation To nd the articles that are of interest for this review, a threestage search strategy was applied. A detailed description of this strategy can be found in our previous review [6]. The main source of information were the most important journals in the eld of high-pressure phase equilibria, as listed in Table 1; abbreviation of journal titles were used according to ISO 4 [24]. In addition to the 13 journals that were systematically covered in our previous review, we added 4 journals: Thermochimica Acta, International Journal of Refrigeration, Journal of Cellular Plastics and Separation Science and Technology. The latter journal yielded only one relevant article and will not be continued in the future review, planned to cover the period 20092011. The table of contents of the journals of Table 1 were systematically searched. Conference proceedings were not considered, but articles from other journals that came to our knowledge were included. During the evaluation process of more than 800 articles of interest, about 5% of the papers were found to be irrelevant for this review, since they contain neither new experimental data nor the description of a new experimental apparatus, or the measured data were not high pressure. Of course, the expression high pressure is relative; we chose 1 MPa as the lower limit: a paper was considered to contain high-pressure data if at least one data point was measured at a pressure of 1 MPa or higher. The increase of interest in high-pressure phase equilibria continued from 2005 to 2008 but rst signs of a slowing down of this process can be seen. In Table 1 the number of papers published in different journals from 1978 to 1987 [21] is compared with the number published from 1988 to 1993 [22], from 1994 to 1999 [23], from 2000 to 2004 [6] and from 2005 to 2008 (this work). While in the early 1980s about 20 articles on high-pressure phase equilibria were published each year, this number increases by 67 each year, so that in 2008 more than 10 times as many articles appeared as in 1982. Fig. 1 shows an almost linear increase of articles on high-pressure phase equilibria published per year during the last 30 years. Authors tend to submit their publications on high-pressure phase equilibrium data to a rather limited number of mostly specialized journals. More than 80% of the information was published in the three major journals of high-pressure phase equilibria: Journal of Chemical Engineering Data, Fluid Phase Equilibria, and The

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

225 200 175

150 125 100 75 50 25 0 1981

1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

2008

year
Fig. 1. Number of articles published per year during the last 30 years.

Journal of Supercritical Fluids. From 1996 to 2008 between 12 and 18% of all articles in these journals were on high-pressure phase equilibria. During the last 10 years the average percentage stayed more or less constant at 15%, meaning that the increase of the number of articles on high-pressure phase equilibria can be partly explained by the general increase of published articles in these journals, particularly in The Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 3. Experimental methods High-pressure phase behavior is often complex and difcult to predict. At high pressures deviations from ideal behavior become much larger than at ambient or moderate pressures. Another difculty of using predictive methods is the fact that molecules of interest for high-pressure applications, particularly supercritical

uid extraction, can be large and contain several functional groups. Therefore, the experimental investigation is often the only suitable method to precisely determine the high-pressure phase behavior. Many different methods are used to measure high-pressure phase equilibria. The reason is that no single method is suitable to determine all different phenomena. To the reader the variety of experimental methods is even more confusing since different authors use different names for the same experimental method. Expressions like static or dynamic are used in connection with many different methods. Therefore, an overview of experimental methods for the determination of high-pressure phase equilibria is given in this section. The methods are described, their advantages and disadvantages are discussed and many examples of their application are given citing articles of the period of this review. At the end of Section 3 some guidelines for the design of the apparatus and the experimental procedure to measure high-pressure phase equilibria are given. The used classication of experimental methods for the investigation of high-pressure phase equilibria is described in detail in our previous review [6]. There are two main classes, depending on how the compositions of the equilibrium phases are determined (analytically or not) and whether the mixture to be investigated has been prepared (synthesized) with precisely known composition or not: analytical methods and synthetic methods. The classication includes a unique name and an abbreviation of the name for each method as given in Table 2. The frequency of the use of a method gives an indication on its importance; it is given in Table 2 as well. 62.4% of all systems of the period of this review have been measured with a synthetic method, while 37.6% have been investigated with an analytical method. When these numbers are compared with the values of the period of our earlier review [6] (20002004) it can be seen that there is a tendency towards synthetic methods. Particularly, non-visual synthetic methods and the synthetic isothermal method have been used more frequently than in the past. Since commer-

Table 1 Bibliographic information. Journal Number of articles on high-pressure phase equilibria 19781987a J. Chem. Eng. Data Fluid Phase Equilib. J. Supercrit. Fluidsf J. Chem. Thermodyn. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. Int. J. Thermophys. J. Phys. Chem. B Chem. Eng. Sci. Thermochim. Acta Green Chemistryg AIChE J. Int. J. Refrig. J. Cell. Plast. Can. J. Chem. Eng. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.h J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. Sep. Sci. Technol. Other journals Total 92 69 0 15 3 2 0 5 3 10 199 19881993b 115 158 43 18 5 1 0 5 13 8 14 380 19941999c 214 182 73 30 30 1 4 0 1 8 6 4 16 569 20002004d 231 206 115 26 58 23 4 4 1 10 1 13 0 5 697 20052008e 283 169 143 48 44 14 14 13 12 10 8 4 3 3 2 2 1 18 791

Abbreviation of journal titles according to ISO 4 [24], (): not covered in the review of the period. a Fornari et al. [21]. b Dohrn and Brunner [22]. c Christov and Dohrn [23]. d Dohrn et al. [6]. e This work. f The rst issue of The Journal of Supercritical Fluids appeared in 1988. g The rst issue of Green Chemistry appeared in 1999. h Before 1999: Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft fr Physikalische Chemie and J. of the Chemical Society/Faraday Transactions.

Number of articles/year

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Table 2 Experimental methods: abbreviations and frequency of use in review period. Experimental method Systems measured with method 20002004 Analytical methods Total composition not exactly known, analysis of phases Analytical methods with sampling AnT Analytical isothermal method Cap Sampling through capillaries Val Sampling using a special valve Blo Blocking off a large sampling volume from the equil. cell Vcir Vapor-phase recirculation Lcir Liquid-phase recirculation VLcir Recirculation of the vapor and the liquid phase Ins In situ sampling Mla Material loss analysis AnP Analytical isobaric method AnPT Analytical isobaricisothermal method Con Continuous-ow method SemX Semi-ow method (gas solubility in liquid phase) SemY Semi-ow method (solubility in vapor phase) Chro Chromatographic method, e.g. Inverse SFC Analytical methods without sampling AnSpec Analytical spectroscopic method AnGrav Analytical gravimetric method AnOth Other analytical method Synthetic methods Total composition exactly known, no analysis of phases Synthetic methods with a phase transition SynVis Synthetic-visual method SynNon Synthetic-nonvisual method Synthetic methods without a phase transition SynT Synthetic-isothermal method SynP Synthetic-isobaric method SynOth Other synthetic method Additional information for all methods Var Variable-volume cell Vis Visual observation is possible Spec Spectroscopic method to get information Pc Critical pressure has been measured Tc Critical temperature has been measured X Only the composition of the liquid phase is determined Y Only the composition of the vapor phase is determined 46.7% 20052008 37.6% Trend

27.6%

19.7%

0.0% 15.4%

0.0% 11.2%

1.5% 1.1% 1.1% 53.3%

1.1% 5.0% 0.6% 62.4%

36.4% 8.4% 6.1% 0.2% 2.2%

36.0% 13.4% 11.8% 0.5% 0.7%

cially available electrobalances became more prevalent, analytical gravimetic methods have been used signicantly more frequently (5.0% of all systems) as compared to the period 20002004 (1.1% of all systems), being the only analytical method whose usage did not decline. In Tables 356, listing the investigated systems, information on the experimental method used to determine the data is included.

3.1. Analytical methods (An) Analytical methods (designated with An) involve the analytical determination of the compositions of the coexisting phases. When the equilibrium cell is lled with the components at the beginning of the experiment, the overall composition of the mixture does not need to be precisely known, only so far that the mixture under desired conditions (p and T) separates into two or more phases that are to be investigated, e.g. into a liquid and a vapor phase when VLE is to be measured. The composition of the phases is analyzed either with sampling and analysis under ambient pressure or without sampling by using physicochemical methods of analysis inside the equilibrium cell under pressure. Analytical methods with sampling can be classied, depending on the attainment of equilibrium, into isothermal methods (AnT), isobaricisothermal methods (AnPT) and isobaric methods (AnP). Withdrawing a large sample from an autoclave causes a considerable pressure drop, which disturbs the phase equilibrium

signicantly. This pressure drop can be avoided by different measures, e.g by decreasing the cell volume during sampling by using a variable-volume cell (Var) like in the new VLE apparatus of Raal and coworkers [25], or by blocking off (Blo) the sampling volume from the remaining content of the equilibrium cell before pressure reduction [26,27]. If only a small sample is withdrawn or if a relatively large equilibrium cell is used, the slight pressure drop does not affect the phase compositions signicantly. The largest equilibrium cell described in an article within this review had a volume of 40 dm3 . It was used by van der Kraan et al. [28] for the measurement of the partitioning of C.I. Disperse Orange 3 between CO2 and poly(ethylene terephtalate) textile cloth. Small samples can be withdrawn using capillaries (Cap) or special sampling valves (Val), e.g. using HPLC-valves, or fastacting electromagnetic or pneumatic valves, like the rapid on-line sampler-injector of Richon and coworkers [29]. Often sampling valves are directly coupled to analytical equipment, in most cases to a gas chromatograph [30], but also to a high-performance liquid chromatograph, or a supercritical uid chromatograph. The smallest equilibrium cell described in an article within this review had a volume of only 1 cm3 and was used by Yamini and coworkers [31,32]. From this cell they took a sample-volume of 102 mm3 which is the largest relative sample (10%) from a constant volume cell [32]. Sometimes, equilibrium cells used for analytical methods are equipped with one or more windows for visual observation of the

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 3 Pure-component systems: X. X 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptauoropropane (HFC-227ea) 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexauoropropane (HFC-236ea) 1,1,1,2-Tetrauoroethane (HFC-134a) Reference Lim et al. [507] Yun et al. [786] Gruzdev et al. [329] Cui et al. [240] Fedele et al. [296] Hong et al. [352] Marcelino Neto and Barbosa [538] Saleh and Wendland [627] Valtz et al. [731] Pan et al. [589] Nikitin et al. [574] Nikitin et al. [574] Lim et al. [504] Madani et al. [532] VonNiederhausern et al. [748] Yasumoto et al. [777] VonNiederhausern et al. [749] Maeda and Yokoyama [534] Maeda and Yokoyama [534] Nikitin et al. [574] VonNiederhausern et al. [748] VonNiederhausern et al. [749] VonNiederhausern et al. [748] Nikitin et al. [574] Nikitin et al. [574] Giles and Wilson [316] Nikitin et al. [574] VonNiederhausern et al. [749] Nikitin et al. [574] Nikitin et al. [574] DellEra et al. [254] Gil et al. [115] Ihmels et al. [365] Visuri et al. [743] VonNiederhausern et al. [131] Gil et al. [115] Gomes de Azevedo et al. [119] Milhet et al. [547] Milhet et al. [547] Milhet et al. [547] Milhet et al. [547] Milhet et al. [547] Milhet et al. [547] Milhet et al. [547] Milhet et al. [547] Milhet et al. [547] Gil et al. [115] Roininen et al. [620] Visuri et al. [743] VonNiederhausern et al. [131] VonNiederhausern et al. [748] DellEra et al. [254] Laavi et al. [475] Roininen et al. [620] Visuri et al. [743] Wierink et al. [765] DellEra et al. [254] Laavi et al. [475] Roininen et al. [620] Visuri et al. [743] Wierink et al. [765] Chen et al. [219] Giles and Wilson [316] Glos et al. [318] Masui et al. [111] Yasumoto et al. [776] Nikitin et al. [130] Nikitin et al. [576] VonNiederhausern et al. [131] DellEra et al. [254] Laavi et al. [475] Roininen et al. [620] Visuri et al. [743] Wierink et al. [765] T (K) 273323 288363 293412 263283 253293 295304 283313 253363 277360 253403 736736 767767 273323 253348 461618 377377 511754 405465 407467 614614 320499 546836 481692 632632 651651 333373 685685 523740 712712 726726 364364 563563 289419 364364 544733 632632 285303 269292 292292 299320 302322 309329 285306 289309 272293 256277 537537 364364 364364 450600 500721 364364 364364 364364 364364 364364 364364 364364 364364 364364 364364 272313 298248 115340 310407 407407 720720 766766 488723 364364 364364 364364 364364 364364 P (MPa) 0.10.9 0.32.2 0.13.3 0.20.4 0.10.6 0.60.7 0.41 0.13.2 0.33 02.3 2.42.4 22 0.21.1 0.12.1 0.12.9 3.63.6 03.9 0.189 0.183 6.66.6 04.3 06.2 0.15.1 5.55.5 4.54.5 0.10.3 3.53.5 04 2.82.8 2.62.6 00 4.44.4 0.24 1.51.5 01.8 33 0.188.9 0.1100 0.10.1 0.1100 0.1100 0.1100 0.1100 0.1100 0.1100 0.1100 5.15.1 0.10.1 0.10.1 0.22.7 0.14.8 0.10.1 0.10.1 0.10.1 0.10.1 0.10.1 0.10.1 0.10.1 0.10.1 0.10.1 0.10.1 0.10.5 0.31.2 01 0.43.6 3.63.6 3.83.8 3.93.9 03.9 0.10.1 0.10.1 0.10.1 0.10.1 0.10.1 V (cm3 ) 85 200 439 n.a. 50 329 4000 200 n.a. 11.3 n.a. n.a. 85 n.a. n.a. 16 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4 n.a. 113 n.a. 4 0.8 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 4 113 113 n.a. n.a. n.a. 113 113 113 113 n.a. 113 113 112.7 112.7 31.7 n.a. n.a. 18 16 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 113 113 113 113 Method SynT SynT SynT SynTVis SynT SynT SynT AnGrav SynTVis SynVis SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynT AnTCapValVis SynNonConPcTc SynVisVarPcTc SynNonCon SynNon SynNon SynNonPcTc SynNonConPcTc SynNonConPcTc SynNonConPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynT SynNonPcTc SynNonConPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynT SynVisConPcTc SynVisVarPcTc SynT SynNonConPcTc SynVisConPcTc SynNon SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVisConPcTc SynT SynT SynNonConPcTc SynNonConPcTc SynT SynT SynT SynT SynT SynT SynT SynT SynT SynT SynT SynT SynT SynVisVarPcTc SynVisVarPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonConPcTc SynT SynT SynT SynT SynT

1,1,1,3,3-Pentauoropropane (HFC-245fa) 1,10-Diaminodecane 1,12-Diaminododecane 1,1-Diuoroethane (HFC-152a) 1,1-Ethanediol diacetate 1,2,2,2-Tetrauoroethyl triuoromethyl ether (HFE-227me) 1,2-Benzenediol 1,2-Bis-(4-n-dodecyloxybenzoyl)hydrazine 1,2-Bis-(4-n-octyloxybenzoyl)hydrazine 1,2-Diaminoethane 1,2-Epoxy-2-methylpropane 1,3-Benzenediol 1,3-Butanediol 1,3-Diaminopropane 1,4-Diaminobutane 1,5-Hexadiene 1,6-Diaminohexane 1,6-Hexanediol 1,8-Diaminooctane 1,9-Diaminononane 1-Butanol 1-Butene 1-Dodecanethiol 1-Heptanol 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate [bmim] [PF6 ] 1-Phenyldodecane 1-Phenylheptadecane 1-Phenylhexadecane 1-Phenylnonadecane 1-Phenyloctadecane 1-Phenylpentadecane 1-Phenyltetradecane 1-Phenyltridecane 1-Phenylundecane 1-Propanol

1-Tert-butoxy-2-propanol 2-(2-Aminoethoxy)-ethanol 2-Butanol

2-Methyl-2-propanol

2-Methylpropane (isobutane)

2-Phenyl-1-ethanol 2-Phenylacetic acid (phenylethanoic acid) 2-Phenylethanol 2-Propanol (isopropanol)

6 Table 3 (Continued) X 2-Propene-1-ol 3-(3 -Chloro-)(4 -noctyloxybenzoyloxyphenyliminomethyl) phenyl-4 -n-octyloxy biphenylcarboxylate 3-(4 -n-octyloxybenzoyloxyphenyliminomethyl) phenyl-4 -n-octyloxy biphenylcarboxylate 3,3 -Diamino-4,4 -azofurazan (DAAzF) 3-Phenyl-1-propanol 3-Phenylpropanoic acid 4-(Ethylpentoxy)-anilinebenzylidenen-4 -carboxylic acid 4-Formylmorpholine 4-Hexyloxybenzoloxy-4 -cyanoazobenzene 4-Octyloxybenzoloxy-4 -cyanoazobenzene 4-Phenyl-1-butanol 4-Phenylbutanoic acid 5-Phenylpentanoic acid 6-Phenylhexanoic acid 7-Phenylheptanoic acid Acetonitrile (ethanenitrile) Allyl chloride Ammonia

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Reference VonNiederhausern et al. [131] Maeda et al. [533]

T (K) 438547 408491

P (MPa) 0.75.6 0.1300

V (cm3 ) n.a. n.a.

Method SynNonConPcTc SynNon

Maeda et al. [533] Sinditskii et al. [683] Nikitin et al. [130] Nikitin et al. [576] Maeda et al. [124] VonNiederhausern et al. [748] Sandhya et al. [629] Sandhya et al. [629] Nikitin et al. [130] Nikitin et al. [576] Nikitin et al. [576] Nikitin et al. [576] Nikitin et al. [576] Giles and Wilson [316] Giles and Wilson [316] Gil et al. [115] Martin et al. [96] Sato et al. [631] Tomida et al. [718] Wu et al. [768] Deiters and Randzio [252] Xu et al. [772] Nikitin et al. [575] Xu et al. [772] Nikitin et al. [577] Gil et al. [115] Kim and Kim [423] Ravipaty et al. [612] Saleh and Wendland [627] Shariati et al. [659] Vyhmeister et al. [751] Vezzu et al. [742] Xu et al. [772] Giles and Wilson [316] Vezzu et al. [742] Ihmels et al. [365] Wierink et al. [765] Gil et al. [115] Fedele et al. [296] Milhet et al. [546] VonNiederhausern et al. [748] Nikitin et al. [575] Nikitin et al. [575] VonNiederhausern et al. [748] Nikitin et al. [575] Nikitin et al. [575] Nikitin et al. [575] Pan et al. [589] Verevkin et al. [741] VonNiederhausern et al. [748] Corvaro et al. [233] Giles and Wilson [317] Ihmels and Lemmon [366] Valtz et al. [731] Wu and Yin [767] Yasumoto et al. [776] Verevkin et al. [741] Verevkin et al. [741] Verevkin et al. [741] Nikitin et al. [575] Verevkin et al. [741] Verevkin et al. [741] Verevkin et al. [741] Verevkin et al. [741] VonNiederhausern et al. [748] Nikitin et al. [575] Nikitin et al. [575] Nikitin et al. [575]

405506 8731028 732732 776776 423518 507779 399448 368413 746746 783783 790790 794794 798798 393453 333373 405405 403404 310405 303373 286324 410560 306663 835835 259587 725725 304304 253303 308328 233293 293304 304305 397397 246530 273313 420420 290435 364364 553553 253293 271293 505705 797797 870870 454645 776776 830830 817817 283398 692692 466607 219361 253293 264400 278360 213393 303399 682682 649649 639639 772772 711711 742742 723723 662662 504614 858858 840840 811811

0.1300 15 3.43.4 3.43.4 0.1300 05 0.1150 0.1120 33 3.23.2 2.92.9 2.62.6 2.42.4 0.21 0.10.4 11.311.3 11.111.1 1.411.3 1.16.2 0.72 0200 1003000 11 1003500 2.42.4 7.37.3 1.97.2 10.128 15.7 5.77.3 3.37.6 0.10.1 1003500 0.20.8 0.10.1 0.14.2 1.11.1 44 0.10.5 0.1100.1 0.13.3 1.61.6 0.90.9 0.13 2.22.2 1.21.2 1.31.3 00.9 2.52.5 0.65 02.6 0.10.5 0.15.3 0.32.5 04.7 0.65.2 2.72.7 3.53.5 44 2.72.7 2.32.3 22 2.32.3 33 0.10.7 11 11 1.41.4

n.a. 50 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4 27 n.a. 65.2 769 n.a. 94 n.a. 94 n.a. 4 150 1.6 200 n.a. n.a. n.a. 94 n.a. n.a. n.a. 113 4 50 0.03 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 11.3 n.a. n.a. 273.5 n.a. n.a. n.a. 11.3 16 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

SynNon SynNon SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNon SynNonConPcTc SynNon SynNon SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynT SynT SynVisConPcTc SynVisPcTc SynVisVarPcTc SynT SynT SynNon SynNonVar SynNonPcTc SynNonVar SynNonPcTc SynVisConPcTc SynTVis AnPTSemYVal AnGrav SynT SynVisVarPcTc SynNon SynNonVar SynT SynNon SynVisVarPcTc SynT SynVisConPcTc SynT SynVis SynNonConPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonConPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynVis SynNonPcTc SynNonConPcTc SynT SynT SynVisVarPcTc SynTVis SynTVis SynVisVarPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonCon SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc

Anhydrous caffeine Benzene Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Bromobenzene Butyl benzoate Carbon dioxide

Ceramide 3A (N-linoeoyl-phytosphingosine, 97%) Chlorobenzene Chloromethane (HCC-40) Cholesterol Cis-2-Butene Cyclohexane Cyclopropane Decylcyclohexane Dipropylene glycol Dibutyl phthalate Didecyl phthalate Diethyl oxalate Diethyl phthalate Diheptyl phthalate Dihexyl phthalate Dimethoxymethane Dimethyl adipate Dimethyl disulde Dimethyl ether

Dimethyl glutarate Dimethyl malonate Dimethyl oxalate Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl pimelate Dimethyl sebacate Dimethyl suberate Dimethyl succinate Di-n-butyl disulde Dinonyl phthalate Dioctyl phthalate Dipentyl phthalate

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 3 (Continued) X Dipropyl phthalate Diundecyl phthalate Dodecylcyclohexane Eicosane Ethane Reference Nikitin et al. [575] Nikitin et al. [575] Milhet et al. [546] Machado et al. [138] Gil et al. [115] Zhang et al. [806] Zhu et al. [815] Bazaev et al. [184] Gil et al. [115] Nikitin et al. [577] Chen et al. [220] Giles and Wilson [316] Cui et al. [240] Gruzdev et al. [330] VonNiederhausern et al. [748] Kutcherov and Chernoutsan [125] Kutcherov and Chernoutsan [125] Madani et al. [530] Valtz et al. [734] Nikitin et al. [577] Thveneau et al. [713] Manara et al. [134] Manara et al. [134] Manara et al. [134] Manara et al. [134] Manara et al. [134] Manara et al. [134] Manara et al. [134] Manara et al. [134] Manara et al. [134] Manara et al. [134] Manara et al. [134] Manara et al. [134] Manara et al. [134] Manara et al. [134] Ledru et al. [482] Laavi et al. [475] Ihmels et al. [365] Yun et al. [786] Giles and Wilson [316] Kutcherov and Chernoutsan [125] Sato et al. [632] Dan and Grolier [242] Grolier and Dan [328] Zhu et al. [816] Bazaev et al. [158] DellEra et al. [254] Gil et al. [115] Laavi et al. [475] Roininen et al. [620] Visuri et al. [743] Wierink et al. [765] Nikitin et al. [577] Yasumoto et al. [777] Kutcherov and Chernoutsan [125] VonNiederhausern et al. [131] DellEra et al. [254] Glos et al. [318] Lim et al. [504] Miyamoto [549] Yasumoto et al. [776] VonNiederhausern et al. [748] Ewing and Ochoa [153] Milhet et al. [103] Ewing and Ochoa [154] Gil et al. [115] Xu et al. [772] VonNiederhausern et al. [748] Milhet et al. [546] Milhet et al. [103] Ewing and Ochoa [286] Milhet et al. [103] Milhet et al. [546] VonNiederhausern et al. [748] VonNiederhausern et al. [748] Milhet et al. [546] Chen et al. [219] T (K) 784784 886886 285308 318344 305305 188243 179210 373513 514514 700700 235372 298248 253323 298330 474732 275320 275320 253292 244292 748748 223373 30713135 30553130 29643098 29483070 28863075 29013056 27932995 26963020 26072930 26062920 25282891 24382865 24102795 20102010 434444 364364 285418 288363 393453 249373 394454 234238 234238 159178 423653 364364 512512 364364 364364 364364 364364 695695 406406 275320 502750 364364 135340 273323 280424 425425 441601 372537 291313 315504 507507 299614 519741 315333 283303 309456 279302 314328 479550 518676 298320 272313 P (MPa) 1.91.9 0.80.8 0.1100.1 33.5150 4.84.8 0.11 0.10.3 0.26 6.16.1 33 0.14.7 0.10.7 0.21.7 1.22.6 0.15.1 0.1500 0.1500 12.9 0.72.9 1.91.9 0.18.9 100150 100100 100100 50200 100100 100100 100100 100120 100100 1010 50200 100100 100100 100100 64403 1.61.6 0.24 0.21.5 0.20.9 0.1500 0.1200 1590 1590 1.53.1 1.440 0.20.2 88 0.20.2 0.20.2 0.20.2 0.20.2 3.43.4 2.82.8 0.1500 0.14.1 1.21.2 00.7 0.10.4 0.13.7 3.73.7 0.12.8 0.12.6 0.1100 02.8 33 1003000 0.14.1 0.1100.1 0.1100 02.7 0.1100 0.1100.1 2.46.7 0.22.3 0.1100.1 0.62 V (cm3 ) n.a. n.a. 0.03 n.a. 4 300 300 32 4 n.a. 141 n.a. n.a. 438 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 28 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 113 n.a. 200 n.a. n.a. n.a. 18 18 300 32 n.a. 4 113 113 113 113 n.a. 16 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 85 25 16 n.a. 605 0.03 605 4 94 n.a. 0.03 0.03 605 0.03 0.03 n.a. n.a. 0.03 31.7 Method SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynVis SynNon SynVisConPcTc AnTVcir AnTVcir SynT SynVisConPcTc SynNonPcTc SynT SynT SynTVis SynT SynNonConPcTc SynNon SynNon SynT SynT SynNonPcTc SynVis SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynT SynVisVarPcTc SynT SynT SynNon SynNonVar SynNonVar SynNonVar SynT SynOthPcTc SynT SynVisConPcTc SynT SynT SynT SynT SynNonPcTc SynVisVarPcTc SynNon SynNonConPcTc SynT SynT SynT SynTVar SynVisVarPcTc SynNonConPcTc SynPVcir SynVis SynPVcir SynVisConPcTc SynNonVar SynNonConPcTc SynVis SynVis SynPVcir SynVis SynVis SynNonConPcTc SynNonConPcTc SynVis SynT

Ethanol Ethyl benzoate Ethyl uoride Ethylene oxide Fluoroethane (HFC-161) Freon R-404a -Butyrolactone Heavy fraction of Kumkolsk oil Hexauoroethane (PFC-116) Hexyl benzoate Hydrogen sulde Hyperstoichiometric uranium dioxide (UO2.01) Hyperstoichiometric uranium dioxide (UO2.03) Hyperstoichiometric uranium dioxide (UO2.05) Hyperstoichiometric uranium dioxide (UO2.07) Hyperstoichiometric uranium dioxide (UO2.08) Hyperstoichiometric uranium dioxide (UO2.09) Hyperstoichiometric uranium dioxide (UO2.11) Hyperstoichiometric uranium dioxide (UO2.12) Hyperstoichiometric uranium dioxide (UO2.14) Hyperstoichiometric uranium dioxide (UO2.16) Hyperstoichiometric uranium dioxide (UO2.17) Hyperstoichiometric uranium dioxide (UO2.2) Hyperstoichiometric uranium dioxide (UO2.21) Hyperstoichiometric uranium dioxide (UO2.66U3O8) Indium Isobutane (2-methylpropane) Isobutene Isopropyl acetate Komsomolsk oil Linear polyethylene (LPE) Mercury Methane Methanol

Methyl benzoate Methylpentauoroethylether (HFE-245mc) Model oil Naphthalene n-Butane

n-Butyl acrylate n-Heptane n-Hexadecane n-Hexane Nitrobenzene N-Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) Nonadecylcyclohexane n-Pentadecane n-Pentane n-Tetradecane Octadecylcyclohexane Oxazole p-Diisopropyl benzene Pentadecylcyclohexane Pentauoroethane (HFC-125)

8 Table 3 (Continued) X Pentyl benzoate Petroleum product FR 353383 K of catalytic cracking Petroleum product FR 383413 K of catalytic cracking Petroleum product FR 413443 K of catalytic cracking Petroleum product FR 443473 K of catalytic cracking Petroleum wax from Kumkolsk oil Phenol Phenyl isocyanate Piperazine Poly(ethylene-co-1-butene) (EB) Poly(ethylene-co-1-hexene) (EH) Poly(ethylene-co-1-octene) (EO) Poly(ethylene-co-propylene) (EP) Propane

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Reference Fedele et al. [296] Nikitin et al. [577] Ovchinnikov et al. [586] Ovchinnikov et al. [586] Ovchinnikov et al. [586] Ovchinnikov et al. [586] Kutcherov and Chernoutsan [125] Nikitin et al. [130] VonNiederhausern et al. [748] VonNiederhausern et al. [749] Sato et al. [632] Sato et al. [632] Sato et al. [632] Sato et al. [632] Gil et al. [115] Glos et al. [318] Ho et al. [41] Honda et al. [351] Kim and Kim [423] Lim et al. [507] May et al. [543] Miyamoto and Uematsu [548] Yasumoto et al. [776] Giles and Wilson [317] Glos et al. [318] Ho et al. [41] Nikitin et al. [577] VonNiederhausern et al. [748] VonNiederhausern et al. [748] Nikitin et al. [578] Machado et al. [138] Deiters and Randzio [252] Machado et al. [138] Milhet et al. [546] Nikitin et al. [578] Nikitin et al. [578] Zhu et al. [815] Zhu et al. [816] Nikitin et al. [578] Nikitin et al. [578] Nikitin et al. [578] Anderson [149] Nikitin et al. [578] Nikitin et al. [578] Nikitin et al. [578] Nikitin et al. [578] VonNiederhausern et al. [131] Ledru et al. [482] Ihmels et al. [365] Roininen et al. [620] Machado et al. [138] VonNiederhausern et al. [131] Milhet et al. [546] Shariati et al. [659] Zhang et al. [806] Yasumoto et al. [777] Milhet et al. [546] Manara et al. [134] Giles and Wilson [316] Grolier and Dan [328] Salzmann [628]

T (K) 253293 736736 393522 445558 443579 472593 275320 695695 479656 445656 354394 394454 354414 314354 369369 90340 273313 320370 253323 273323 260293 280369 369369 253293 95340 273313 710710 560829 472541 682682 351385 320353 326357 297320 849849 587587 179210 159178 778778 757757 558558 334522 830830 812812 714714 649649 436705 508511 274428 364364 338372 713809 286309 288298 188243 377377 272293 31473147 273313 225240 77170

P (MPa) 0.31.2 2.12.1 324.6 2.617.9 1.213 1.310.4 0.1500 5.65.6 0.24 0.15.4 0.1200 0.1200 0.1200 0.1200 4.24.2 02.4 0.41.3 1.64.2 0.21.7 0.41.7 0.30.8 0.54.1 4.24.2 0.31 02.9 0.51.6 2.62.6 0.14.1 13 1.11.1 10130 0130 10150 0.1100.1 0.60.6 22 0.62.1 0.20.6 0.70.7 0.70.7 2.82.8 01.4 0.60.6 0.60.6 0.80.8 1.31.3 0.14 64370 0.14 1.21.2 10150 0.10.4 0.1100.1 3.64.7 0.11 2.62.6 0.1100.1 100100 0.10.6 1090 2001900

V (cm3 ) 50 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4 n.a. 85 18 150 85 1000 25 16 n.a. n.a. 85 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.03 n.a. n.a. 300 300 n.a. n.a. n.a. 5.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 113 n.a. n.a. 0.03 n.a. 300 16 0.03 n.a. n.a. 18 3.8

Method SynT SynNonPcTc AnT AnT AnT AnT SynNon SynNonPcTc SynNonConPcTc SynNonConPcTc SynNonVar SynNonVar SynNonVar SynNonVar SynVisConPcTc SynT SynTVis SynVisVarPcTc SynTVis SynT SynT SynTVar SynVisVarPcTc SynT SynT SynTVis SynNonPcTc SynNonCon SynNonConPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNon SynNon SynNon SynVis SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc AnTVcir SynT SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynT SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonPcTc SynNonConPcTc SynNon SynVisVarPcTc SynT SynNon SynNonCon SynVis SynT AnTVcir SynVisVarPcTc SynVis SynNon SynT SynNonVar SynNon

Propene

Propyl benzoate Sulfolane Tert-butyl acetate Tetrabutoxysilane Tetracontane Tetracosane Tetradecylcyclohexane Tetradexoxysilane Tetraethoxysilane Tetrauoromethane (CFC-14) Tetraheptoxysilane Tetrahexoxysilane Tetramethoxysilane Tetramethyl orthosilicate Tetranonoxysilane Tetraoctoxysilane Tetrapentoxysilane Tetrapropoxysilane Thioanisole Tin Trans-2-butene Triacontane Tridecylcyclohexane Triuoromethane (HFC-23) Triuoromethoxymethane (HFE-143m) Undecylcyclohexane Uranium dioxide (UO2 ) Vinyl chloride Vulcanized rubber Water

cell content (Vis). Secuianu et al. [33] used a variable volume cell with two sapphire windows where one of the windows acts as a piston. Analytical methods without sampling can be realized using a physicochemical method of analysis inside the equilibrium cell under pressure. This can be spectroscopic methods (AnSpec), e.g. Koglbauer and Wendland [34], gravimetric methods (AnGrav), e.g. C.B. Li et al. [35], or other methods (AnOth), e.g. Hussain et al. [36] who used a quartz crystal microbalance. These methods avoid the problems related to sampling from a high-pressure cell.

The main advantage of analytical methods is that they can be used for systems with more than two components without signicant complications. When the compositions of all phases are analyzed, each experiment yields complete information on the tieline(s). 3.1.1. Analytical isothermal methods (AnT) Characteristic for isothermal methods is that the temperature of the system stays constant during the equilibration process, e.g. when the system is in contact with a heat reservoir. The other equi-

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 4 Binary systems: carbon dioxide + X. X (1-Methylimidazole)(triethylamine)boronium bis (triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Et3NBH2mim] [Tf2N] (1S,2R)-1-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-1-phenylpropan-2ammonium triate [EP] [Tfo] (Acetylacetonato)(1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) (R)-1-Methoxy-N,N,N-trimethylbutan-2-ammonium bis(trifyl)imide [IHETMAm] [Tf2N] (S)-(+)-Ibuprofen (S)-(+)-Naproxen (S)-N-(1-Hydroxybutan-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylbutan-1ammonium + mentholsulfate [MTOA] [+MS] 1-(1-Hydroxypropyl)-methylimidazolium nitrate [hopmim] [NO3 ] 1-(Prop-2c-enyloxy)-9,10-anthraquinone 1,1,1,2-Tetrauoroethane (HFC-134a) 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidium lactate 1,1-Diuoroethane (HFC-152a) 1,2-Butanediol 1,2-Epoxycyclohexane 1,3,5-Tri-tert-butylbenzene 1,3-Butanediol 1,4-Bis(1-methylethylamino)-9,10-anthraquinone 1,4-Bis(butylamino)-9,10-anthraquinone 1,4-Bis(ethylamino)-9,10-anthraquinone 1,4-Bis(methylamino)-9,10-anthraquinone 1,4-Bis(octylamino)-9,10-anthraquinone 1,4-Bis(pentylamino)-9,10-anthraquinone 1,4-Dihydroxy-2-(prop-2-enyl)-9,10-anthraquinone 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone 1,4-Dimethoxy-9,10-anthraquinone 1,5-Naphthalenediamine 15-Crown-5 (1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxacyclopentadecane) 1-Butanol Reference Muldoon et al. [84] Scurto et al. [648] T (K) 298298 364364 P (MPa) 0.11.3 1515 V (cm3 ) n.a. n.a. Method AnGrav SynVis

Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Scurto et al. [648] Suleiman et al. [68] Suleiman et al. [68] Suleiman et al. [68] Suleiman et al. [68] Scurto et al. [648] Bermejo et al. [105] Shamsipur et al. [657] Lim et al. [508] Zhang et al. [798] Di Nicola et al. [260] Madani et al. [532] Inomata et al. [377] van Schilt et al. [736] Dilek et al. [93] Dilek et al. [93] Inomata et al. [377] Kautz et al. [54] Kautz et al. [54] Kautz et al. [54] Kautz et al. [54] Kautz et al. [54] Kautz et al. [54] Shamsipur et al. [657] Shamsipur et al. [657] Shamsipur et al. [657] Khimeche et al. [421] Kong et al. [440] Elizalde-Solis et al. [281] Ghaziaskar et al. [314] Najdanovic-Visak et al. [570] Jeong et al. [387] Ghaziaskar et al. [314] Soriano et al. [82] Yokozeki et al. [780] Kim et al. [147] Yokozeki et al. [780] Shin et al. [671] Petermann et al. [79] Shariati and Peters [658] Kim et al. [147] Soriano et al. [688] Yokozeki et al. [780] Shin and Lee [672] Secuianu et al. [33] Secuianu et al. [33] Secuianu et al. [649] Scurto et al. [648] Shamsipur et al. [657] Shamsipur et al. [657]

333333 272272 313313 313313 313313 313313 333340 303353 308348 323343 308327 223343 258343 313333 353423 298328 298328 313333 305340 305340 299346 299345 310340 299340 308348 308348 308348 313333 308313 354430 323323 313333 313333 323323 303343 298298 298298 298298 292344 298298 310370 298298 303343 298298 303344 284310 289353 298316 344348 308348 308348

1030 22 1422 2020 1428 2020 1535 0.811.6 15.235.5 1.67.1 0.410.1 03.8 0.17.6 4.413.9 1.513.6 2.119.4 2.119.4 3.913.9 7.917.7 7.619 7.618.6 6.718.8 919.9 6.518.7 15.235.5 15.235.5 15.235.5 1120 7.930 216.1 8.514 5.710.7 0.57.7 1018 0.86.7 01,9 0.20.9 01,9 1.243.2 0.16 199 0.20.8 0.44.3 01.9 0.837.8 4.48 0.514 0.611.4 1515 15.235.5 15.235.5

10 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1 50 n.a. 273.5 n.a. n.a. n.a. 60 60 n.a. 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 1 1 1 n.a. 3.14 100 16 24 320 16 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 31 n.a. 3.5 n.a. n.a. n.a. 31 60 60 60 n.a. 1 1

AnPTSemY SynVis AnPTChro AnPTSemY AnPTChro AnPTSemY SynVis SynVisVar AnTValY AnTVLcirValVis SynTVis SynNon AnTCapValVis AnPTCon SynVisVar SynNonVisVar SynVisVar AnPTCon AnPTSemYSpec AnPTSemYSpec AnPTSemYSpec AnPTSemYSpec AnPTSemYSpec AnPTSemYSpec AnTValY AnTValY AnTValY AnPTSemY AnPTChro AnTCapValVis AnPTSemY SynVisVar AnTVLcirValVis AnPTSemY AnGrav AnGrav SynT AnGrav SynVisVar AnGrav SynVisVar SynT AnGrav AnGrav SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTVisVar AnTVisVar SynVis AnTValY AnTValY

1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrauoroethane (HCFC-124) 1-Decanol 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium 2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethylsulfate [Emim] [MDEGSO4 ] 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [emim] [Ac] 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([emim] [Tf2N]) 1-Ethyl-3methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [emim] [Tf2N] 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [emim] [Tf2N] 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate [emim] [EtSO4 ] 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrauoroborate ([emim] [BF4 ]) 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrauoroborate [Emim] [BF4 ] 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium triuoroacetate [emim] [TFA] 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium triuoromethanesulfonate [C2mim] [TfO] 1-Heptanol

1-Hexadecylpyrdinium chloride [HDPy] [Cl] 1-Hydroxy-4-(prop-2-enyloxy)-9,10-anthraquinone 1-Hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone

10 Table 4 (Continued) X

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Reference Muldoon et al. [84] Muldoon et al. [84] Muldoon et al. [84]

T (K) 298333 298333 298298

P (MPa) 0.11.3 1.39 0.11.3

V (cm3 ) n.a. n.a. n.a.

Method AnGrav SynT AnGrav

1-Methyl-3-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonauorohexyl)imidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C6 H4 F9 mim] [Tf2N] 1-Methyl-3-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8tridecauorooctyl)imidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C8 H4 F13 mim] [Tf2N] 1-n-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium Tris(pentauoroethyl)triuorophosphate ([bmpyrr] [FEP]) 1-n-Butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrauoroborate ([bmim] [BF4 ]) 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazoium hexyuorophosphate [bmim] [PF6 ] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylsulfate (Ecoeng 41 M) 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([bmim] [Ac])

Zhang et al. [802] Chen et al. [221] Shariati et al. [659] Muldoon et al. [84] Muldoon et al. [84] Shiett and Yokozeki [667] Shiett and Yokozeki [667] Yokozeki et al. [780] Anthony et al. [74] Lee and Outcalt [483] Shin et al. [671] Scurto et al. [648] Shariati and Peters [658] Zhang et al. [808] Kim et al. [147] Kumean et al. [461] Shiett and Yokozeki [81] Yokozeki et al. [780] Zhang et al. [798] Yokozeki et al. [780] Yokozeki et al. [780] Yokozeki et al. [780] Kumean et al. [461] Bermejo et al. [105] Muldoon et al. [84] Muldoon et al. [84] Yokozeki et al. [780] Yokozeki et al. [780] Anthony et al. [74] Shiett and Yokozeki [81] Yokozeki et al. [780] Yokozeki et al. [780] Muldoon et al. [84] Muldoon et al. [84] Yokozeki et al. [780] Shin and Lee [672] Yokozeki et al. [780] Muldoon et al. [84] Muldoon et al. [84] Muldoon et al. [84] Muldoon et al. [84] Chen et al. [221] Shiett and Yokozeki [665] Muldoon et al. [84] Kumelan et al. [463] Shin et al. [671] Muldoon et al. [84] Yokozeki et al. [780] Ren and Scurto [141] Ren and Scurto [141]

283323 307322 293363 333333 333333 281292 283348 298298 283323 279339 293344 332332 290365 313313 298298 293395 283348 298298 297322 298298 298298 298298 293413 292368 333333 333333 298298 298298 283323 282348 298298 298298 333333 333333 298298 303344 298298 333333 333333 333333 333333 307322 282348 333333 293413 303344 298298 297297 333333 333333

01.8 19 0.573.5 0.11.3 1.39 4.55.6 01.9 01.9 01.3 0.24.7 142.8 1515 186 116 0.50.6 0.19.6 02 01.9 0.78 01.9 01.9 01.9 0.99.8 0.312.8 0.11.3 1.39 01.9 01.9 01.3 02 02 01.9 0.11.3 1.311 01.9 0.837.5 01.9 0.11.3 1.39 0.11.3 1.39 19 01.9 0.11.3 0.69.9 1.439 0.11.3 01.9 2.412.2 2.412.2

n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1.2 n.a. n.a. n.a. 35.9 31 n.a. 3.5 50 n.a. 29.2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 29.2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 31 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 30 31 n.a. n.a. 5.72 5.72

AnGrav SynVis SynVisVar AnGrav SynT SynOthVis AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav SynTVis SynVisVar SynVis SynVisVar AnTVisVar SynT SynVis AnGrav AnGrav SynTVis AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav SynVis SynVisVar AnGrav SynT AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav SynT AnGrav SynVisVar AnGrav AnGrav SynT AnGrav SynT SynVis AnGrav AnGrav SynVis SynVisVar AnGrav AnGrav SynTVis SynTVis

1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [bmim][Ac] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([bmim] [Tf2N]) 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [bmim] [Tf2N] 1-n-Butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride [C4MIm] [Cl] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate 1-n-Butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexauorophosphate 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate ([bmim] [PF6 ]) 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate [bmim] [PF6 ]

1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium iminoacetric acid acetate [bmim] [IAAc] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium isobutyrate [bmim] [ISB] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium levulinate [bmim] [LEV] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate [bmim] [CH3 SO4 ] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate [bmim] [NO3 ] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium pentadecauorooctanoate [bmim] [C7 F15 CO2 ] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium propionate [bmim] [PRO] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium succinamate [bmim] [SUC] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrauoroborate ([bmim] [BF4 ]) 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrauoroborate [bmim] [BF4 ]

1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrauoroethanesulfonate [bmim] [TFES] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium triuoroacetate [bmim] [TFA]

1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium triuoromethanesulfonate [C2mim] [TfO] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium trimethylacetate [bmim] [TMA] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(triuoromethylsulfonyl)methide [bmim] [methide] 1-n-Butyl-nicotinic acid butyl ester bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [b2-Nic] [Tf2N] 1-n-Hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrauoroborate ([hmim] [BF4 ]) 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolim bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)-imide [hmim] [Tf2N] 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium acesulfamate [hmim] [ACE] 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C6-mim] [Tf2N] 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [hmim] [Tf2N] 1-n-Hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifyl)imide

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 4 (Continued) X 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate ([C6mim] [PF6 ]) 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium saccarinate [hmim] SAC] 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrauoroborate ([C6mim] [BF4 ]) 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrauoroborate [C6-mim] [BF4 ] Reference Shariati and Peters [658] Kim et al. [147] Muldoon et al. [84] Kim et al. [147] Costantini et al. [236] Costantini et al. [236] Kroon et al. [448] Kroon et al. [448] Kim et al. [147] Kim et al. [425] Shin and Lee [672] Muldoon et al. [84] Zhang et al. [802] Muldoon et al. [84] Muldoon et al. [84] Yokozeki et al. [780] Muldoon et al. [84] Chen et al. [221] Shin et al. [671] Gutkowski et al. [332] Shin and Lee [672] Muldoon et al. [84] Muldoon et al. [84] Chiu et al. [224] Fourie et al. [819] Hou et al. [356] Ke et al. [140] Hou et al. [356] Elizalde-Solis et al. [281] Secuianu et al. [651] Schilderman et al. [638] Yuan et al. [783] Yuan et al. [783] Yuan et al. [783] Lazzaroni et al. [479] Kwon et al. [474] Mutelet et al. [564] Zhang et al. [790] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Bai et al. [179] Jeong et al. [387] Park et al. [593] Liu et al. [512] Liu et al. [512] Liu et al. [512] Sun et al. [704] Ravipaty et al. [611] Ravipaty et al. [611] Shen et al. [661] Ravipaty et al. [611] Ravipaty et al. [611] Mutelet et al. [564] Shen et al. [661] Missopolinou et al. [43] T (K) 295365 298298 333333 298298 278368 303362 278362 278368 298298 298298 303344 298298 283323 298333 298333 298298 298298 307322 301344 293363 303344 298333 298333 313348 308348 303323 300333 303323 344426 293353 312450 303323 303323 303323 298313 323353 278393 270282 333333 333333 333333 313323 313333 352403 313333 313333 313333 318338 308308 308308 294381 308308 308308 278413 295371 313328 P (MPa) 193 0.20.9 0.11.3 0.30.8 0.510.1 4.886.6 2.967.6 0.512.8 0.10.8 0.10.8 1.236.3 0.11.3 01.7 0.11.3 1.39 01.9 0.11.3 19 0.634.8 0.1100 0.634 0.11.3 1.39 3.218.2 6.817.9 18 6.522.9 18.1 10.615.7 0.612.6 0.614.4 0.77.6 0.68.5 1.28.5 1.17.7 2.311.7 1.211.1 1.43,6 1030 1030 1030 8.111.4 0.88 18.9166 8.813.1 8.713.3 916.4 1030 10.128 10.128 2.134.9 10.128 10.128 2.512.5 2.119.7 1.49.8 V (cm3 ) 3.5 n.a. n.a. n.a. 3.5 n.a. n.a. 3.5 n.a. n.a. 31 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 31 3.5 31 n.a. n.a. 60 80 50 320 50 100 60 3.5 n.a. n.a. n.a. 150 n.a. 1.712.4 474 10 10 10 7.11 320 n.a. 7.11 7.11 7.11 10 1.6 1.6 15 1.6 1.6 12.4 15 202.1 Method SynVisVar SynT AnGrav SynT SynVisVar SynVis SynVis SynVisVar SynT AnTVcirVal SynVisVar AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav SynT AnGrav AnGrav SynVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnGrav SynT SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTBloVisVar SynNonPcTc AnTBloVisVar AnTCapValVis AnTVisVar SynVisVar SynT SynT SynT SynTVis SynVisVar SynVisVar AnT AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY

11

1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tri(bisuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C6mim] [Tf2N] 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium triuoromethanesulfonate [C2mim] [TfO] 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(heptauoropropyl)triuorophosphate [hmim] [pFAP] 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium Tris(pentauoroethyl)triuorophosphate ([hmim] [FEP]) 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentauoroethyl)triuorophosphate [hmim] [eFAP] 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentauoroethyl)triuorophosphate [hmim] [FAP] 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [hmpy] [Tf2N] 1-n-Octyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrtauoroborate ([omim] [BF4 ]) 1-n-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C8-mim] [Tf2N] 1-n-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrauoroborate [C8mim] [BF4 ] 1-n-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium triuoromethanesulfonate [C2mim] [TfO] 1-n-Pentyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(nonauorobutyl)triuorophosphate [p5mim] [bFAP] 1-Octanol

1-Pentanol 1-Propanol

2-(2-Hydroxy ethoxy)-ammonium acetate (HEAA) 2-(2-Hydroxy ethoxy)-ammonium formate (HEAF) 2-(2-Hydroxy ethoxy)-ammonium lactate (HEAL) 2,2,2-Triuoroethanol 2,2,2-Triuoroethyl methacrylate 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (isooctane) 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato potassium 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato rubidium 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato silver(I) 2,2-Bipyridine 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-triuoroethane (HCFC-123) 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol 2,2 -Oxybis(N,N-dibutylacetamide) 2,2 -Oxybis(N,N-diethylacetamide) 2,2 -Oxybis(N,N-dihexylacetamide) 2,3,5,6,-Tetramethylpyrazine 2,3,5-Trimethyl phenol 2,3-Dimethyl phenol 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine 2,4,6-Trimethyl phenol 2,5-Dimethyl phenol 2,5-Dimethylhexane 2-Acetylpyrazine 2-Ethoxyethanol

SynVis AnTVLcirValVis SynVisVar SynVis SynVis SynVis AnPTSemY AnPTSemYVal AnPTSemYVal SynVisVar AnPTSemYVal AnPTSemYVal SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTVLcirValVis

12 Table 4 (Continued) X 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2-Ethylhexanoic acid 2-Ethylhexyl methacrylate 2-Hydroxy ethylammonium acetate (HEA) 2-Hydroxy ethylammonium formate (HEF) 2-Hydroxy ethylammonium lactate (HEL) 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) 2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate (HPA) 2-Hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) 2-Methoxypyrazine 2-Methyl-1-propanol (isobutanol) 2-Methylbutanol 2-Methylbutyric ester oil 2-Methylhexanoic ester oil 2-Methyl-N-phenylacetamide 2-Methylpropane (isobutane) 2-Methylpyrazine 2-Methylvaleric ester oil 2-Octanol 2-Phenyl-4H-1,3-benzoxazin-4-one 2-Propanol (isopropanol)

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Reference Ghaziaskar et al. [314] Ghaziaskar et al. [314] Liu et al. [519] Yuan et al. [783] Yuan et al. [783] Yuan et al. [783] Soares da Silva et al. [686] Byun and Choi [207] Byun and Choi [207] Byun and Choi [207] Shen et al. [661] Inomata et al. [377] Inomata et al. [377] Bobbo et al. [191] Bobbo et al. [191] Huang et al. [357] Li et al. [496] Shen et al. [661] Bobbo et al. [191] Fourie et al. [819] Ke et al. [140] Suleiman et al. [68] Suleiman et al. [68] Elizalde-Solis et al. [281] Khalil et al. [420] Lazzaroni et al. [479] Lim et al. [506] Zevnik and Levec [788] Tian et al. [715] Higashi et al. [347] Shin et al. [674] Inomata et al. [377] Mutelet et al. [564] Fourie et al. [819] Higashi et al. [347] Higashi et al. [347] Khimeche et al. [421] Bai et al. [179] Huang et al. [357] Fourie et al. [819] Ravipaty et al. [611] Leeke et al. [487] Ravipaty et al. [611] Suleiman et al. [68] Suleiman et al. [68] Calvo and de Loos [208] Calvo and de Loos [208] Chiu et al. [225] Han et al. [333] Lazzaroni et al. [479] Stievano and Elvassore [122] Wu et al. [133] Lazzaroni et al. [479] Ravipaty et al. [612] Favareto et al. [292] Haines et al. [70] Calvo and de Loos [208] Calvo and de Loos [208] Deiters and Randzio [252] Esmaeilzadeh and Goodarznia [283] Coquelet et al. [232] Coimbra et al. [227] de la Fuente et al. [247] Hybertson [363]

T (K) 313313 313313 313393 303323 303323 303323 313338 313393 313393 313393 294372 313313 313333 283283 283283 308328 304409 294387 283283 308348 297334 318328 318328 334443 308348 313313 323353 298313 308328 308323 313363 313333 293383 308348 308323 308323 313333 308318 308328 308348 308308 353383 308308 318328 318328 283303 283363 291131 333393 323323 291323 333482 313313 308328 303333 313313 283363 283363 365560 318318 233299 308328 313333 313323

P (MPa) 9.99.9 9.99.9 3.215.4 0.810.9 0.410 0.710 2.821 5.326.8 5.225.9 5.323.6 0.716.6 4.16.9 3.99.8 04.5 04.5 12.122.5 3.67.5 1.928.4 04.5 6.714.9 612.5 1030 2020 9.113.7 1.711.3 0.77.5 110.7 5.27.4 821 9.322.6 2.914.3 3.810.7 2.811.1 6.714.4 9.422.5 9.622.4 1120 9.625.9 12.122.5 7.114.3 10.128 10.229.2 10.128 1225 2020 2.95.1 0.414.8 0.77.9 2.311.7 0.47.1 0.74 6.711.7 0.27.2 15.128 4.79.9 3.910 0.414.6 0.613.9 0200 10.120.1 1.514 10.425.2 9.440 1530

V (cm3 ) 16 16 28 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 28 28 28 15 n.a. n.a. 180 180 300 18 15 180 80 320 n.a. n.a. 100 n.a. 150 50 300 100 220 25 n.a. 12.4 80 315 220 n.a. 7.11 300 80 1.6 100 1.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 150 60 n.a. 150 1.6 25 15 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 28 30 50 7.5

Method AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynVisVar SynT SynT SynT SynVisVar SynVisVarPc SynVisVarPc SynVisVarPc SynVisVar AnPTCon AnPTCon SynVis SynVis AnPTSemY SynVisPcTc SynVisVar SynVis SynVisVar SynNonPcTc AnPTChro AnPTSemY AnTCapValVis SynNon SynTVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTX AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynVisVar AnPTCon SynVisVar SynVisVar AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynVis AnPTSemY SynVisVar AnPTSemYVal SynNonVis AnPTSemYVal AnPTChro AnPTSemY SynVis SynVisPcTc SynVisVar AnTVisVar SynTVis SynNonLCirVisVar SynNonCon SynTVis AnPTSemYVal SynVisVar AnSpec SynVis SynVis SynNon AnPTSemY AnTCapValVis AnTValVis AnTValVis AnPTSemYVal

2-Sulfosalicylic acid 2-Triuoromethylbenzoic acid 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-Heptadecauoro-1-decanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol (isopentanol) 3-Methylpentane 3-Octanol 3-Triuoromethylbenzoic acid 4,4 -Diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4-Dimethyl-2,2-bipyridine 4-Methyl-N-phenylacetamide 4-Octanol 4-Phenyl phenol 4-Phenyltoluene 4-Tert-butyl phenol 5-Fluorouracil Acetic acid (ethanoic acid) Acetic anhydride Acetone

Acetonitrile (ethanenitrile) Acetylsalicylic acid Acrylonitrile -d-Glucopyranose pentaacetate -Methylbenzyl acetate -Methylbenzyl alcohol Anhydrous caffeine Anthracene Argon Artemisinin (artemisia annua L.) Astaxanthin -Tocopherol succinate

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 4 (Continued) X Atorvastatin Azelaic acid Azo dye 2-[6-((E)-2-[4-(diethylamino)-2-methylphenyl]-1diazenyl)-1,3-dioxo-1H-benzol[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl]acetate Azo dye 6-((E)-2-[4-(diethylamino)phenyl]-1-diazenyl)-2-propyl1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione Azo dye ethyl 2-[6-((E)-2-3-hydroxy-2-naphthyl-1-diazenyl)-1,3dioxo-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl]acetate Azodicarbonamide Babassu fat -Carotene -d-Galactose pentaacetate -d-Glucopyranose penta(isobutyrate) -d-Glucopyranose penta(trimethylacetate) -d-Glucopyranose pentaacetate -d-Glucopyranose pentabutyrate -d-Glucopyranose pentapropionate -d-Maltose octaacetate Beclomethasone dipropionate Benzene Benzoic acid Reference Hojjati et al. [32] Sparks et al. [689] Hojjati et al. [350] Hojjati et al. [350] Hojjati et al. [350] Suleiman et al. [68] Suleiman et al. [68] Soares et al. [687] Saldana et al. [87] Dilek et al. [263] Dilek et al. [263] Haines et al. [70] Haines et al. [70] Haines et al. [70] Haines et al. [70] Haines et al. [70] Hong et al. [353] Vatanara et al. [737] Lay et al. [478] Bertakis et al. [189] Harris et al. [339] Uchida et al. [727] Wang et al. [754] Liu et al. [520] Liu et al. [520] Scurto et al. [648] Rodrigues et al. [618] Dohrn et al. [95] Leeke et al. [487] Yokozeki et al. [780] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Khajeh et al. [31] Khajeh et al. [31] Khajeh et al. [31] Khajeh et al. [31] Khajeh et al. [31] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Liu et al. [515] Liu et al. [515] Margon et al. [39] Margon et al. [39] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Liu et al. [516] Blasig et al. [75] de la Fuente et al. [245] Vatanara et al. [737] Byun et al. [200] T (K) 308348 313333 308348 308348 308348 318328 318328 313353 313323 308323 308323 313313 313313 313313 313313 313313 253323 338358 293308 370391 403458 371395 313313 313393 313393 295300 323343 374401 353383 298298 333333 333333 333333 333333 338358 338358 338358 328348 328348 333333 333333 333333 333333 333333 333333 333333 293382 295373 403473 403473 318318 297408 298348 298333 338358 313373 P (MPa) 12.135.4 1030 12.235.5 12.235.5 12.235.5 1030 2020 2035 1220 9.915.4 915.6 3.921 3.910 3.910 3.920 3.921 2.319 21.338.5 1.77.3 1.920.6 020.7 0.122.7 12.112.1 5.924.4 5.724.4 55 1530 0.113.8 10.129.5 01.9 1025 1030 1030 1030 12.235.5 12.235.5 12.235.5 12.235.5 12.235.5 1017.5 1017.5 1017.5 1030 1030 1030 1030 5.625.1 5.871.1 3030 2.49.5 14.514.5 320 0.11 8.640.9 21.338.5 214.4 V (cm3 ) 1 100 1 1 1 n.a. n.a. 100 n.a. 60 60 15 15 15 15 15 120 1 130 50 112.8 35 n.a. 28 28 n.a. 1000 250 100 n.a. 10 10 10 10 1 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 30 30 65 3.5 10 30 n.a. 50 1 25 Method AnTValY AnPTSemY AnTValY AnTValY AnTValY

13

Benzyl acrylate Benzyl methacrylate Benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide [BDMDDAm] Br] Bertholletia excelsa oil (Brazil nut oil) Beta-sitosterol Biphenyl Bis(1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iminodiacetate [bmim]2[IDA] Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)(1,5cyclooctadiene)ruthenium(II) Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)copper(II) Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)nickel(II) Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)zinc Bis(2-cyclohexylethyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methyl-5nitro-imidazol-2-yl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylates Bis(3-cyclohexylpropyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methyl5-nitro-imidazol-2-yl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylates Bis(4-cyclohexylbutyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methyl-5nitro-imidazol-2-yl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylates Bis(cyclohexyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methyl-5-nitroimidazol-2-yl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylates Bis(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methyl-5nitro-imidazol-2-yl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylates Bis(cyclopentadienyl)chromium Bis(cyclopentadienyl)cobalt(II) Bis(cyclopentadienyl)iron Bis(cyclopentadienyl)manganese Bis(cyclopentadienyl)nickel Bis(cyclopentadienyl)osmium Bis(cyclopentadienyl)ruthenium Bis(p-tolyl)hexauoropropane (BTHFP) Bis(p-tolyl)propane (BTP) Bisphenol A Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether Bisphenol AF (2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hexauoropropane) Bisphenol-A polysulfone Boldine [(S)-2,9-dihydroxi-1,10-dimethoxiaporphine] Budesonide Butyl acetate

AnPTChro AnPTSemY AnTY AnOth SynNonVisVar SynVisVar AnSpec AnSpec AnSpec AnSpec AnSpec SynVis AnT AnTVisVar SynVisVar SynT SynVis SynVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVis AnTCap SynVisVar SynNonVis AnGrav AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnTValY AnTValY AnTValY AnTValY AnTValY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTY SynVisVar AnT SynVisVar AnGrav AnTValVis AnT SynVisVar

14 Table 4 (Continued) X

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Reference Husain et al. [361] Anthony et al. [74] Banchero et al. [59] Banchero et al. [64] Banchero et al. [59] zcan and zcan [63] Bao and Dai [181] Kim et al. [424] Tsai et al. [721] Kim et al. [424] Iwai et al. [379] Carvalho et al. [210] de Souza et al. [251] de la Fuente et al. [244] Elizalde-Solis and Galicia-Luna [280] Esmaeilzadeh and Goodarznia [283] Shimoyama et al. [670] Shimoyama et al. [670] Ndiaye et al. [572] Vezzu et al. [742] Wang et al. [753] Wang et al. [753] Favareto et al. [292] Vezzu et al. [742] Muldoon et al. [84] Muldoon et al. [84] Vitu et al. [745] Wang et al. [754] Venter et al. [738] Venter et al. [738] Li et al. [494] Pecar and Dolecek [598] de Sousa et al. [250] de Sousa et al. [250] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Soares et al. [687] Rodrigues et al. [619] Nobakht et al. [580] Esmelindro et al. [284] Zhang et al. [797] Esmelindro et al. [284] Esmelindro et al. [284] Byun [199] Byun [199] Byun and Lee [201] Byun and Lee [201] Khajeh et al. [31]

T (K) 323333 283323 353393 353393 353393 353373 353393 333393 353393 333393 313313 304354 313333 298318 312332 318318 333333 320333 308343 390397 323333 323333 303333 409420 333333 333333 292373 313313 295306 313373 305322 306323 339345 340348 333333 313353 308328 300300 293333 304556 303343 293333 313393 313393 326429 313393 338358

P (MPa) 1.910 01.3 15.924 1830 15.928 2030 1123 1030 1530 1030 1515 3.415.7 6.124.6 640 10.422.9 10.120.1 1017 915.3 2.126 0.16 8.510.6 7.99.7 3.99.3 0.16 0.11.3 1.39 1.549 12.112.1 0.115 235 0.119.2 0.140 0.122.7 10.119.5 1030 2035 1124 2.56 3.99.7 4.214.1 5.326.9 3.510.8 1.619.9 220.5 11.729.5 320 12.235.5

V (cm3 ) 70 n.a. 32 32 32 10.4 60 n.a. n.a. n.a. 26.5 25 25 30 10 n.a. 26.5 26.5 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 25 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 25 500 25 14 4 60 10 100 300 41 27 18 27 27 28 28 28 28 1

Method AnTLcirVis AnGrav AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynVis AnPTSemY SynVis AnSpecVcir SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTVal SynVisVar AnPTSemY AnSpecVcir AnSpecVcir SynVisVar SynNon SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynNon AnGrav SynT SynVisVar SynVis SynVis AnT SynVisVar SynVis SynVis AnT AnPTSemY AnTY AnPTSemY SynT SynVisVar SynVisPcTc SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVarPc SynVisVarPc SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTValY

Butyl methacrylate Butyl-methyl pyrrolidinium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([MeBuPyrr] [Tf2N]) C.I. Disperse Blue 79 C.I. Disperse Orange 3 C.I. Disperse Orange 30 C.I. Disperse Red 60 (1-amino-4-hydroxy-2-phenoxy-9.10-anthraquinone) C.I. disperse Violet 1 C.I. Disperse Yellow 54 Caffeine Camphor Candeia oil (Eremanthus erythropappus) Capsaicin

Carbazole Carbonylhydridotris(triphenylphosphine)-rhodium Carbonylhydridotris(tris(p-triuoromethylphenyl)-phosphine)rhodium Castor oil Ceramide 3A (N-linoeoyl-phytosphingosine. 97%) Chlorobenzene Chlorobutane Chloroform Cholesterol Choline bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [choline] [Tf2N] Cis-Decalin Citric acid Cocoa butter Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone)

Compritol 888 ATO Copper(II) acetylacetonatea Corn oil Coumarin Crude oil Cyclohexane

Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexyl acrylate Cyclohexyl methacrylate Decyl acrylate Decyl methacrylate Dialkyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-2-yl)3,5-pyridinedicarboxylates derivative 1 Dialkyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-2-yl)3,5-pyridinedicarboxylates derivative 2 Dialkyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-2-yl)3,5-pyridinedicarboxylates derivative 3 Dialkyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-2-yl)3,5-pyridinedicarboxylates derivative 4 Dialkyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-2-yl)3,5-pyridinedicarboxylates derivative 5 Dialkyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-2-yl)3,5-pyridinedicarboxylates derivative 6

Khajeh et al. [419]

338358

12.235.5

AnTValY

Khajeh et al. [419]

338358

12.235.5

AnTValY

Khajeh et al. [419]

338358

12.235.5

AnTValY

Khajeh et al. [419]

338358

12.235.5

AnTValY

Khajeh et al. [419]

338358

12.235.5

AnTValY

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 4 (Continued) X Diallylsulde Dibenzo-24-crown-8 (2,3,14,15-dibenzo-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22octaoxacyclotetracosa-2,14-diene) dibenzofuran Dichloromethane (HCC-30) Reference Andreatta et al. [172] Kong et al. [440] Perez et al. [600] Shin et al. [680] Kalogiannis and Panayiotou [403] Lazzaroni et al. [479] Stievano and Elvassore [122] Kotnik et al. [446] Kotnik et al. [446] Cheng and Chen [159] Lu et al. [528] Vyhmeister et al. [751] Coimbra et al. [229] Liu et al. [514] Montequi et al. [559] Matsuda et al. [156] Zhu et al. [814] Lu et al. [528] Andreatta et al. [173] Chiu et al. [224] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Vyhmeister et al. [751] Margon et al. [39] Margon et al. [39] Filardo et al. [48] Ablan et al. [164] Tsai et al. [720] Chang et al. [215] Jeong et al. [386] Garlapati and Madras [310] Su et al. [693] Su et al. [693] Chafer et al. [213] Chang et al. [215] Gil et al. [115] Chiu et al. [225] Elizalde-Solis and Galicia-Luna [277] Knez et al. [430] Kodama and Kato [433] Secuianu et al. [650] Stievano and Elvassore [122] Wu et al. [133] Li et al. [78] Koh et al. [101] Borges et al. [195] Byun et al. [200] Kato et al. [413] Cheng and Chen [159] Wang et al. [753] Li et al. [498] Li et al. [498] Zhang et al. [792] Skerget et al. [684] Skerget et al. [684] Ndiaye et al. [572] Ndiaye et al. [572] Weinstein et al. [762] Weinstein et al. [762] Moura et al. [563] Sun et al. [704] Darvarnejad et al. [243] Di Nicola et al. [256] T (K) 275370 308313 301338 308328 308328 313313 291311 293313 319344 308318 273293 308337 308328 294424 353473 298308 265333 273293 278368 313348 333333 307348 353453 353453 313313 296296 353393 313333 313343 308308 308328 308328 313333 313333 291304 291313 333333 313353 291291 293353 291323 333496 433473 313313 303343 313373 313313 308318 323333 308328 308328 303335 313353 350330 294343 313343 298318 298318 303333 308338 313343 217292 P (MPa) 1.714 1535 5.727.5 1.78.9 48 0.56.9 1.95.9 10.926.2 129.9 4.38.2 0.53.8 7.312.2 9.324.4 2.426.6 1020 57.5 0.52.5 0.64.1 0.513.1 3.917.6 1030 6.611 3030 2.312.1 35.235.2 6.811.5 1530 4.223.5 1.68.7 9.922.6 13.635 1632 1040 2.820.7 57.1 2.48.1 310.4 1.313.9 25.4 3.511 3.38.1 6.714.8 3.528 810 2.510.1 1.711.6 0.67.7 4.58.9 8.910.3 821 821 6.410.8 8.130.1 044 1.725.4 1.36 825 825 4.722 1035 13.627.2 0.34.3 V (cm3 ) 3.5 3.14 15 25 26.75 150 60 120 35 320 100 n.a. 30 30 110 n.a. 120 100 3.5 60 10 n.a. 65 3.5 23.35 n.a. 33 n.a. 320 n.a. 10.15 10.15 10 n.a. 4 n.a. 100 500 320 60 60 n.a. n.a. 22.4 27 25 134 320 n.a. 100 100 50 120 74 n.a. n.a. 30 2.7 25 10 n.a. 273.5 Method SynVisVar AnPTChro SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar

15

SynTVis SynNonLCirVisVar AnT SynVis AnTLcirValVis AnTCapVisVar SynVisVarPc AnTValVis SynVisVar AnPTSemY SynOth AnTValVis AnTCapVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnPTSemY SynVisVarPc AnTY SynVisVar AnTIns SynVisVar AnPTSemY SynTVLcirVis AnTVLcirValVis AnPTSemY SynVisVar SynVisVar AnPTSemY SynTVLcirVis SynVisConPcTc SynVisVar AnTCapValVisPc AnTVLcirVis AnTVLcir AnTVisVar SynNonLCirVisVar SynNonCon AnGrav SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynNonVisVar AnTLcirValVis SynVisVar AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynVisVarPcTc AnT SynVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnSpec SynVisVar AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynT

Dicofol Diethyl carbonate

Diethyldichlorosilane Diunisal Diisobutyl adipate Diisopropoxititanium bis(acetylacetonate) Diisopropyl ether Dimethyl carbonate Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum(II) Dimethyldichlorosilane Diphenyl carbonate Diphenyl(4-phenyl)phenylphosphine Diphenyl-aryl peracetylated sugar phosphine Disperse yellow 54 Docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester Dodecauoro-2-methylpentan-3-one (NOVEC1230) Dodecanoic acid Dodecylpolyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether nonionic surfactant A(EO)9(PO)2 Dodecylpolyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether nonionic surfactant A(EO)9(PO)3 d-Pinitol Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester Ethane Ethanol

Etheneoctene-copolymer Ethoxylated nonyl phenol Ethyl acetate

Ethyl butyrate Ethyl methacrylate Ethyl p-aminobenzoate Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate Ethylbenzene Ethylvanillin Fatty acid ethyl esters from castor oil Fatty acid ethyl esters from soybean oil Felodipine Fennel extract Ferulic acid (3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid) Fish oil Fluoromethane (HFC-41)

16 Table 4 (Continued) X Fluvastatin Gelucire 43-01 Glycidyl methacrylate Hardened rapeseed oil Rp70 Hexadecanoic acid Hexauoroethane (PFC-116) Hexanal Hexyl acetate Hydrogen

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Reference Hojjati et al. [32] de Sousa et al. [250] de Sousa et al. [250] Franceschi et al. [301] Mnkl et al. [565] Garlapati and Madras [311] Di Nicola et al. [256] Valtz et al. [734] Seredynska et al. [30] Byun et al. [200] Ke et al. [139] Zevnik and Levec [788] Rivollet et al. [617] Mnkl et al. [565] Li et al. [497] Li et al. [497] Leeke et al. [487] Shin and Kim [679] Coimbra et al. [228] Kwon et al. [472] Sam et al. [678] Kwon et al. [472] Byun and Lee [204] Byun and Lee [204] Sam et al. [678] Cheng and Chen [159] Kwon et al. [472] Byun and Lee [203] Byun and McHugh [206] Kodama et al. [160] Kodama et al. [160] Byun and Lee [203] Byun and McHugh [206] Vitu et al. [746] Aguiar-Ricardo et al. [167] Wang et al. [754] Chang et al. [215] Weinstein et al. [761] Weinstein et al. [761] Weinstein et al. [761] Weinstein et al. [761] Gregorowicz [325] Hojjati et al. [32] de la Fuente et al. [247] Sovov et al. [58] Sovov et al. [58] Le and Trebble [481] Ke et al. [139] Naidoo et al. [25] Schwinghammer et al. [646] Xie et al. [770] Byun et al. [200] Kato et al. [414] Schwinghammer et al. [646] Soares da Silva et al. [686] Uzun et al. [729] Zwolak et al. [818] Zwolak et al. [818] Ismadji [378] Vitu et al. [746] Anthony et al. [74] Scurto et al. [648] Scurto et al. [648] Vyhmeister et al. [751]

T (K) 308348 308321 310326 303343 333367 308318 214269 253296 323383 313373 292304 298298 254303 353403 308328 308328 353383 313333 308328 313333 313333 313333 313393 313393 313333 308318 313333 313393 313473 313313 313313 313393 313473 292373 304304 313313 313333 298318 298318 298318 298318 275355 308348 313333 303333 276313 168187 304328 263373 303303 313313 313373 313313 308328 313338 323353 308333 308333 343423 292373 298298 306392 392392 307347

P (MPa) 12.135.4 0.115.1 1019 213.1 3.130.7 12.822.6 0.33.3 16.4 2.315.2 316.4 8.413.4 0.96 1.44.7 4.232.2 1014.5 810 10.124.8 8.734.1 1026 1.58.8 0.38.8 1.38.5 2.414.7 4.515.9 0.49.9 37.8 1.68.7 2.613.6 2.612.6 36.1 0.47.1 2.414.2 2.414.2 116.9 7.47.5 12.112.1 2.818 9.924.9 824.9 8.525 1025 7.680.5 12.135.4 19.441.8 6.69.3 0.89 0.93 7.310.4 0.712 0.85.4 0.97.9 1.311.3 0.67.8 18.8 6.310.4 6.212.2 18.3 18.3 931 1.113.7 01.3 0.135 1515 6.610.7

V (cm3 ) 1 4 60 25 3.5 n.a. 273.5 28 87 25 320 300 n.a. 3.5 50 50 100 25 30 150 320 150 28 28 320 320 150 28 28 320 299 28 28 30 5 n.a. n.a. 30 30 30 30 n.a. 1 50 12 10 n.a. 80320 200 140 520 25 299 140 n.a. 115 70 70 n.a. 30 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Method AnTValY SynVis AnT SynVisVar SynVisVar AnPTSemY SynT AnTCapValVis AnTCapValVisVar SynVisVar SynNonPcTc AnTX SynNon SynVisVar SynVis SynVis SynNonVis SynVisVar AnTValVis AnTVLcirVal AnTVLcirValVis AnTVLcirVal SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTVLcirValVis AnTLcirValVis AnTVLcirVal SynVisVarPc SynVisVar AnTVLcirValVis SynNonVisVar SynVisVarPc SynVisVar SynVisVar SynNonVisPcTc SynVis SynTVLcirVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTValY AnTValVis AnPTSemY SynVis SynVis SynNonPcTc AnTValVisVar AnTVcirVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynNonVLcirVarVis AnTVcirVis SynVisVar AnTBlo AnTLcirVis AnTLcirVis AnTBlo SynVisVar AnGrav SynVis SynVis SynVisVarPc

Hydrogen sulde Hydrogenated castor oil Hydrogen-containing silicone oil SiH hydroxyl-ended silicone oil SiOH (Mw 400) Iodobenzene Iodopropynyl butylcarbamate Irgacure 2959 photoinitiator Isoamyl acetate Isobutoxyethanol (iC4E1) Isobutyl acetate Isobutyl acrylate Isobutyl methacrylate isopropoxyethanol (iC3E1) Isopropyl acetate

Isopropyl acrylate

Isopropyl ethanoate Isopropyl methacrylate

Isopropylcyclohexane Krytox Lactic acid Linoleic acid methyl ester Lithium bis(triuoroethyl)dithiocarbamate Lithium dibutyldithiocarbamate Lithium diethyldithiocarbamate Lithium dipropyldithiocarbamate l-Lactide Lovastatin Lycopene Menthol Methane Methanol

Methyl acetate

Methyl methacrylate

Methyl salycilate Methylcyclopentane Methyl-tri-butylammonium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([MeBu3N] [Tf2N]) Methyl-tributylphosphonium triate [TBMP] [Tfo] Methyltrichlorosilane

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 4 (Continued) X Methyltrioctylammonium bromide [MTOAm] [Br] Methyltrioctylammonium triate [MTOAm] [Tfo] Methyl-tris(2-methyl-propyl)ammonium triate [TiBMAm] [Tfo] Modied phosphines DPPE Modied poly(propylene oxide) AcPPO Modied poly(propylene oxide) AcPPOAc Modied poly(propylene oxide) TMSPPO (Mw 1000) Modied poly(propylene oxide) TMSPPO (Mw 2000) Modied poly(propylene oxide) TMSPPO (Mw 400) Modied poly(propylene oxide) TMSPPOAc Modied poly(propylene oxide) TMSPPOTMS m-Xylene N,N,N ,N -Teraethyl-3-oxapentanediamide N,N,N ,N -Tetra-n-butyl-3-oxapentanediamide N,N,N ,N -Tetra-n-butyl-3-oxapentanediamide/nitric acid/Uranium Komplex N,N,N ,N -Tetra-n-butyl-3-oxapentanediamide/nitric acid Komplex N,N,N ,N -Tetrahexyl-3-osxapentanediamide N,N,N ,N -Tetraoctyl-3-oxapentanediamide N,N,N-Trimethylbutylammonium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [N4111] [Tf2N] N,N-Dimethylacrylamide Nabumetone N-Acetyl-l-phenylalanine (AP) N-Acetyl-l-phenylalanine ethyl ester (APEE) N-Acetyl-l-tyrosine (AT) N-Acetyl-l-tyrosine ethyl ester (ATEE) Naphthalene Reference Scurto et al. [648] Scurto et al. [648] Scurto et al. [648] Li et al. [497] Li et al. [497] Li et al. [497] Li et al. [497] Li et al. [497] Li et al. [497] Li et al. [497] Li et al. [497] Knez et al. [430] Koh et al. [435] Koh et al. [435] Koh et al. [435] Koh et al. [435] Koh et al. [435] Koh et al. [435] Muldoon et al. [84] Muldoon et al. [84] Santos et al. [630] Su and Chen [696] Freitag et al. [304] Freitag et al. [304] Freitag et al. [304] Freitag et al. [304] Bertakis et al. [189] Dahmen et al. [241] Fu et al. [307] Harris et al. [339] Harris et al. [339] Khimeche et al. [421] Perez et al. [600] Ravipaty et al. [611] Scurto et al. [648] Suleiman et al. [68] Suleiman et al. [68] Vyhmeister et al. [751] Zniga-Moreno et al. [817] Freitag et al. [304] Freitag et al. [304] Ayirala and Rao [129] Jimnez-Gallegos et al. [391] Polikhronidi et al. [155] Ren and Scurto [141] Ren and Scurto [141] Ke et al. [140] Mutelet et al. [564] Venter et al. [738] Lay et al. [478] Wang et al. [753] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Weinstein et al. [762] Weinstein et al. [762] Lazzaroni et al. [479] Di Nicola et al. [258] Kwon et al. [473] Lazzaroni et al. [479] Camacho-Camacho et al. [209] Jimnez-Gallegos et al. [391] Yu et al. [781] Sparks et al. [690] Secuianu et al. [649] Huang et al. [357] Camacho-Camacho et al. [209] Kwon et al. [473] T (K) 292292 296296 327327 323323 308328 308328 308328 308328 308328 308328 308328 313353 313313 313313 293313 293313 313313 313313 333333 333333 303358 308328 308308 308328 308308 308308 333353 328328 313333 372430 372430 308333 308328 308308 328353 308308 308308 307307 313328 308308 308308 310310 319372 377460 344344 344344 300338 310413 313333 293308 323333 333333 298318 298318 298313 214281 323353 313313 315418 322372 313393 313333 298316 308328 314418 323353 P (MPa) 44 3.53.5 1515 16.916.9 8.113.7 7.512.8 1618 2023 7.612.4 7.712.5 7.612.3 0.710.3 9.311.8 9.311.5 735 735 11.212.8 11.513.6 0.11.3 1.39 516.5 1022 7.823.5 7.823.5 7.823.5 7.823.5 0.123.1 1012 810 020.8 18.523.4 1019.6 525 9.819.9 0.122.2 1228 2020 8.88.8 8.720.5 7.823.5 7.823.5 0.18 3.416 16.218.2 1.710.1 1.710.1 6.310.3 2.313.4 222 1.77.3 7.29.2 1030 825.1 825.1 0.57.1 0.44.1 5.619.6 0.77.7 216.7 213.7 1.114.4 1030 0.512.7 10.422.5 220 3.820.6 V (cm3 ) n.a. n.a. n.a. 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 500 22.4 22.4 22.4 22.4 22.4 22.4 n.a. n.a. 28 150 10 10 10 10 50 10 n.a. 112.82 112.82 n.a. 15 1.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 10 10 n.a. 40 n.a. 5.72 5.72 320 12.4 500 130 n.a. 10 30 2.7 150 273.5 25 150 100 40 100 100 60 300 100 25 Method SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis AnTVLcirVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnGrav SynT SynVisVar AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynVisVar AnPTSemY AnTVal SynT SynVis AnPTSemY SynVisVar AnPTSemYVal SynVisVar AnPTChro AnPTSemY SynVisVarPc SynVisVar AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynNon AnTCapValVis SynOthPcTc SynTVis SynTVis SynNonPcTc SynVisVar AnT AnTVisVar SynVisVar AnPTSemY SynVisVar AnSpec SynTVis SynT SynVisVar SynTVis AnTCapValVis AnTCapValVis

17

N-CBZ-l-phenylalanine(CBZ-P) N-CBZ-l-tyrosine (CBZ-T) n-Decane

n-Heptane n-Hexadecane n-Hexane Nickel(II) acetylacetonatea Nitrendipine Nitromethane Nitrous oxide N-Methyl caprolactam N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone n-Nonane n-Octane

Nonanoic acid (pelargonic acid) n-Pentadecane N-Phenylacetamide n-Undecane N-Vinyl caprolactam

AnTCapVisVarPcTc AnPTSemY AnTVisVar AnPTSemY AnTCapValVis SynVisVar

18 Table 4 (Continued) X Octadecanoic acid Octyl acrylate Octyl benzoate headhead dimer (HC8 HH) Octyl benzoate tailtail dimer (HC8 TT) Octyl methacrylate o-Ethylvanillin

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Reference Garlapati and Madras [311] Byun and Yoo [99] Shen et al. [660] Shen et al. [660] Byun and Yoo [99] Skerget et al. [684] Skerget et al. [684] Chang et al. [215] Dzielawa et al. [275] Dzielawa et al. [275] Dzielawa et al. [275] Dzielawa et al. [275] Dzielawa et al. [275] Dzielawa et al. [275] Dzielawa et al. [275] Dzielawa et al. [275] Dzielawa et al. [275] de Lucas et al. [249] Tian et al. [716] Skerget et al. [684] Skerget et al. [684] Knez et al. [430] Su et al. [694] Suleiman et al. [68] Suleiman et al. [68] Yoda et al. [778] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Bertakis et al. [189] Tian et al. [716] Hybertson [57] Favareto et al. [292] Muldoon et al. [84] Muldoon et al. [84] Fandino et al. [287] Bobbo et al. [192] Fandino et al. [287] Jeong et al. [386] Byun et al. [200] Byun and Yoo [205] Byun and Yoo [205] Dias et al. [262] Dias et al. [262] Lazzaroni et al. [479] Dias et al. [262] Dias et al. [262] Dias et al. [262] Kotnik et al. [446] Kotnik et al. [446] Bertakis et al. [189] Dohrn et al. [95] Esmaeilzadeh and Goodarznia [283] Shin and Kim [679] Suleiman et al. [68] Suleiman et al. [68] Leeke et al. [487] Su and Chen [696] Li et al. [497] Weinstein et al. [760] Yoda et al. [778] Zhang et al. [807] Tian et al. [714] Blasig et al. [75] Blasig et al. [190] Andr et al. [171] Hussain et al. [36] Tapriyal et al. [712] Kwon et al. [474] Cravo et al. [237] Lian et al. [501] van Schilt et al. [735]

T (K) 308318 313473 294375 294372 313473 311339 313353 313333 313313 313313 313313 313313 313313 313313 313313 313313 313313 333353 308328 294316 313353 313353 308328 318328 318328 313313 333333 319335 308328 313323 303333 333333 333333 283333 243343 283333 313333 313373 313393 313393 293353 293353 313313 293353 293353 293353 293313 313319 354368 357371 318318 308308 318318 318318 353383 308328 323323 298318 313313 308328 308328 298348 298348 297331 308338 298298 316451 308313 374391 455479

P (MPa) 12.822.6 4.520.1 669.3 6.1148 420.8 034.3 10.330.2 2.818 39.1 3.38.8 3.39.2 3.69.6 48.8 3.39.2 3.38.8 3.18.8 3.16.6 1535 821 05.5 7.830.3 0.714.8 1121 1028 2020 1030 1030 0.130 821 1025 911.7 0.11.3 1.39 0.36.3 0.19.8 0.76.3 26.4 2.415.5 2.216.8 2.517.4 0.611.5 0.712.6 0.66.4 0.710.4 0.510.6 0.612 11.626.9 0.221.8 1.428 0.19.7 11.720.1 11.333.2 1628 1616 9.930 1022 12.512.5 827.5 1030 821 821 0.11.5 0.118 8.518 0.110.5 3577 26.359.6 1015 0.120.7 254335

V (cm3 ) n.a. 28 15 15 28 74 120 n.a. 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 75 377 74 120 500 2.5 n.a. n.a. 1 10 50 377 7.5 25 n.a. n.a. 23 180 23 320 25 28 28 30 30 150 30 30 30 120 35 50 250 n.a. 25 n.a. n.a. 100 150 50 30 1 100 377 n.a. n.a. n.a. 25 n.a. n.a. n.a. 3 n.a.

Method AnPTSemY SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVis AnT SynTVLcirVis SynPVis SynPVis SynPVis SynPVis SynPVis SynPVis SynPVis SynPVis SynPVis AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynVis AnT AnTVLcirVis AnPTSemYSpec AnPTChro AnPTSemY AnTVcirVal AnPTSemY SynVisVar AnPTSemY AnPTSemYVal SynVisVar AnGrav SynT SynT SynT SynT AnTVLcirValVis SynVisVar SynVisVarPc SynVisVarPc SynVisVar SynVisVar SynTVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnT SynVis SynVisVar SynVisVar AnPTSemY SynVisVar AnPTChro AnPTSemY SynNonVis AnPTSemY SynVis SynVisVar AnTVcirVal AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnGrav AnGrav SynVisVar AnOth SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTMla SynVis SynVisVar

Oleic acid methyl ester Oligo (dimethylsiloxane)-substituted gem-diphosphate 1 Oligo (dimethylsiloxane)-substituted gem-diphosphate 2 Oligo (dimethylsiloxane)-substituted gem-diphosphate 3 Oligo (dimethylsiloxane)-substituted gem-diphosphate 4 Oligo (dimethylsiloxane)-substituted gem-diphosphate 5 Oligo (dimethylsiloxane)-substituted gem-diphosphate 6 Oligo (dimethylsiloxane)-substituted gem-diphosphate 7 Oligo (dimethylsiloxane)-substituted gem-diphosphate 8 Oligo (dimethylsiloxane)-substituted gem-diphosphate 9 Olive husk oil o-Phthalic acid o-Vanillin o-Xylene Oxymatrine Paclitaxel Palladium(II) acetylacetonate Palladium(II) acetylacetonateb Palmitic acid p-Aminobenzoic acid Patchoulol p-Bromobenzaldehyde PEG-5 cocomonium nethylsulfate (Ecoeng 500) Pentaerythritol tetra(2-ethylhexanoate) Pentaerythritol tetrahexanoate Pentaerythritol tetrapentanoate Pentauoroethane (HFC-125) Pentyl acetate Pentyl acrylate Pentyl methacrylate Peruorobenzene Peruorodecalin Peruorohexane (PFC-72) Peruoromethylcyclohexane Peruoro-n-octane Peruorotoluene Permethrin Phenanthrene

Phenylboric acid Phenylbutazone Phosphine Ph3P Pindolol Platinum(II) acetylacetonate p-Methylbenzen sulfonic acid p-Nitrobenzoic acid Poly([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethyl ammonium tetrauoroborate) P[MATMA] [BF4 ] Poly(1-(p-vinylbenzyl)-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrauoroborate) (P[VBMI] [BF4 ]) Poly(1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperuorodecyl acrylate) Poly(1,1-dihydroperuorooctyl methacrylate-r-2tetrahydropyranylmethacrylate) (poly(FOMA-r-THPMA)) Poly(1-O-(vinyloxy) ethyl-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl--d-glucopyranoside) Poly(2,2,2-triuoroethyl methacrylate) Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Poly(butylene succinate) Poly(cylclohexene carbonate)

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 4 (Continued) X Poly(-caprolactone) Poly(ethylen glycol) (PEG 1500) Poly(ethylen glycol) (PEG 4000) Poly(ethylene adipate) Poly(ethylene glycol) 1500 Poly(ethylene glycol) 400 Poly(ethylene glycol)200 Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEG) (Mw 400) Poly(ethylene) Poly(heptadecauorodecyl acrylate) Poly(heptadecauorodecyl methacrylate (poly(HDFDMA)) Poly(heptadecauorodecyl methacrylate) Poly(heptadecauorodecyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) Poly(isopropyl acrylate) Poly(lactic acid) Reference Byun et al. [202] Aionicesei et al. [168] Aionicesei et al. [168] Lian et al. [501] Pasquali et al. [71] Matsuyama and Mishima [541] Hou et al. [356] Li et al. [497] Grolier [327] Shin et al. [673] Shin et al. [677] Shin et al. [676] Shin et al. [676] Byun and McHugh [206] Kasturirangan et al. [412] Tapriyal et al. [712] Elvassore et al. [282] Liu and Tomasko [145] Kasturirangan et al. [412] Aionicesei et al. [77] Liu and Tomasko [145] Liu and Tomasko [145] Aionicesei et al. [77] Lian et al. [501] Kasturirangan et al. [412] Pantoula et al. [85] Pantoula and Panayiotou [86] Pantoula and Panayiotou [86] Rajendran et al. [610] Duarte et al. [270] Duarte et al. [49] Duarte et al. [49] Byun and Yoo [99] Shin et al. [675] Shin et al. [675] Shin et al. [675] Hong et al. [354] Li et al. [497] Lei et al. [83] Li et al. [78] Li et al. [493] Li et al. [492] Li et al. [493] Blasig et al. [190] Blasig et al. [75] Grolier [327] von Solms et al. [80] Garcia et al. [309] von Solms et al. [747] Lian et al. [501] Leeke et al. [488] Haruki et al. [340] Faridi and Todd [50] Kojima et al. [436] Li et al. [35] zer et al. [730] Pantoula et al. [85] Pantoula and Panayiotou [86] Pantoula and Panayiotou [86] T (K) 458502 298323 298323 306306 308328 313313 303323 308328 333353 303364 303364 303365 303365 406485 313344 298298 313313 303333 313344 308323 303333 303333 308323 393393 313313 308354 308405 324354 323353 300313 313313 308323 425493 350453 331452 333453 298298 308328 313483 453493 453493 453493 453493 298348 298348 391391 353393 253333 323363 307332 313333 308343 373448 323323 453473 308318 308324 308405 324405 P (MPa) 252.2283.2 5.625.4 5.624.6 27.627.6 319.5 13.518.9 18.1 2222 0.143 8.130.5 9.129.2 1035 1035 135.2268.5 0.87.8 120142 0.64 0.110 1.38.1 1030 0.110 0.110 1030 27.627.6 28 0.16 340 1.536.9 523.8 4.910.3 4.910.3 1020 126.9266.3 55.6132.5 23.948.1 25.647.7 6.442.2 8.212.6 210 3.528 328 3.431 328 0.118 0.11.5 0.143 1.83.8 0.711.5 24.2 0.127.6 820 19.832.8 611 618 3.427.8 815 0.16 342 1.544.6 V (cm3 ) 28 n.a. n.a. 3 n.a. 150 50 50 n.a. 25 25 25 25 28 25 40 42 n.a. 25 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 3 25 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 28 28 28 28 120 50 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 314 n.a. 3 100 15 45 n.a. n.a. 60 n.a. n.a. n.a. Method SynVisVar AnGrav AnGrav SynVis AnSpec SynVisVar AnTBloVisVar SynVis SynT SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnOth SynVisVar SynT SynT AnOth AnGrav SynT SynT AnGrav SynVis AnOth AnOth AnTMla AnGrav AnGrav AnSpec AnTMla AnTMla SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVis SynVis AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav

19

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Poly(lactide) 100DL Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) 5050

Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) 7525 Poly(l-lactide) Poly(methyl methacrylate)

Poly(methylmethacrylate-co-ethylhexyacrylate-coethyleneglycoldimethacrylate) Poly(methymethacrylate-co-ethylhexylacrylate-coethyleneglycoldimethacrylate) Poly(octyl acrylate) Poly(p-peruorooctyl-ethylene sulfonylmethyl styrene) Poly(p-peruorooctyl-ethyleneoxymethyl styrene) Poly(p-peruorooctyl-ethylenethiomethyl styrene) Poly(propylene glycol)monobutyl ether (PPG-MBE, MW 340, 1000, 1200) Poly(propylene oxide) PPO (Mw 400) Poly(propylene) Poly(propylene) branched Poly(propylene) linear Poly(p-vinylbenzyltrimethyl ammonium tetrauoroborate) (P[VBTMA] [BF4 ]) Poly(p-vinylbenzyltrimethyl ammonium tetrauoroborate) P[VBTMA] [BF4 ] Poly(vinylidene uoride) Polyalkylene glycol lubricant oil Polyamide (PA-11) Polycaprolactone Polycaprolactone (CAPA 6800) Polyethylene oxide-2,6,8-trimethyl-4-nonyl ethers (TMN) Polyethylene terephthalate Polyisoprene rubber Polylactide Polymethylmethacrylate Polystyrene

SynT AnGrav SynT AnGrav SynVis AnTVal SynNonVisVar AnTMla AnGrav AnGrav AnTVis AnOth AnTMla AnGrav

20 Table 4 (Continued) X

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Reference Andr et al. [171] Tapriyal et al. [712] Calderone [94] Calderone [94] de Sousa et al. [250] de Sousa et al. [250] Favareto et al. [291] Byun et al. [200] Jin et al. [392] Chiu et al. [224] Knez et al. [430] Shen et al. [661] Kulik et al. [455] Chiu et al. [224] Bao et al. [182] Yoda et al. [778] Hojjati et al. [32] Uchida et al. [727] Yoda et al. [778] Uchida et al. [727] Su and Chen [696] Lin et al. [509] Ravipaty et al. [612] Zhang et al. [803] Shen et al. [660] Shen et al. [660] Zhang et al. [802] Li et al. [497] Li et al. [497] Li et al. [497] Li et al. [497] Li et al. [497] Li et al. [497] Yoda et al. [778] Hojjati et al. [32] Koh et al. [101] Liu et al. [47] Liu et al. [47] Liu et al. [47] Liu et al. [47] Liu et al. [521] Banchero et al. [59] Ndiaye et al. [572] Coimbra et al. [226]

T (K) 297331 298298 323336 323333 323333 323336 283301 313373 308328 318358 313353 294366 313343 308333 308328 313313 308348 320349 313313 293324 308328 318328 308328 276278 294371 294369 283323 308323 308328 308328 308328 308328 308328 313313 308348 313313 308338 308338 318318 318318 308338 353393 276343 308328

P (MPa) 1223 4060 0.130 1020 1019.7 0.115.1 4.29.3 1.712.6 823 1.713.3 0.612.3 4.720.7 717 3.427.7 8.824.2 1030 12.135.4 0.125.9 1030 0.14.7 1022 1114.6 1228 3.521.6 4.821.4 5.824.3 01.7 16.520.1 10.417.8 7.813.9 7.414.9 7.713.7 8.113.8 1030 12.135.4 0.112.5 1030 1030 3030 3030 1535 1830.1 3.726.4 1026

V (cm3 ) n.a. 120 4 60 60 4 25 25 377 60 500 15 414 60 0.83 1 1 35 1 35 150 25 1.6 100 15 15 n.a. 50 50 50 50 50 50 1 1 22.4 48 48 48 48 48 32 n.a. 30

Method SynVisVar SynVis SynVis AnT AnT SynVis SynVIsVar SynVisVar AnPTSemY SynVisVar AnTVLcirVis SynVisVarPc SynVisVar SynVisVar AnPTSemYSpec AnTVcirVal AnTValY SynVis AnTVcirVal SynVis AnPTSemY SynVisVar AnPTSemYVal SynT SynVisVar SynVisVar AnGrav SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis AnTVcirVal AnTValY SynVisVar AnTIns AnTIns AnTIns AnTIns AnTIns AnPTSemY SynVisVar AnTValVis

Polystyrene--poly(1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperuorodecyl acrylate) block copolymer Polyvinyl acetate Precirol Precirol ATO5 Progesterone Propyl acetate Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate p-Xylene Pyrazine Pyrrole Quinoline Racemic trans-4-(4 -uorophenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-1-methylpiperidine Rhodium(III) acetylacetonate Rosuvastatin RS-(+-)-ibuprofen Ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate S-(+)-Ibuprofen Salicylamide Salicylic acid Seawater Semiuorinated octyl benzoate headhead dimer (FC8 HH) Semiuorinated octyl benzoate tailtail dimer (FC8 TT) S-ethyl-N,N,N ,N -tetramethylthiouronium Tris(pentauoroethyl)triuorophosphate ([ETT] FEP]) Silicone with pendant phosphine ligands Ph2P-DB570-sioh (1:3) Silicone with pendant phosphine ligands Ph2P-DB570-sioh/PEG (2:1) Silicone with pendant phosphine ligands Ph2P-HDDA-sih (1:10) Silicone with pendant phosphine ligands Ph2P-HDDA-sih (1:5) Silicone with pendant phosphine ligands Ph2P-NPGDA-sih (1:10) Silicone with pendant phosphine ligands Ph2P-NPGDA-sih (1:5) Silver(I) acetylacetonate Simvastatin Sodium bis-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octauoro-1-pentyl)-2-sulfosuccinate Sodium dibutyl sulfosuccinate Sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate Sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate Sodium dipentyl sulfosuccinate Sodium salt of dipentyl-2-sulfosuccinate Solvent brown 1 Soybean oil Spiroindolinonaphthoxazine photochromic dye (1,3-dihydro-3, 3-dimethyl-1-isopropyl-6-(2,3)-(dihydroindole-1-yl)spiro [2H-indole-2,3 -3H-naphtho[2,1-b] [1,4] oxazine] Stearic acid Styrene Substituted bis(acetylacetone)ethylenediimine (R4BAE, where R = CH3 or CF3 ) Sunower oil Surfynol-420 (S20) Surfynol-440 (S40) Surfynol-465 (S65) Tert-butyl acrylate Tert-butyl methacrylate Tetra-n-butylammonium bromide [tbam] [Br] Tetra-n-butylammonium docusate [N4444] [docusate] Tetra-n-butylammonium tetrauoroborate [tbam] [BF4 ] Tetra-n-butylammonium tosylate [tbam] [Tosyl] Tetra-n-butylammonium triuorotris(peruoroethyl)phosphate [tbam] [TFEPF3] Tetra-n-butylphosphonium bromide [TBP] [Br] Tetradecanoic acid Tetraethyl orthosilicate Tetraethylammonium bis(trifyl)imide [team] [Tf2N]

Bertakis et al. [189] Wang et al. [753] Zhang et al. [792] Dunbar et al. [273] Hegel et al. [345] Soares et al. [687] Akutsu et al. [98] Akutsu et al. [98] Akutsu et al. [98] Byun and Lee [204] Byun and Lee [204] Scurto et al. [648] Muldoon et al. [84] Muldoon et al. [84] Scurto et al. [648] Scurto et al. [648] Scurto et al. [648] Scurto et al. [648] Scurto et al. [648] Garlapati and Madras [310] Jammaer et al. [381] Scurto et al. [648]

325342 323333 303333 303332 288308 313353 318318 298318 318318 313393 313393 353353 333333 333333 300429 301433 311311 290290 333333 308318 306343 294294

030 8.710.8 6.310.7 721 3.47.5 2035 1117.5 1125.5 1624.5 4.213.9 3.214.7 1515 0.11.3 1.39 0.133.5 0.110.2 1515 3.43.4 1515 9.922.6 7.211.9 1.51.5

50 n.a. 50 n.a. 80 100 61.6 61.6 61.6 28 28 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 66 n.a.

SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVarPcTc SynVisVar AnTCapVis AnTY SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVis AnGrav SynT SynVis SynVisVar SynVis SynVis SynVis AnPTSemY SynVisVar SynVis

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 4 (Continued) X Tetraheptylammonium bromide [thepam] [Br] Tetrahexylammonium bromide [thexam] [Br] Tetrahydrofuran Reference Scurto et al. [648] Scurto et al. [648] Knez et al. [430] Lazzaroni et al. [479] Li [495] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Yokozeki et al. [780] Scurto et al. [648] Scurto et al. [648] Elizalde-Solis and Galicia-Luna [277] Serrano-Cocoletzi [656] Suleiman et al. [68] Suleiman et al. [68] Kwon et al. [472] Lay et al. [478] Lazzaroni et al. [479] Lee et al. [484] Lee [485] Naidoo et al. [25] Wu et al. [133] Dahmen et al. [241] Ablan et al. [164] Yuan et al. [783] Yuan et al. [783] Kaboudvand Ghaziaskar [401] Kaboudvand Ghaziaskar [402] Wang et al. [753] Nasrifar [571] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Zhang [799] Zhang [799] Hutchings [362] Anthony et al. [74] Vyhmeister et al. [751] Koh et al. [435] Ghaziaskar [315] Tanaka and Ogino [710] Li et al. [494] Mnkl et al. [565] Shimoyama et al. [670] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Aschenbrenner et al. [177] Shimoyama et al. [670] Spilimbergo [123] Hong [106] Soares et al. [687] Zhou [812] Tsukahara [724] Tsukahara [724] Tsukahara [724] Catchpole [211] Hybertson [57] Liu [513] Skerget et al. [684] Skerget et al. [684] T (K) 321321 373307 313353 298333 313333 333333 298298 332370 354354 314383 314363 318328 318328 323323 293308 323323 352352 352352 283391 333572 313343 296296 303323 303323 308328 308328 323333 263302 318318 307322 307322 292343 323323 308343 313313 308338 323393 322337 336363 320333 333333 333333 333333 333333 333333 333333 320333 308325 301343 313353 308338 313313 313313 313313 313353 318318 305408 313353 338354 P (MPa) 1515 0.123.1 0.410.2 0.69.5 610 1017.5 01.9 135 1515 214.4 212.9 1030 2020 1.88.7 1.77.3 1.28.6 0.12.9 0.23 0.412.1 6.716.5 1026 12.423.3 110.1 0.98.4 840 840 810 1.97 14.514.5 4.68.9 4.48.7 5.811 01.3 7.110 8.79 840 7.911.6 0.119.6 3.224.7 916 1030 1030 1030 1030 1030 1030 914 15.8 6.866.8 2035 1540 1025 1025 1025 0.130 1020 6.1135.7 827.6 0.148.3 V (cm3 ) n.a. n.a. 500 150 25 10 n.a. n.a. n.a. 100 100 n.a. n.a. 150 130 150 n.a. n.a. 200 n.a. 10 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 3.5 10 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 22.4 12.8 50 25 3.5 26.5 10 10 10 10 10 10 26.5 n.a. n.a. 100 10 216 216 216 500 7.5 30 120 74 Method SynVis SynVisVar AnTVLcirVis SynTVis SynVisVar AnPTSemY

21

Tetrakis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)zirconium(IV) Tetra-n-butylphosphonium formate [TBP] [FOR] Tetraoctylammonium bromide [toam] [Br] Tetrapentylammonium bromide [tpam] [Br] Thiophene

AnGrav SynVis SynVis AnTCapValVisPc AnTValVis AnPTChro AnPTSemY AnTVLcirVal AnTVisVar SynTVis SynT SynT AnTValVisVar SynNonCon AnPTSemY SynVisVar SynT SynT AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynVisVar SynVisVar AnT SynTVis SynTVis SynVisVar AnGrav SynVisVarPc SynVisVar AnPTSemY AnTY SynVisVar SynVisVar AnSpecVcir AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnSpecVcir SynNon SynVisVar AnTY AnPTSemY AnSpec AnSpec AnSpec AnPTSemY AnPTSemYVal SynVis AnT SynVis

Thymidine Toluene

Trans-Co2 (CO)6 [3,5-bis(CF3 )C6 H3 P(i-C3 H7 )2 ] Tri(2-furyl)phosphine Tri-(2-hydroxy ethyl)-ammonium acetate (THEAA) Tri-(2-hydroxy ethyl)-ammonium lactate (THEAL) Tridodecylamine

Triuoroethyl acrylate Triuoromethane (HFC-23) Triglycidyl p-aminophenol Trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium dodecylbenzenesulfonates [P6,6,6,14] [c12h25phso3] Trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium mesylate [P6,6,6,14] [meso3] Trihexyltetradecylphoshonium chloride Tri-isobutyl-methyl phosphonium p-toluenesulfonate ([ibu3mep] [TOS]) Trimethylchlorosilane Tri-n-butyl phosphate Trioctylamine Trioxane Tripalmitin Triphenylphosphine Tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)chromium(III) Tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)cobalt(III) Tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)iron(III) Tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)manganese(III) Tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)ruthenium(III) Tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)titanium(iii) Tris(p-triuoromethylphenyl)-phosphine Tristearin Tri-tert-butylphenol Ucuuba fat Uracil Uranium dioxide(acetylacetonate)2dimethylsulfoxide Uranium dioxide(hexauoroacetylacetonate)2dimethylsulfoxide Uranium dioxide(triuoroacetylacetonate)2dimethylsulfoxide Urea Vanillin

22 Table 4 (Continued) X Vetiver grass extract Vitamin K1 (2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) Water

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Reference Takeuchi [706] Kong et al. [440] Bermejo et al. [187] Kang et al. [128] Kim et al. [426] Kiyono et al. [428] Koglbauer and Wendland [434] Koschel et al. [443] Qin et al. [605] Yasuda and Ohmura [775] Zhang et al. [803] Huang et al. [358] Huang et al. [360] Huang et al. [358] Huang et al. [360]

T (K) 303333 313313 296369 270282 279280 257283 293373 323373 323375 244275 274281 308328 308328 308328 308328

P (MPa) 632 1030 1.58.3 14 10.120.1 1.64.4 0.15.5 220.2 30.149.9 0.31.6 1.823.5 1230 824 830 1230

V (cm3 ) 25 3.14 n.a. 350 n.a. 191.5 49 22 200 200 100 20 20 20 20

Method SynVisVar AnPTChro SynVis SynNon SynVisVar SynNon AnSpec SynOth AnT SynNon SynT AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY

Xanthene Xanthone

librium properties, like the pressure and the composition of the phases, reach equilibrium values, depending on other variables, like mole numbers and volume. At the beginning of an experiment, an equilibrium cell is charged with the substances of interest. The pressure is adjusted above or below the desired equilibrium value, depending on whether the pressure will rise or fall during equilibration. After the desired temperature has been reached, the mixture is kept under isothermal conditions. By stirring the mixture or by rocking the autoclave or by recirculating one or more phases, time for equilibration of the phases is reduced. After some time, the pressure reaches a plateau. The pressure can be readjusted, by adding or withdrawing material or by changing the volume of the equilibrium cell. Usually, the equilibration is continued for at least 30 min after the pressure plateau is sufciently close to the desired value. Before taking samples from the coexisting phases, the mixture is given sufcient time without stirring, rocking or recirculation for the separation of the phases. Otherwise the sample might not be homogeneous but contain material from another phase, e.g. droplets, bubbles or solid particles. Isothermal methods that use stirring or rocking to ensure a rapid approach to equilibrium are often called static analytical methods. As opposed to recirculating methods, the mixture does not leave the equilibrium cell during the experiment. But, since the expressions static cell and static method are used by some authors for other experimental methods (e.g., for a synthetic method in a view cell or for a synthetic method using the material balance to determine solubilities of gases in liquids), we avoid the expression static in our classication. Sampling through capillaries can lead to differential vaporization and scattering results, especially for mixtures containing light and heavy components when no precautions have been taken to prevent a pressure drop all along the capillary [37]. Differential vaporization can be avoided with an experimental design that ensures that most of the pressure drop occurs at the end of the capillary close to the chromatographic circuit, e.g. Richon and coworkers [38] used a micro-stem ending with a nose entering inside the capillary to reduce the cross-sectional area at the end of the capillary. Margon et al. [39] investigated VLE of binary, ternary and quaternary systems of phenol, diphenyl carbonate, Bisphenol A and CO2 . To determine the solubility of these high-boiling substances in CO2 , an unusual sampling technique was used: a sample of the vapor-phase was trapped into a polyethylene sample bag by quickly opening and closing the outlet valve to let a part of the vapor-phase out of the autoclave. The amounts of solids and CO2 in the sample bags were determined by weighing, while correcting for the buoyancy effect due to the air displaced by CO2 . Typical weights

were as follows: empty bags 4.1 g, CO2 collected 2.56.5 g, solids 0.0060.6 g. The solids were washed out of the collection bag with a solvent and transferred to NMR tubes. Another possibility to reduce sampling problems is the recirculation of one or more phases, having the advantage that the sampling volume (e.g., the loop of a six-port valve) is lled isobarically. Disadvantages of a recirculation are the need for a well-working pump with only little pressure drop and the need for a uniform temperature eld to avoid partial condensation or vaporization in the recirculation line. Therefore, recirculation methods are not suitable in the region close to the critical point where small changes in temperature and pressure have a strong inuence on the phase behavior. When only the vapor phase is recirculated (Vcir), it is withdrawn continually and passed back into the equilibrium cell through the liquid phase by the action of a pump, e.g. Kato and Nishiumi [40]. Samples can be withdrawn by placing a sampling valve in the recirculation loop [27] or by blocking off a volume between two valves in the recirculation loop. The liquid phase is usually analyzed by taking samples through capillaries. Seredynska et al. [30] developed an apparatus that consists of two equilibrium cells that are run parallel at identical temperatures and similar pressures. One autoclave was used for sampling the liquid phase and the other for sampling the vapor phase, each via a capillary that is connected to a pneumatic sampling valve. For binary systems, it does not matter that slightly different equilibrium pressures are reached in the autoclaves. Recirculation of both the vapor and the liquid phase (VLcir) has the advantage that sampling from both phases is possible without using capillaries [41,42]. If a vibrating-tube densimeter is installed in a recirculation loop, the density of the circulated phase can be determined [43]. The pump should be turned off during density measurement to avoid errors due to pulsation [42]. Rufne et al. [27] developed an apparatus with vapor-phase circulation and a special liquid-phase sampling technique to measure VLE and VLLE. The liquid phase is transferred from the equilibrium cell to a buffer cell at isobaric conditions by means of two volumetric pumps. Then the sample is completely vaporized by ash within a vaporization loop and the thermostatic air bath temperature of the sampling system is increased up to 373 K. The vaporized sample is injected into a gas chromatograph. The same procedure is used for each liquid phase. Sometimes only the liquid phase is circulated (Lcir), e.g. for mixing, for blocking off a large liquid phase volume from the equilibrium cell before pressure reduction [44], for the measurement of liquidliquid equilibria or for the measurement of solubilities of gases in liquids [45].

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 5 Binary systems: water + X. X 1,2-Benzanthracene 1,2-Diphenylethane 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 1,4-Diphenylbenzene 1-Chloronaphthalene 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-butanol 2-Methylanthracene 2-Methylpentane (isohexane) 2-Pentanol 2-Propanol (isopropanol) 4,6-Dimethyldibenzothiophene 9,10-Dimethylanthracene 9-Phenylanthracene Acenaphthene Acetic acid (ethanoic acid) Acridine Adamantane Ammonia Anthracene Reference Karsek et al. [409] Brunner et al. [197] Brunner et al. [197] Brunner et al. [197] Brunner et al. [197] Brunner et al. [197] Shimoyama et al. [668] Karsek et al. [410] Neely et al. [573] Shimoyama et al. [668] Bermejo et al. [188] Shimoyama et al. [668] Karsek et al. [55] Karsek et al. [410] Karsek et al. [410] Andersson et al. [170] Brunner et al. [197] Richardson et al. [615] Karsek et al. [55] Karsek et al. [411] Sakabe et al. [624] Andersson et al. [170] Andersson et al. [170] Brunner et al. [197] Karsek et al. [409] Koglbauer and Wendland [434] Neely et al. [573] Brunner et al. [197] Brunner et al. [197] Brunner et al. [197] Gruszkiewicz and Simonson [148] Gruszkiewicz and Simonson [148] Karsek et al. [55] Kang et al. [128] Bermejo et al. [187] Kim et al. [426] Kiyono et al. [428] Koglbauer and Wendland [434] Koschel et al. [443] Qin et al. [605] Yasuda and Ohmura [775] Zhang et al. [803] Brunner et al. [197] Karsek et al. [411] Karsek et al. [55] Karsek et al. [55] Imai et al. [374] Park et al. [594] Brunner et al. [197] Brunner et al. [197] Brunner et al. [197] Kim et al. [426] Mohammadi et al. [556] Mokraoui et al. [558] Yarrison et al. [774] Yasuda and Ohmura [775] Bazaev et al. [183] Bazaev et al. [185] Coquelet et al. [231] Karsek et al. [408] Brunner et al. [197] Karsek [408] Koschel et al.[444] Brunner et al. [197] Mokraoui et al. [558] Sugahara et al.[699] Kang et al. [128] Abdi et al. [163] Chapoy et al. [216] Chapoy et al. [216] Gayet et al. [313] Kim et al. [426] Lee et al. [486] Qin et al. [605] Turner et al. [726] T (K) 313423 476733 412647 511926 500715 458771 523573 313453 298491 523523 400459 548573 313423 313448 313423 523523 470803 160300 313363 313493 436503 373473 523573 521869 313483 293373 299490 438647 473559 473747 413523 413523 313433 270282 296369 279280 257283 293373 323373 323375 244275 274281 460647 313493 313353 313363 278290 323323 526789 518766 526770 277280 275282 288303 314466 244275 456598 456598 297402 313378 474747 313383 323393 472695 293353 274320 271284 324324 283293 283318 275300 280280 276281 324375 273285 P (MPa) 4.95.2 1.622 3.922 3.228.5 2.722 1.122 4.811.1 56.4 0.17.2 3.34.9 0.41.7 6.411.4 55 55.3 55.1 55 1.422 0.57.4 55 55.2 14.118.6 55 510 3.927.1 3.97.7 0.125 0.16.8 1.522 1.67.2 1.527.5 0.13.3 0.13.3 55 14 1.58.3 10.120.1 1.64.4 0.15.5 220.2 30.149.9 0.31.6 1.823.5 3.532.5 4.85.3 55 55 0.21 01.1 4.330.3 1.330.3 4.330.6 10.115.1 0.61.4 3.43.4 3.4110.3 0.10.6 2.115,5 2.115.5 00.3 55 1.623.6 55 1.630.8 1.622 0.31.3 1.6445 210 1040 1035 0.934.6 3.155 10.114.3 3.66 30.149.9 2.59 V (cm3 ) 1.4 30 30 30 30 30 31 1.4 120 31 n.a. 31 1.4 1.4 1.4 11 30 2000 1.4 1.4 18 3 11 30 1.4 49 120 30 30 30 n.a. n.a. 1.4 350 n.a. n.a. 191.5 49 22 200 200 100 30 1.4 1.4 1.4 70 n.a. 30 30 30 n.a. 58 34 1300 200 32.56 32.56 n.a. 1.4 30 1.4 n.a. 30 34 0.2 350 n.a. 34 34 250 n.a. 474 200 n.a. Method

23

Argon Benzene Benzil (1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-dione) Benzophenone Calcium bromide Calcium chloride Carbazole Carbon dioxide

Cyclopentane Diamantane Dibenzofuran Dibenzothiophene Diuoromethane (hfc-32) Dimethyl ether Diphenyl Diphenylether Diphenylmethane Ethane

Ethanol Ethylbenzene Fluoranthene Fluorene Hydrogen sulde Indene Isobutane (2-methylpropane) Krypton Methane

AnPTSemY SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis AnPTConVis AnPTSemY AnPTCon AnPTConVis SynVis AnPTConVis AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynVis AnT AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynVisVarPcTc AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynVis AnPTSemY AnSpec AnPTCon SynVis SynVis SynVis SynT SynT AnPTSemY SynNon SynVis SynVisVar SynNon AnSpec SynOth AnT SynNon SynT SynVis AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynNon SynT SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVisVar SynNon AnTCapVal AnPTSemY SynNon SynOthPcTc SynOthPcTc SynTVis AnPTSemY SynVis AnPTSemY SynOth SynVis AnTCapVal SynVisSpec SynNon AnT AnTCapVal AnTCapVal SynNonVis SynVisVar SynNon AnT SynNon

24 Table 5 (Continued) X

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Reference Voronov et al. [750] Yarrison et al. [774] Yasuda and Ohmura [775] Folas et al. [65] Chapoy et al. [217] Takeya et al. [708] Brunner et al. [197] Karsek et al. [409] Mokraoui et al. [558] Mokraoui et al. [558] Koglbauer and Wendland [434] Mohammadi et al. [550] Folas et al. [65] Mokraoui et al. [558] Brunner et al. [197] Karsek et al. [55] Brunner et al. [197] Karsek et al. [55] Karsek et al. [55] Brunner et al. [197] Karsek et al. [55] Karsek et al. [55] Karsek et al. [55] Higashi et al. [348] Gaudette and Servio [312] Mohammadi et al. [556] Mokraoui et al. [558] Yasuda and Ohmura [775] Melnikov et al. [113] Karsek et al. [409] Brunner et al. [197] Andersson et al. [170] Andersson et al. [170] Brunner et al. [197] Sue et al. [698] Sawamura et al. [634] Higashi et al. [348] Sugahara et al. [700] Sugahara et al. [700] Sugahara et al. [700] Arjmandi et al. [176] Haramagatti et al. [116] Mooijer-van den Heuvel [560] Riesco et al. [616] Brunner et al. [197] Karsek et al. [55] Neely et al. [573] Valtz et al. [733] Brunner et al. [197] Brunner et al. [197] Mooijer-van den Heuvel [560] Karsek et al. [409] Karsek et al. [410] Randzio et al. [137] Sugahara et al. [699] Coquelet et al. [231]

T (K) 270285 310477 244274 253293 277297 273296 470647 313348 293353 298353 293373 282363 258293 293353 434647 313363 482873 313363 313433 633694 313453 313328 313413 623673 274276 274278 298343 245275 257275 333483 420647 323413 473573 481938 453592 263313 623673 274313 274313 274313 280279 277313 273281 345405 459719 313423 297490 299402 459647 499687 282293 313468 313513 317321 324345 292402

P (MPa) 2.19.1 3.4110.3 0.92.9 1.518 0.44.3 0.23.5 1.722 55.1 0.21 0.40.5 0.125 0.44.9 0.520 00.4 0.822 55 1.827.1 55 55 5.922 55 55 55 912 0.10.3 0.20.5 0.92.6 00.2 0.10.3 4.96.7 0.522 55 510 1.831.4 2424 0.1300 912 0.1155 0.1155 0.1155 3.620.9 0.1270 3.412.9 0.46 1.122 55 0.13.8 00.4 1.722 2.832.5 0.94.1 56.4 55.2 10100 106440 00.3

V (cm3 ) n.a. 1300 200 300 20 202 30 1.4 34 34 49 28 300 34 30 1.4 30 1.4 1.4 30 1.4 1.4 1.4 11 n.a. 58 34 200 100 1.4 30 3 11 30 470 n.a. 11 5 1 0.2 2400 0.196 3.5 0.035 30 1.4 120 n.a. 30 30 3.5 1.4 1.4 n.a. 0.2 n.a.

Method SynNon AnPTSemY SynNon AnPTSemY AnTCapValVis SynNon SynVis AnPTSemY AnTCapVal AnTCapVal AnSpec AnTCapValVis AnPTSemY AnTCapVal SynVis AnPTSemY SynVis AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynVis AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnT SynNon AnTCapVal SynNon SynVis AnPTSemY SynVis AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynVis AnPTSemY AnTVar AnPTSemY SynVis SynVisSpec SynVisSpec SynNon SynNon SynVisVar SynVisCon SynVis AnPTSemY AnPTCon SynTVis SynVis SynVis SynVisVar AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynNon SynVisSpec SynTVis

Methyluoride Naphthalene n-Butane n-Hexane Nitrogen

n-Pentane o-Xylene Phenanthrene Phenanthridine Phenazine Phenol Phenothiazine Phenoxathiin Phenoxazine Potassium chloride Propane

p-Terphenyl p-Xylene Pyrene

Quinacridone Sodium chloride Sulfur hexauoride (SF6)

Tetrabutyl ammonium bromide Tetradecyl-trimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) Tetrauoromethane (CFC-14) Tetrahydrofuran Tetralin Thianthrene Toluene

Trans-decalin Triuoromethane (HFC-23) Triphenylene Triptycene Wheat starch Xenon Xylene

Sherman et al. [46] developed a method in which the sampled volume stays within the equilibrium cell until depressurization is nished. We call this method in situ sampling (AnTIns). It can be used for the measurement of the solubility of solids in supercritical uids. An excess amount of solute is put into a glass vial, capped with coarse lter paper, into the equilibrium cell. With two magnetic stir bars in the equilibrium cell of which one is placed into the vial a faster equilibration can be achieved. After the phase equilibrium has been attained, the high-pressure cell is carefully depressurized, and the vial is removed and weighed. The solubility can be calculated from the difference of the initial and nal mass of the solute in the vial and the difference of the volume of the equilibrium cell and the vial. Liu et al. [47] used in situ sampling to measure the solubility of surfactants in CO2 and in 1,1,1,2-tetrauoroethane (HFC-134a). Instead of a glass vial Filardo et al. [48] used a stain-

less steel cylindrical container that was xed to the head of the equilibrium cell. This upper cylindrical container was equipped with a small magnetic stir bar and communicates with the external chamber through two slits opened in its uppermost part. In the material-loss-analysis method (AnTMla) the sample is taken out of the equilibrium cell an analyzed after depressurization. It is used to determine the solubility and diffusivity of volatile components (often CO2 ) in polymers. After equilibration a fast depressurization procedure and a quick transport of the sample (loaded polymer) to an analytical balance are performed. The mass decrease of the polymer sample due to desorption of the volatile component is recorded and analyzed. The initial value of sorbate mass can be determined by extrapolation of the desorption curve to the beginning of depressurization. Duarte et al. [49] used a quick opening cell. They established a compromise between the veloc-

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 6 Binary systems: ammonia + X. X 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexyuorophosphate [bmim] PF6 ] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrauoroborate [bmim] [BF4 ] 1-Dodecene 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [emim] [Tf2N] 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [hmim] [Cl] 1-Octene 1-Pentene Ammonium chloride Caesium iodide Lithium nitrate Methanol Potassium iodide Sodium iodide Water Reference Yokozeki and Shiett [779] Yokozeki and Shiett [779] Martin et al. [96] Yokozeki and Shiett [779] T (K) 283355 282355 404443 283347 P (MPa) 0.12.3 02.5 11.315.8 0.12.8 V (cm3 ) 15.3 15.3 27 15.3 Method SynT SynT SynVisPcTc SynT

25

Yokozeki and Shiett [779] Martin et al. [96] Martin et al. [96] Tomida et al. [718] Sciaini et al. [647] Libotean et al. [502] Schfer et al. [636] Schfer et al. [636] Sciaini et al. [647] Sciaini et al. [647] Sakabe et al. [624]

283347 409434 397401 303373 418418 293353 313395 353393 419426 419426 436503

02.4 11.212.3 9.29.6 16.2 8.112.8 01.9 0.14.2 0.11.6 9.714.4 9.714.4 14.118.6

15.3 27 27 65.2 3 166 30 1600 3 3 18

SynT SynVisPcTc SynVisPcTc SynT AnSpec SynT SynVis AnT AnSpec AnSpec SynVisVarPcTc

Table 7 Binary systems: hydrogen sulde + X. X 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate ([bmim] PF6 ]) Carbon dioxide Carbon disulde Dimethylsulde Ethylmethylsulde n-Heptane Water Reference Jou and Mather [399] Rivollet et al. [617] Guilbot et al. [331] Guilbot et al. [331] Guilbot et al. [331] Guilbot et al. [331] Thveneau et al. [713] Koschel et al. [444] T (K) 298403 254303 273348 278293 293333 293313 293373 323393 P (MPa) 09.6 1.44.7 05.8 01.5 0.34 02.5 0.36.8 1.630.8 V (cm3 ) n.a. n.a. 30 30 30 30 n.a. n.a. Method AnTVcir SynNon AnTCapValVis SynTVis AnTCapValVis SynTVis AnTCapValVis SynOth

ity of depressurization and opening of the cell, so that CO2 would not freeze inside. The volume of the cell plays an important role in preventing the CO2 to freeze; this becomes more evident for the experiments with lower time of exposure. The authors point out

that the volume of the cell plays an important role, but they do not give information on the volume of their new cell. They only say that it should be as small as possible to prevent freezing of the CO2 .

Table 8 Binary systems: hydrogen + X. X 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidium lactate 1,2-Butylene carbonate 1-Hexadecanol 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate [bmim] [PF6 ] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate ([bmim] [CH3 SO4 ]) 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C6-mim] [Tf2N] Benzene Carbon dioxide Cis-Decahydronaphthalene Cyclohexane Methanol Methylcyclohexane Methylpalmitate Propane Propylene carbonate Pyrolysis gasoline (pygas) Toluene Reference Yuan et al. [782] Kumelan et al. [468] Rovetto et al. [621] Rovetto et al. [622] Kumelan et al. [460] Kumelan et al. [465] Kumelan et al. [462] T (K) 308328 283323 371450 370450 313373 293413 293413 P (MPa) 1.29.9 1.49.2 4.114.1 415 19.1 1.18.9 1.49.8 V (cm3 ) n.a. 30 3.5 3.5 29.5 29.2 29.5 Method SynT SynVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVis SynTVis SynVis

Trans-decahydronaphthalene

Tsuji et al. [722] Zhou et al. [813] Ke et al. [139] Zevnik and Levec [788] Tsuji et al. [723] Tsuji et al. [722] Descamps et al. [255] Descamps et al. [255] Tsuji et al. [722] Rovetto et al. [622] Zevnik and Levec [788] Shaharun et al. [146] Zhou et al. [813] Tsuji et al. [722] Yin [62] Zhou et al. [813] Tsuji et al. [723]

303303 298323 292304 298298 303303 303303 248308 278278 303303 360450 333333 298343 298343 303303 305343 298343 303303

0.94.6 1.64.6 8.413.4 0.96 1.74.4 0.84.7 03.4 00.3 1.24.3 315 1.47.1 0.11.5 0.55.5 1.24.4 1.47.1 1.67 1.74.2

37 600 320 300 37 37 30 30 37 3.5 300 300 600 37 177 600 37

SynVis SynT SynNonPcTc AnTX SynVis SynVis AnTCapValVis SynTVis SynVis SynVisVar AnTX SynT SynT SynVis AnPTSemX SynT SynVis

26 Table 9 Binary systems: nitrogen + X. X 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidium lactate 1-Hexene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (isooctane) 2-Butanol 2-Heptanol 2-Hexanol 2-Octanol 2-Pentanol 2-Propanol (isopropanol) Acetate Acetone Acetonitrile Aniline Benzene Diethylamine Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Dipropylamine Ethane Etheneoctene-copolymer Ethyl formate Methane Methyl formate n-Butyl acetate n-Butylamine n-Heptane n-Hexane n-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone n-Nonane n-Pentane Poly(propylene) Poly(propylene) branched Poly(propylene) linear Polyethylene terephthalate Polylactide Propionic aldehyde Pyridine Toluene Triethylamin Trioxane Water

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Reference Yuan et al. [782] Jabloniec et al. [380] Zhang et al. [790] Weng et al. [764] Weng et al. [763] Weng et al. [763] Weng et al. [763] Weng et al. [764] Weng et al. [764] Jabloniec et al. [380] Jabloniec et al. [380] Jabloniec et al. [380] Jabloniec et al. [380] Jabloniec et al. [380] Jabloniec et al. [380] Weng et al. [61] Weng [60] Jabloniec et al. [380] Janisch et al. [382] Li et al. [78] Jabloniec et al. [380] Janisch et al. [382] Jabloniec et al. [380] Jabloniec et al. [380] Jabloniec et al. [380] Garcia-Snchez et al. [308] Eliosa-Jimnez et al. [276] Jabloniec et al. [380] Weng [60] Silva-Oliver [682] Silva-Oliver [681] Li et al. [78] Li et al. [493] Li et al. [493] Faridi and Todd [50] Li et al. [35] Jabloniec et al. [380] Jabloniec et al. [380] Jabloniec et al. [380] Jabloniec et al. [380] Tanaka and Ogino [710] Koglbauer and Wendland [434] Mohammadi [550]

T (K) 308328 302363 269282 333393 333393 333393 333393 333393 333393 303363 303363 303363 303363 303363 303363 323393 323393 303363 149269 433473 303363 130179 303303 303363 303363 313523 344488 303393 323393 344543 344447 453493 453493 453493 323353 453473 303363 303363 303363 303363 323373 293373 282363

P (MPa) 2.18.7 03.2 2.79.4 20100 210 210 210 20100 20100 02.8 02.9 03.1 03.5 03.6 02.9 310 310 02.8 1.58 3.528 02.9 0.55 02.9 02.9 03 1.950.1 0.951.4 03.4 310 1.949.7 1.635.4 3.528 328 328 514 3.427.8 02.8 03.3 02.9 02.7 7.611.9 0.125 0.44.9

V (cm3 ) n.a. n.a. 474 300 300 300 300 300 300 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 600 600 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 100 100 n.a. 600 100 100 n.a. n.a. n.a. 45 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 50 49 28

Method SynT SynT AnT AnPTSemXY AnPTSemXY AnPTSemXY AnPTSemXY AnPTSemXY AnPTSemXY SynT SynT SynT SynT SynT SynT AnPTSemY AnPTSemXY SynT AnTLcirBlo AnGrav SynT AnTLcirBlo SynT SynT SynT AnTCapValVis AnTCapValVis SynT AnPTSemY AnTValVis AnTCapValVis AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnTMla AnGrav SynT SynT SynT SynT AnTY AnSpec AnTCapValVis

Table 10 Binary systems: oxygen + X. X 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidium lactate 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([bmim] [Tf2N]) 1-N-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate [bmim] [PF6 ] Butyl-methyl pyrrolidinium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([MeBuPyrr] [Tf2N]) Dimethyl carbonate Methyl-tri-butylammonium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([mebu3n] [Tf2N]) Nitrogen Toluene Tri-isobutyl-methyl phosphonium p-toluenesulfonate ([ibu3mep] [TOS]) Reference Yuan et al. [782] Anthony et al. [74] Kumelan et al. [458] Kumelan et al. [464] Anthony et al. [74] Hongling et al. [355] Anthony et al. [74] Baidakov et al. [180] Li et al. [490] Anthony et al. [74] T (K) 308328 283323 293373 293373 283323 293373 298298 80132 283393 323323 P (MPa) 1.19.7 01.3 1.29.1 1.29.1 01.3 212 01.3 03 0.20.9 01.3 V (cm3 ) n.a. n.a. 30 30 n.a. 100 n.a. n.a. 218.5 n.a. Method SynT AnGrav SynVis SynVis AnGrav AnTVarVis AnGrav SynVis SynT AnGrav

Table 11 Binary systems: carbon monoxide + X. X 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate [bmim] PF6 ] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate ([bmim] CH3 SO4 ]) Acetone Acetonitrile (ethanenitrile) Dimethyl carbonate Propane Propylene carbonate Trioxane Reference Kumelan et al. [459] Kumelan et al. [465] Lopez-Castillo et al. [526] Lopez-Castillo et al. [526] Hongling et al. [355] Kim and Kim [423] Shaharun et al. [146] Tanaka and Ogino [710] T (K) 293373 293413 313313 298313 293373 253323 298343 373373 P (MPa) 0.79.1 1.29.3 1.78.4 1.36.8 212 0.27.2 0.11.5 10.410.4 V (cm3 ) 29.5 29.2 n.a. n.a. 100 150 300 50 Method SynVis SynTVis AnTVarVis AnTVarVis AnTVarVis AnTVcirVis SynT AnTY

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 12 Binary systems: nitrous oxide + X. X 1,1,1,2,2-Pentauoroethane (HFC-125) 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([bmim] [Tf2N]) Carbon dioxide Diuoromethane (HFC-32) Ethane Fluoromethane (HFC-41) Triuoromethane (HFC-23) Trioxane Reference Di Nicola et al. [259] Anthony et al. [74] Di Nicola et al. [258] Di Nicola et al. [257] Corvaro et al. [234] Di Nicola et al. [257] Di Nicola et al. [257] Tanaka and Ogino [710] T (K) 217293 283323 214281 227303 215282 213282 214263 373373 P (MPa) 0.11.3 01.3 0.44.1 0.22.7 0.43.8 0.23.8 0.32.3 9.912.8 V (cm3 ) 273.5 n.a. 273.5 273.5 273.5 273.5 273.5 50

27

Method SynT AnGrav SynT SynT SynT SynT SynT AnTY

Faridi and Todd [50] used a very basic form of material loss analysis to measure the solubility of blowing agents in polyethylene terephthalate: they perform a fast depressurization and sampling, weigh the polymer sample just once and assume that this is the equilibrium value. No corrections for weight loss during depressurization and sampling were taken into account. As compared to analytical isobaricisothermal methods isothermal methods have the advantage that time for equilibration can
Table 13 Binary systems: methane + X. X 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidium lactate 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate [emim] EtSO4 ] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate [bmim] CH3 SO4 ] 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)amide [hmim] Tf2N] 2-Methylpropane (isobutane) Aniline Carbon dioxide Dimethylsulde Ethane Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol (MEG) Ethylmercaptan Ethylmethylsulde Methyldiethanolamine Methylmercaptan n-Butane n-Decane n-Heptadecane n-Hexane Nitrogen N-Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) Peruoromethylcyclohexane Poly(vinylidene uoride) Polyamide (PA-11) Propane Tetracosane Tetrauoromethane (CFC-14) Triethylene glycol Trioxane Water Reference Yuan et al. [782] Petermann et al. [79] Kumelan et al. [467] Kumelan et al. [466]

be easily extended. If carried out carefully they can produce very reliable results. 19.7% of all systems investigated of this review have been measured with an analytical isothermal method. 3.1.2. Analytical isobaricisothermal methods (AnPT) In isobaricisothermal methods, often called dynamic methods, one or more uid streams are pumped continuously into a ther-

T (K) 308328 298298 293413 293413

P (MPa) 110.3 0.16 1.38.8 0.89.3

V (cm3 ) n.a. n.a. 30 30

Method SynT AnGrav SynVis SynVis

Li et al. [496] Ventura et al. [739] Le [481] Guilbot et al. [331] Guilbot et al. [331] Janisch et al. [382] Abdi et al. [163] Folas et al. [299] Guilbot et al. [331] Guilbot et al. [331] Schmidt et al. [640] Guilbot et al. [331] Gozalpour et al. [321] Gozalpour et al. [321] Pauly [597] Luo et al. [45] Janisch et al. [382] Jou and Mather [397] Gozalpour et al. [320] von Solms [80] von Solms [747] Kandil et al. [117] Reis [613] Deiters and Randzio [252] Zhu et al. [816] Jerinic et al. [388] Tanaka and Ogino [710] Abdi et al. [163] Chapoy et al. [216] Chapoy et al. [216] Chapoy et al. [217] Folas et al. [65] Gayet et al. [313] Kang et al. [128] Kim et al. [426] Lee [486] Qin et al. [605] Turner et al. [726] Voronov et al. [750] Yarrison et al. [774] Yasuda and Ohmura [775]

190409 302370 168187 252313 313313 139270 298298 278323 272313 247313 298423 243298 310310 310310 283374 298298 130179 298403 373373 353393 323363 315340 305329 318332 159178 298316 373373 324324 283293 283318 277297 253293 275300 271284 280280 276281 324375 273285 270285 310477 244274

3.611.6 6.774.4 0.93 010.3 0.312 0.46.6 5.920.3 520 010.7 011.6 020 08.1 10.812.8 10.334.4 0.199.3 28.1 0.55 0.120.3 4.916.7 515.8 5.115.8 2.86.8 8.59.4 0180 0.23.1 1.68.6 13.513.5 1040 1035 0.934.6 0.44.3 1.518 3.155 210 10.114.3 3.66 30.149.9 2.59 2.19.1 3.4110.3 0.92.9

18 30 n.a. 30 30 n.a. n.a. 450 30 30 n.a. 30 400 400 30 360 n.a. n.a. 400 n.a. n.a. 60 5 n.a. 300 1000 50 n.a. 34 34 20 300 250 350 n.a. 474 200 n.a. n.a. 1300 200

SynVisPcTc SynVisVar SynVis SynTVis AnTCapValVis AnTLcirBlo AnT AnTVar SynTVis SynTVis AnTVcir SynTVis AnTVcirValVis AnTVcirValVis SynVisVar AnTLcirBloVar AnTLcirBlo AnTVcir AnTVcirValVis AnGrav AnGrav SynNon SynNonPcTc SynNon AnTVcir AnT AnTY AnT AnTCapVal AnTCapVal AnTCapValVis AnPTSemY SynNonVis SynNon SynVisVar SynNon AnT SynNon SynNon AnPTSemY SynNon

28 Table 14 Binary systems: ethane + X. X 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate [emim] EtSO4 ] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([bmim] Tf2N]) 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [hmim] Tf2N] 1-Propanol Carbon dioxide Diamantane Diethylene glycol (DEG) Ethylene glycol Hexauoroethane (PFC-116) Methane Methanol n-Decane n-Eicosane n-Hexadecane n-Hexatriacontane Nitrogen Nitrous oxide n-Octacosane n-Tetracontane Poly(ethylene) 23,625 Poly(ethylene) 52,000 Poly(ethylene) 59,300 Poly(ethylene) 7000 Poly(ethylene) 800 Poly(ethylene-co-20,2 mol%-1-butene) (PEB10) Tetrauoromethane (CFC-14) Triuoromethane (HFC-23) Water

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Reference Petermann et al. [79] Anthony et al. [74] Florusse et al. [298] Jimnez-Gallegos et al. [390] Gil et al. [115] Poot and de Loos [604] Jou et al. [395] Jou et al. [398] Zhang et al. [804] Zhang et al. [805] Janisch et al. [382] Rufne et al. [27] Schwarz et al. [17] Schwarz et al. [17] Schwarz et al. [17] Schwarz et al. [17] Janisch et al. [382] Corvaro et al. [234] Schwarz et al. [17] Gregorowicz [324] Gregorowicz [324] Gregorowicz [324] Gregorowicz [324] Gregorowicz [324] Gregorowicz [324] Kostko et al. [445] Zhu et al. [815] Zhang et al. [806] Kim et al. [426] Mohammadi et al. [556] Mokraoui et al. [558] Yarrison et al. [774] Yasuda and Ohmura [775]

T (K) 298298 283323 298360 313348 291304 290512 298398 298398 199242 189252 139270 193309 310360 310360 310360 350366 149269 215282 330360 360423 360423 360423 360423 360423 360423 368424 179210 188243 277280 275282 288303 314466 244275

P (MPa) 0.16 01.3 0.313 0.89.4 57.1 0.8197.9 020.4 020.3 0.11.2 01.6 0.46.6 0.15.1 4.69.3 5.712.7 5.29.5 13.422.4 1.58 0.43.8 9.113 0.1160 0.1160 0.1160 0.1160 0.1160 0.1160 111.6128.4 02.1 01.6 10.115.1 0.61.4 3.43.4 3.4110.3 0.10.6

V (cm3 ) n.a. n.a. 3.5 40 4 n.a. n.a. n.a. 300 300 n.a. 100 40 40 40 40 n.a. 273.5 40 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 15 300 300 n.a. 58 34 1300 200

Method AnGrav AnGrav SynVisVar AnTCapValVisPc SynVisConPcTc SynVis AnTVcir AnTVcir AnTVcirCap AnTVcir AnTLcirBlo AnTVcirBloValVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTLcirBlo SynT SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTVcir AnTVcir SynVisVar SynNon AnTCapVal AnPTSemY SynNon

mostated equilibrium cell. The pressure is kept constant during the experiment by controlling an efuent stream, usually of the vapor phase. 3.1.2.1. Continuous-ow methods (AnPTCon). In a typical design of a continuous-ow method, high-pressure metering pumps feed the preheated components into a mixer, where the desired temperature and phase equilibrium is attained. Often, static mixers are used [51]. The feed stream from the mixer is separated in an equilibrium cell into a vapor and a liquid phase. Efuents from both phases are withdrawn continually, depressurized, accumulated and analyzed, usually after the experiment. The pressure in the equilibrium cell is adjusted by controlling the efuent stream of the top phase. The interface level between the uid phases in the equilibrium cell can be adjusted with the bottom-phase expansion valve, whereby the interface level is usually determined visually, e.g. Shimoyama et al. [52]. Continuous-ow methods have the advantage that sampling does not disturb the equilibrium. If larger samples are needed for analyses, the run time of the experiment can be extended to accumulate more material. Measurements at higher temperatures are possible without thermal decomposition or polymerization reactions due to the short residence time of the components in the apparatus. Therefore, continous-ow methods should be preferred when working with temperature-sensitive compounds. Using a continuous-ow method, Fang et al. [53] measured phase equilibria for methanol + methyl-esteried deodorizer destillate of soybean oil at temperatures up to 598 K. Continuous-ow methods can be used only for systems where the time needed to attain phase equilibrium is sufciently short.

3.1.2.2. Semi-ow methods (AnPTSem). In semi-ow methods, only one phase is owing while the other phase stays in an equilibrium cell. Semi-ow methods are sometimes called single-pass ow methods, gas-saturation methods or pure-gas circulation methods. A uid stream from a high-pressure reservoir is passed through two cells in series containing the solute, either a liquid or a solid. The rst cell serves as a presaturator and the second cell as equilibrium cell. Often, a syringe pump is used since it operates at constant pressure and enables a pulse-free constant uid ow [54]. Usually, the efuent is a supercritical uid and the method is used to determine the solubility of a liquid or solid in the supercritical uid. Roth and coworkers [55] used a semi-ow method to determine the solubility of solids in hot pressurized water. Upon equilibration, the efuent is reduced in pressure and directed to a trap where the condensed solute is collected. The quantity of the gas coming out of the trap can be determined volumetrically, e.g. with a wet test meter. Most often, only the composition of the efuent phase (vapor or liquid) is analyzed (AnPTSemY), for example to determine the solubility of a low-boiling (liquid or solid) substance in a supercritical uid [56]. The composition of the vapor-phase efuent can be determined in many different ways, e.g. by using a spectroscopic method [54], by using a multi-port sampling valve and subsequent HPLC analysis [57] or after expansion to atmospheric pressure using a cold trap [58], an absorption bath [59], or a short column lled with an appropriate adsorbent that captures the solute from the efuent stream [60]. Kautz et al. [54] used a modied supercritical uid chromatograph to measure the solubility of dyes in CO2 . The column was lled with nely pulverized dyestuff. Analysis of the vapor-phase stream is done by VIS-spectroscopy (AnPTSemYSpec).

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 15 Binary systems: propane + X. X 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptauoropropane (HFC-227ea) 1,1,1,2-Tetrauoroethane (HFC-134a) 1,1,1-Triuoroethane (HFC-143a) 1,1-Diuoroethane (HFC-152a) 1-Decanol 1-Docosanol (behenyl alcohol) 1-Dodecanol (lauryl alcohol) 1-Hexadecanol 1-Hexadecanol (cetyl alcohol, palmityl alcohol) 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [bmim] Tf2N] 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tri(bisuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C6mim] Tf2N] 1-Octadecanol (stearyl alcohol) 1-Propanol 2-Methylpropane (isobutane) 2-Propanol (isopropanol) Alkane C102 wax AOT surfactant Camphor Carbon monoxide Castor oil Diamantane Dimethyl ether Ethyl tetradecanoate (ethyl myristate) Ethylvanillin Glycidyl methacrylate Hardened rapeseed oil Rp70 Hydrogen Hydrogen chloride Methane Methyl tetradecanoate (methyl myristate) n-Butane Reference Lim et al. [507] Lim et al. [503] Im et al. [368] Lim et al. [503] Park et al. [595] Schwarz and Knoetze [644] Schwarz and Knoetze [644] Schwarz and Knoetze [644] Rovetto et al. [621] Schwarz and Knoetze [644] Lee and Outcalt [483] Kim et al. [425] T (K) 273323 273323 313363 268318 273313 378408 378408 378408 312450 378408 279339 298298 P (MPa) 0.11.8 0.22.1 1.34.4 0.42.3 0.21.5 3.76.7 4.18.3 3.56.8 1.310.1 47.5 01 0.30.7 V (cm3 ) 85 85 320 85 128 40 40 40 3.5 40 35.9 n.a. Method AnTVLcirValVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTVcir SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynTVis AnTVcirVal

29

n-Tetradecane o-Ethylvanillin o-Vanillin Parant C80 wax Poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) Poly(2-ethylhexyl methacrylate) Poly(decyl acrylate) Poly(ethylene) 23,625 Poly(ethylene) 52,000 Poly(ethylene) 59,300 Poly(ethylene) 7000 Poly(ethylene) 800 Poly(isopropyl acrylate) Progesterone Propene Squalane Sulfolane Tetracontane Tetradecanoic acid (myristic acid) Unilin 550 Unithox 550 Vanillin Water

Schwarz and Knoetze [644] Jimnez-Gallegos et al. [390] Naidoo et al. [25] Kayukawa et al. [415] Kayukawa et al. [416] Zevnik and Levec [788] Schwarz et al. [643] Benazzi [186] Carvalho et al. [210] Kim and Kim [423] Lanza et al. [477] Poot and de Loos [604] Yasumoto et al. [776] Schwarz et al. [645] Knez et al. [102] Franceschi et al. [301] Mnkl et al. [565] Zevnik and Levec [788] Llovell et al. [524] Kandil et al. [117] Reis et al. [613] Schwarz et al. [645] Kayukawa et al. [415] Kayukawa et al. [416] Seong et al. [655] Gregorowicz [324] Schwarz et al. [645] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Schwarz et al. [642] Liu et al. [519] Liu et al. [519] Byun and Lee [201] Gregorowicz [324] Gregorowicz [324] Gregorowicz [324] Gregorowicz [324] Gregorowicz [324] Byun and McHugh [206] Favareto et al. [291] Ho et al. [41] Hong et al. [352] Schmidt [639] Gregorowicz [104] Schwarz et al. [645] Schwarz et al. [641] Schwarz et al. [641] Knez et al. [102] Gaudette and Servio [312] Melnikov et al. [113] Mohammadi et al. [556] Mokraoui et al. [558] Yasuda and Ohmura [775]

378408 318348 323393 240380 260320 333393 408408 298343 304384 253323 303343 398512 369399 378408 345347 313343 328363 333333 273369 315340 305329 378408 240380 270310 273323 360423 378408 330337 311315 378408 354452 335454 332453 360423 360423 360423 360423 360423 437475 314363 273313 324400 298403 322338 378408 378408 378408 352353 274276 257275 274278 298343 245275

3.97.6 0.52.6 0.24 03.3 0.11.3 5.27.4 520 0.92.7 14.8 0.27.2 1.821.8 3.713.2 4.25.2 3.46.8 0.929.2 1.32.3 0.97.1 1.47.1 0.48.2 2.86.8 8.59.4 3.46.8 03.1 0.10.9 0.11.7 0.1160 2.96.4 0.228 0.929.3 3.99.6 13.627.4 14.330.1 16.928.5 0.1160 0.1160 0.1160 0.1160 0.1160 92.9277.1 1.74.9 0.41.6 01.2 0.117.6 2.4106.1 3.88.4 3.413..8 4.426.8 0.827 0.10.3 0.10.3 0.20.5 0.92.6 00.2

40 40 200 n.a. n.a. 300 40 27 25 150 n.a. n.a. 16 40 74 25 3.5 300 n.a. 60 5 40 n.a. n.a. 85 n.a. 40 74 74 40 28 28 28 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 28 25 85 329.2 150 n.a. 40 40 40 74 n.a. 100 58 34 200

SynVisVar AnTCapValVisPc AnTValVisVar SynNonVar AnTVLcirVal AnTX SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTVcirVis SynVisVar SynVis SynVisVarPcTc SynVisVar SynVis SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTX SynVisVar SynNon SynNonPcTc SynVisVar SynNonVar AnTVLcirVal AnTVLcirValVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVis SynVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVIsVar AnTVLcirVis SynTVcir AnTVcirX SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVis AnT SynVis SynNon AnTCapVal SynNon

When a semi-ow method is used for the measurement of vaporliquid equilibria AnPTSemXY, the composition of the liquid phase needs to be determined. Therefore, a sample from the liquid phase is withdrawn through tubing, depressurized, and

analyzed, e.g. Weng et al. [61]. Semi-ow methods can also be used to measure the solubility of a gas in a liquid, e.g. Yin and Tan [62]. The experimental procedure (AnPTSemX) is similar to the one for measuring vaporliquid equilibria, but there is no

30 Table 16 Binary systems: n-butane + X. X 1,1,1,2,2-Pentauoroethane (HFC-125) 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptauoropropane (HFC-227ea) 1,1,1,2-Tetrauoroethane (HFC-134a) 1,1,1-Triuoroethane (HFC-143a) 1,1-Diuoroethane (HFC-152a) 1-Butanol 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [bmim] [Tf2N] 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methylpropane (isobutane) 2-Propanol (isopropanol) 2-Propanone Castor oil Diuoromethane (HFC-32) Dimethyl ether Methane Methanol Poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) Poly(2-ethylhexyl methacrylate) Poly(decyl acrylate) Poly(ethylene) (LDPE) Poly(isopropyl acrylate) Progesterone Propane

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Reference Fedele et al. [294] Im et al. [367] Seong et al. [653] Im et al. [367] Lim et al. [505] Im et al. [373] Seong et al. [654] Im et al. [371] Lim et al. [504] DellEra et al. [254] Lee and Outcalt [483] DellEra et al. [254] DellEra et al. [254] Kayukawa et al. [415] DellEra et al. [254] Pasanen et al. [596] Lanza et al. [477] Fedele et al. [295] Im et al. [367] Yasumoto et al. [776] Gozalpour et al. [321] DellEra et al. [254] Liu et al. [519] Liu et al. [519] Byun and Lee [201] Wang et al. [757] Byun and McHugh [206] Favareto et al. [291] Kayukawa et al. [415] Kayukawa et al. [416] Seong et al. [655] Mokraoui et al. [558]

T (K) 278298 313333 273323 313333 273323 313363 273323 313363 273323 364364 280340 364364 364364 240380 364364 364364 303423 263293 313333 3995 310310 364364 373453 377455 354454 383473 446484 323368 240380 270310 273323 293353

P (MPa) 0.11.3 0.33.1 0.10.9 0.31.7 0.11.3 0.33.7 0.12.2 0.32.9 0.11.2 01.2 00.3 01.2 0.11.2 02.1 0.11.2 0.21.2 0.423.8 01.4 0.33.9 3.75.2 10.812.8 0.21.4 2.314.1 4.615.3 1.914.3 0.33.4 73.8233.3 0.82.6 03.1 0.10.9 0.11.7 0.21

V (cm3 ) 50 320 85 320 85 320 85 320 85 n.a. 35.9 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 113.1 n.a. 50 320 16 400 n.a. 28 28 28 42 28 25 n.a. n.a. 85 34

Method AnTVcirVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTVLcirVis SynT SynTVis SynT SynT SynNonVar SynT SynT SynVisVar AnTVcirVis AnTVLcirValVis SynVisVarPcTc AnTVcirValVis SynT SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynT SynVisVar SynVIsVar SynNonVar AnTVLcirVal AnTVLcirValVis AnTCapVal

Water

need to determine the composition of the efuent from the vapor phase. The major uncertainty of all ow methods is the possible lack of attainment of equilibrium. Another difculty is the partial condensation of the solute from the saturated vapor stream in the tubing, particularly in and after the expansion valve. This undesired variable hold-up of the solute leads to scattering results. After having blocked off the equilibrium cell at the end of an experiment, a stream of CO2 can be used to collect precipitated solute from the tubing and from the expansion valve. To avoid unwanted precipitation after the restrictor, zcan and zcan [63] added a ow of 0.1 ml methanol/min between the restrictor and the back pressure regulator to the CO2 stream of 1 ml/min. Banchero et al. [64] used an experimental technique that allowed the measurement of high concentrations of dyestuff in

a supercritical uid. Glass wool before and after the packed bed guarantees a uniform ow distribution and prevents particle entrainment. A line by-passing the extractor allows solubility measurements at high concentrations. It dilutes the saturated uid stream with clean CO2 and reduces the risk of valve clogging and ow rate instability. Folas et al. [65] used a semiow method to determine the solubility of water in nitrogen, methane and a synthetic natural gas. Instead of a presaturator they used a supersaturator consisting of two cylinders in series that dissolves water in the gas stream at a higher temperature than the desired equilibrium temperature. Then the saturated gas stream ows through a condenser that is thermostated at the desired equilibrium temperature. A part of the dissolved water is precipitated in the condenser which consists of three cylinders in series. A high pressure dew point mirror is used to determine when stable conditions are reached in

Table 17 Binary systems: n-hexane + X. X Carbon dioxide Ethene Methane n-Hexadecane Nitrogen n-Octadecane n-Tridecane Peruoro-n-octane Poly(ethylene) (LLDPE) Poly(ethylene) 108,000 Poly(ethylene) 15,000 Water Reference Lay et al. [478] Wang et al. [753] Nagy et al. [567] Luo et al. [45] Morawski et al. [561] Eliosa-Jimnez et al. [276] Jabloniec et al. [380] Morawski et al. [561] Morawski et al. [561] Pratas de Melo et al. [110] Pratas de Melo et al. [110] Nagy et al. [568] Haruki et al. [100] Haruki et al. [100] Mokraoui et al. [558] T (K) 293308 323333 390495 298298 293343 344488 303393 293343 293343 310394 310394 410495 373473 373473 298353 P (MPa) 1.77.3 7.29.2 1.59 28.1 9.21045 0.951.4 03.4 8.8677.4 1331163.7 0.1143 0.1143 0.69.6 0.18.5 0.14.7 0.40.5 V (cm3 ) 130 n.a. n.a. 360 n.a. 100 n.a. n.a. n.a. 1 1.6 3.5 20 20 34 Method AnTVisVar SynVisVar SynVisPcTc AnTLcirBloVar SynNonVar AnTCapValVis SynT SynNonVar SynNonVar SynVis SynVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTCapVal

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 18 Binary systems: ethene + X. X Eicosane n-Tetracontane Poly(ethylene) 800 Poly(ethylene) 7000 Poly(ethylene) 23,625 Poly(ethylene) 52,000 Poly(ethylene) 59,300 Methanol Poly(ethene-co-methacrylic acid) Ethanol 2-Propanol (isopropanol) Toluene n-Hexane Trioxane Poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate-co-vinyl acetate) Poly(ethylene-co-butyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) Reference Gregorowicz [104] Gregorowicz [324] Gregorowicz [324] Gregorowicz [324] Gregorowicz [324] Gregorowicz [324] Gregorowicz [324] Haneda et al. [337] Kleiner et al. [429] Kodama et al. [431] Kodama et al. [432] Lee et al. [484] Nagy et al. [567] Tanaka and Ogino [710] Tumakaka et al. [725] Tumakaka et al. [725] T (K) 290348 360423 360423 360423 360423 360423 360423 278283 520535 283283 283283 323423 390495 323373 373503 373528 P (MPa) 5.550.2 0.1160 0.1200 0.1200 0.1200 0.1200 0.1200 25.9 220275 1.25.2 2.25 0.42.8 1.59 9.99.9 132212 103265 V (cm3 ) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 320 16 320 320 n.a. n.a. 50.0 65 65 Method

31

SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTVLcir SynVisVar AnTVLcir AnTVLcir SynT SynVisPcTc AnTY SynVisVar SynVisVar

Table 19 Binary systems: propene + X. X 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [bmim] Tf2N] 2-Propanol (isopropanol) Diuoromethane (HFC-32) Dimethyl ether Poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) Poly(2-ethylhexyl methacrylate) Poly(decyl acrylate) Poly(-caprolactone) Poly(isopropyl acrylate) Propane Trioxane Reference Lee and Outcalt [483] Stringari et al. [691] Ho et al. [349] Giles and Wilson [317] Liu et al. [519] Liu et al. [519] Byun and Lee [201] Byun et al. [202] Byun and McHugh [206] Ho et al. [41] Tanaka and Ogino [710] T (K) 279339 300350 273313 253293 373453 334453 334453 419474 335454 273313 378378 P (MPa) 01.2 0.52.6 0.52.8 0.11 1728.7 11.431.2 9.627.7 182.5276.7 61.6194.3 0.41.6 6.26.2 V (cm3 ) 35.9 n.a. 85 n.a. 28 28 28 28 28 85 50 Method SynTVis SynNon AnTVLcirVis SynT SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTVLcirVis AnTY

the experimental equipment. During measurements the gas ow bypasses the mirror. Both saturation and condensation are done at the same pressure. A Karl Fischer (KF) coulometric titrator from Metrohm is used to measure the water content in the gas from the condenser. 3.1.2.3. Chromatographic methods (AnPTChro). Chromatographic methods measure solute retention in a chromatographic column and connect it with the Gibbs energy of solute transfer between the stationary and the mobile phase. Roth [66] gives a review on applications of supercritical uid chromatography (SFC) for the determination of the relative values of solute solubilities in supercritical uids, and on the determination of solute partition coefcients between a supercritical uid and the stationary phase.
Table 20 Binary systems: 1-butene + X. X 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [bmim] [Tf2N] 1-Propanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methylpropane 2-Propanol (isopropanol) 2-Propanone Methanol Poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) Poly(2-ethylhexyl methacrylate) Poly(decyl acrylate) Poly(-caprolactone) Poly(isopropyl acrylate) Reference Lee and Outcalt [483] Visuri et al. [743] Visuri et al. [743] Visuri et al. [743] Li et al. [496] Visuri et al. [743] Pasanen et al. [596] Visuri et al. [743] Liu et al. [519] Liu et al. [519] Byun and Lee [201] Byun et al. [202] Byun and McHugh [206]

In SFC, the thermodynamic analysis of solute retention is more difcult than in GC because the uptake of the mobile phase uid by the stationary phase is no longer negligible. Chromatographic methods have as advantage the possibility to determine equilibrium properties and diffusion coefcients in one experiment [67]. Suleiman et al. [68] combined a supercritical uid chromatographic technique (AnPTChro) in combination with the semi-ow method (AnPTSemY) to determine the solubility of anti-inammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-HIV drugs in supercritical CO2 . The chromatographic method provided the retention times of the solutes of interest and those of an un-retained substance, which were used to obtain equilibrium partition coefcients. The partition coefcients were subsequently used to obtain

T (K) 280340 364364 364364 364364 409421 364364 364364 364364 353432 374455 395454 425484 350474

P (MPa) 00.3 01.5 01.5 0.11.5 3.64 0.11.5 0.21.5 0.21.6 4.312.9 2.915 5.313.9 161283.6 342347

V (cm3 ) 35.9 113 113 113 18 113 113.1 112.7 28 28 28 28 28

Method SynTVis SynT SynT SynT SynVisPcTc SynT SynT SynT SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar

32 Table 21 Binary systems: methanol + X. X 1-Butene 2-Methylpropene Ammonia -Tocopherol C18 methyl esters Carbon dioxide

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Reference Visuri et al. [743] Hynynen et al. [364] Schfer et al. [636] Schfer et al. [636] Fang et al. [290] Fang et al. [290] Ke et al. [139] Naidoo et al. [25] Schwinghammer et al. [646] Xie et al. [770] Wierink et al. [765] Yunhai et al. [787] Rufne [27] Haneda et al. [337] Descamps et al. [255] Descamps et al. [255] Laavi et al. [475] Shimoyama [669] Shimoyama [669] Fang et al. [53] DellEra et al. [254] Roininen et al. [620] Tang et al. [711]

T (K) 364364 364364 313395 353393 523573 523573 304328 263373 303303 313313 364364 337428 193309 278283 248308 278278 364364 493543 493543 523598 364364 364364 353463

P (MPa) 0.21.6 0.21.6 0.14.2 0.11.6 3.315 2.411.4 7.310.4 0.712 0.85.4 0.97.9 0.21.3 01.5 0.15.1 25..9 03.4 00.3 0.21.8 2.18.4 2.48.4 8.224.5 0.21.4 0.21.3 610

V (cm3 ) 112.7 n.a. 30 1600 31 31 320 200 140 20 112.7 138.11 100 320 30 30 113 31 31 31 n.a. 113 50

Method SynT SynT SynVis AnT AnPTConVis AnPTConVis SynNonPcTc AnTValVisVar AnTVcirVis SynVisVar SynT SynTVis AnTVcirBloValVis AnTVLcir AnTCapValVis SynTVis SynT AnPTConVis AnPTConVis AnPTConVis SynT SynT AnTVisVar

Cis-2-Butene Dimethyl carbonate Ethane Ethene Hydrogen Isobutane (2-methylpropane) Methyl laurate Methyl myristate Methyl-esteried deodorizer destillate of soybean oil (squalene, tocopherols, sterols, FAME) N-Butane Trans-2-butene Triolein

solubilities at various temperatures and pressures. A few experimental solubility data obtained with the semi-ow method were used to provide a calibration parameter for the chromatographic method. Machida et al. [69] used an inverse supercritical-uid chromatographic method to measure innite dilution partition coefcients of aromatic compounds between an ionic liquid and CO2 .

3.1.3. Analytical isobaric methods (AnP) The boiling temperature of a mixture is measured at isobaric conditions and phase compositions are determined after sampling and analysis. Typically, isobaric experiments are performed in an ebulliometer (from latin ebullio to boil, to bubble up), which is a one-stage total-reux boiler equipped with a vapor-lift pump to spray slugs of equilibrated liquid and vapor onto a thermometer well. As opposed to the more frequently used synthetic-isobaric method (SynP), vapor and liquid streams are separated, collected and can be sampled and analyzed. The compositions of the liquid and the vapor phase change with time and reach a steady state which should not differ signicantly from the true equilibrium value. Usually, analytical isobaric methods are used to measure low-pressure data. Then, it is often called the dynamic VLE method.
Table 22 Binary systems: ethanol + X. X 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptauoropropane (HFC-227ea) Carbon dioxide Reference

3.1.4. Analytical spectroscopic methods (AnSpec) Using spectroscopic methods, the composition of the phases is analyzed at high pressures without having to take samples. Often, infrared techniques are used. Koglbauer and Wendland [34] developed an apparatus where a high-pressure view cell was placed in the sample compartment of an Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer to measure the solubility of water in compressed synthetic air. The IR light absorbance could be measured in situ in the gas phase, which was inside the view cell in equilibrium with the relatively thin liquid phase. The IR light absorbance in compressed air is related to that in saturated pure water vapor. An additional calibration in a homogeneous compressed air sample with known humidity content is needed to correct for the effect of the gas density on the FTIR spectra. Haines et al. [70] applied near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to determine the solubility of surfactants in CO2 . Pasquali et al. [71] used attenuated total reection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy to simultaneously measure the sorption of CO2 in polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the polymer swelling. Rondinone et al. [72] developed a single-crystal sapphire cell that allows unobstructed spectroscopic access to the cell for performing neutron-scattering experiments on gas hydrates. Since sapphire contains only aluminum and oxygen, it possesses a low incoherent neutron scattering and absorption cross-section and

T (K) 283343 291313 333333 313353 291291 293353 291323 333496 283283 493543 493543 338357 456598 456598

P (MPa) 01.4 2.48.1 310.4 1.313.9 25.4 3.511 3.38.1 6.714.8 1.25.2 2.27 2.16.9 015 2.115.5 2.115.5

V (cm3 ) 75 n.a. 100 500 320 60 60 n.a. 320 31 31 150 32.56 32.56

Method SynNon SynVisVar AnTCapValVisPc AnTVLcirVis AnTVLcir AnTVisVar SynNonLCirVisVar SynNonCon AnTVLcir AnPTConVis AnPTConVis SynVisVar SynOthPcTc SynOthPcTc

Ethene Ethyl laurate Ethyl myristate Poly(methyl methacrylate) Water

Gordon et al. [319] Chiu et al. [225] Elizalde-Solis and Galicia-Luna [277] Knez et al. [430] Kodama and Kato [433] Secuianu et al. [650] Stievano and Elvassore [122] Wu et al. [133] Kodama et al. [431] Shimoyama [52] Shimoyama [52] Matsuyama [542] Bazaev et al. [183] Bazaev et al. [185]

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 23 Binary systems: dimethyl ether + X. X 1,1,1,2,2-Pentauoroethane (HFC-125) 1,1,1,2-Tetrauoroethane (HFC-134a) 1-Octene 2-Methylpropane (isobutane) Benzene Diuoromethane (HFC-32) Reference Im et al. [370] Im et al. [369] Valtz et al. [731] Park et al. [594] Yasumoto et al. [776] Park et al. [594] Coquelet et al. [230] Fedele et al. [293] Im et al. [369] Hongling et al. [355] Yasumoto et al. [776] Park et al. [594] Park et al. [594] Byun and Lee [201] Byun et al. [202] Park et al. [590] Park et al. [591] Byun and McHugh [206] Park et al. [590] Park et al. [591] Shin et al. [675] Shin et al. [675] Shin et al. [675] Shin et al. [675] Shin et al. [675] Shin et al. [675] Park et al. [591] Park [592] Yasumoto et al. [776] Giles and Wilson [317] Park et al. [594] Park et al. [594] T (K) 313363 313343 293358 323323 399407 323323 283363 258293 313343 293373 3995 323323 323323 374454 328471 312413 312413 373452 331412 331412 372452 325452 330453 414473 394452 410452 300408 300408 369399 253293 323323 323323 P (MPa) 0.83.9 8.621 0.42.8 01.1 3.65.2 01.1 0.45.5 0.11.4 10.448.8 03.2 3.75.2 01.1 01.1 4.417.7 26.149.4 13.135.5 13.135.5 4.118.1 3.124.9 3.124.9 519.1 1131.5 1.725.8 11.318.7 6.713.9 6.711.2 25.244 25.244 4.25.2 0.11 01.1 01.1 V (cm3 ) 320 320 n.a. n.a. 16 n.a. n.a. 50 320 100 16 n.a. n.a. 28 28 n.a. n.a. 28 n.a. n.a. 28 28 28 28 28 28 n.a. n.a. 16 n.a. n.a. n.a. Method

33

Dimethyl carbonate n-Butane n-Decane n-Dodecane Poly(decyl acrylate) Poly(-caprolactone)

Poly(isopropyl acrylate) Poly(l-lactide) Poly(p-decyloxymethyl styrene) Poly(p-decylsulfonylmethyl styrene) Poly(p-decylthiomethyl styrene) Poly(p-peruorooctyl-ethylene sulfonylmethyl styrene) Poly(p-peruorooctyl-ethyleneoxymethyl styrene) Poly(p-peruorooctyl-ethylenethiomethyl styrene) Polystyrene Propane Propene Toluene Water

AnTVLcirVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTCapValVis SynT SynVisVarPcTc SynT AnTCapValVis AnTVcirVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTVarVis SynVisVarPcTc SynT SynT SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVarPcTc SynT SynT SynT

Table 24 Binary systems: chlorodiuoromethane (HCFC-22) + X. X Dimethylether of tetraethyleneglycol (DMETEG) N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) Poly(-caprolactone) Reference Jelinek et al. [384] He et al. [344] Byun et al. [202] Park et al. [591] Park et al. [592] Park et al. [591] Park et al. [592] Spilimbergo et al. [123] T (K) 298393 283363 312444 322412 322412 332410 332410 309324 P (MPa) 01.9 01.9 4.345.4 1.529.3 1.529.3 3.626.1 3.626.1 0.10.7 V (cm3 ) n.a. 80 28 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Method SynNon SynTVcirVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynNon

Poly(l-lactide) Tristearin

Table 25 Binary systems: triuoromethane (HFC-23) + X. X 1,1,1,2-Tetrauoroethane (HFC-134a) 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazoium hexyuorophosphate [bmim] [PF6 ] Carbon dioxide Ethane Ethylvanillin Nitrous oxide o-Ethylvanillin o-Vanillin Poly(l-lactide) Vanillin Water Reference Cui et al. [238] Shariati et al. [659] Shiett and Yokozeki [662] Nasrifar et al. [571] Zhang et al. [806] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Di Nicola et al. [257] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Park et al. [591] Park et al. [592] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Mooijer-van den Heuvel et al. [560] T (K) 258293 303363 282348 263302 188243 313333 337347 214263 313333 315336 296314 313333 333415 333415 313333 347354 282293 P (MPa) 0.23.4 0.541 02 1.97 01.6 3.224.7 0.231 0.32.3 4.320 0.224.7 0.24.1 2.425.2 93.1116 93.1116 3.120.2 0.130.6 0.94.1 V (cm3 ) 80 n.a. n.a. 3.5 300 120 74 273.5 120 74 74 120 n.a. n.a. 120 74 3.5 Method AnTLcirVis SynVisVar AnGrav SynVisVar AnTVcir AnT SynVis SynT AnT SynVis SynVis AnT SynVisVar SynVisVar AnT SynVis SynVisVar

34 Table 26 Binary systems: diuoromethane (HFC-32) + X. X 1,1,1,2-Tetrauoroethane (HFC-134a)

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Reference Cui et al. [239] Kato and Nishiumi [40] Kato and Nishiumi [40] Shiett et al. [663] Shiett et al. [663]

T (K) 258343 323350 354368 298298 283348

P (MPa) 0.14.8 1.14.8 4.55.6 01 01

V (cm3 ) 80 1200 1200 n.a. n.a.

Method AnTVcirVis AnTLcirVisVar SynVisVarPcTc AnGrav AnGrav

1,2-Dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)-imide [dmpim] [BMeI] 1,2-Dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium tris(triuoromethylsulfonyl)-methide [dmpim] [TMeM] 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium 1,1,2,2-tetrauoroethanesulfonate [emim] [TFES] 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(pentauoroethylsulfonyl)imide [emim] [BEI] 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [emim] [BMeI] 1-Heptyl-3-methylimidazolium 1,1,2,2-tetrauoroethanesulfonate [C7-mim] [TFES] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazoium hexyuorophosphate [bmim] [PF6 ] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazoium tetrauoroborate [bmim] [BF4 ] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium 1,1,2,2-tetrauoroethanesulfonate [bmim] [TFES] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexauoropropanesulfonate [bmim] [HFPS] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium 1,1,2-triuoro2-(peruoroethoxy)ethanesulfonate [bmim] [TPES] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium 1,1,2-triuoro2-(triuoromethoxy)-ethanesulfonate [bmim] [TTES] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium 2-(1,2,2,2tetrauoroethoxy)-1,1,2,2-tetrauoroethanesulfonate [bmim] [FS] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [bmim] [Ac] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate [bmim]-[MeSO4 ] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate [bmim]-[SCN] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C4-py] [BMeI] 1-n-Dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium 1,1,2,2-tetrauoroethanesulfonate [C12-mim] [TFES] 1-Propyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [pmpy] [BMeI] 2-Methylpropane (isobutane) Dimethyl ether

Shiett et al. [663] Shiett et al. [663] Shiett et al. [663] Shiett et al. [663] Shiett and Yokozeki [662] Shiett and Yokozeki [662] Shiett et al. [663] Shiett et al. [663] Shiett et al. [663] Shiett et al. [663] Shiett et al. [663]

298298 283348 283348 298298 283348 283348 298298 298298 298298 298298 298298

01 01 01 00.9 00.9 00.9 00.9 01 00.9 00.9 01

n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav

Shiett et al. [663] Shiett et al. [663] Shiett et al. [663] Shiett et al. [663] Shiett et al. [663] Shiett et al. [663] Akasaka et al. [169] Coquelet et al. [230] Fedele et al. [293] Im et al. [369] Fedele et al. [295] Im et al. [367] Di Nicola et al. [257] Han et al. [335] Han et al. [336] Park et al. [591] Park et al. [592] Ho et al. [349] Imai et al. [374]

298298 298298 298298 298298 298298 283348 260321 283363 258293 313343 263293 313333 227303 265303 265303 334416 334416 273313 278290

01 01 00.9 01 01 01 0.12.6 0.45.5 0.11.4 10.448.8 01.4 0.33.9 0.22.7 0.51.9 0.51.9 77111.3 77111.3 0.52.8 0.21

n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 50 320 50 320 273.5 80 80 n.a. n.a. 85 70

AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnGrav AnTVLcirVal AnTCapValVis AnTVcirVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTVcirVis AnTVLcirValVis SynT AnTVcirVis AnTVcirVis SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTVLcirVis SynNon

n-Butane Nitrous oxide Pentauoroethane (HFC-125) Poly(l-lactide) Propene Water Table 27 Binary systems: 1,1,1,2,2-pentauoroethane (HFC-125) + X. X 1,1,1,2-Tetrauoroethane (HFC-134a) 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [emim] [Tf2N] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazoium hexyuorophosphate [bmim] [PF6 ] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate ([bmim] [PF6 ]) 2-Methylpropane (isobutane) Cyclopropane Dimethyl ether Fluoroethane (HFC-161) n-Butane Nitrous oxide

Reference Kato and Nishiumi [40] Kato and Nishiumi [40] Shiett et al. [666] Shiett and Yokozeki [662] Shiett and Yokozeki [157] Chen et al. [219] Fedele et al. [296] Im et al. [370] Han et al. [334] Fedele et al. [294] Im et al. [367] Di Nicola et al. [259]

T (K) 303363 346360 283348 283348 271313 243333 253293 313363 265313 278298 313333 217293

P (MPa) 0.93.9 3.73.9 00.9 00.9 0.62 03.1 0.11.2 0.83.9 0.32 0.11.3 0.33.1 0.11.3

V (cm3 ) 1200 1200 n.a. n.a. 1.2 31.7 50 320 80 50 320 273.5

Method AnTLcirVisVar SynVisVarPcTc AnGrav AnGrav SynOthVis SynT AnTVcirVis AnTVLcirVis AnTLcirVis AnTVcirVis AnTVLcirValVis SynT

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 28 Binary systems: 1,1,1,2-tetrauoroethane (HFC-134a) + X. X 1,1,1,2,2-Pentauoroethane (HFC-125) 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate [bmim] [PF6 ] 6-Methoxy-1-tetralone Carbon dioxide Crotonic acid Cyclopropane Diuoromethane (HFC-32) Reference Kato and Nishiumi [40] Kato and Nishiumi [40] Shiett and Yokozeki [664] Abbott et al. [89] Lim et al. [508] Abbott et al. [89] Fedele et al. [296] Cui et al. [239] Kato and Nishiumi [40] Kato and Nishiumi [40] Im et al. [369] Valtz et al. [731] Chaudhari et al. [218] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Dong et al. [268] Madani et al. [530] Abbott et al. [89] Abbott et al. [89] Im et al. [367] Lim et al. [505] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Wang et al. [757] Li et al. [73] Lim et al. [503] Liu et al. [47] Liu et al. [47] Liu et al. [47] Liu et al. [47] Liu et al. [521] Liu et al. [521] Liu et al. [521] Liu et al. [521] Hong et al. [352] Marchi et al. [539] Cui et al. [238] Spilimbergo et al. [123] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Abbott et al. [89] T (K) 303363 346360 318355 378378 323343 378378 253293 258343 323350 354368 313343 293358 283353 313333 337343 253292 263353 378393 378383 313333 273323 313333 299301 313333 383473 403463 273323 308338 308338 318318 318318 318318 318318 318318 308338 324400 282322 258293 313326 313333 346352 378378 P (MPa) 0.93.9 3.73.9 0.72.7 719 1.67.1 515 0.10.6 0.14.8 1.14.8 4.55.6 8.621 0.42.8 02.6 629 0.931 0.10.8 0.14.1 520.5 520 0.31.7 0.11.3 4.726 0.83.2 5.224.6 0.32.2 1.35.5 0.22.1 1030 1030 3030 3030 2525 2525 2525 1535 00.6 0.21.3 0.23.4 0.10.4 1.920.5 0.630.4 420 V (cm3 ) 1200 1200 1.2 25 50 25 50 80 1200 1200 320 n.a. 48.26 120 74 300 n.a. 25 25 320 85 120 74 120 42 n.a. 85 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 329.2 n.a. 80 n.a. 120 74 25 Method AnTLcirVisVar SynVisVarPcTc SynOthVis

35

Dimethyl ether Ethylene-glycol dimethylether Ethylvanillin Fluoroethane (HFC-161) Hexauoroethane (PFC-116) Itaconic acid Methylsuccinic acid nButane o-Ethylvanillin o-Vanillin Poly(ethylene) (LDPE) Polystyrene (PS) Propane Sodium dibutyl sulfosuccinate Sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate Sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate Sodium dipentyl sulfosuccinate Sodium salt of dibutyl-2-sulfosuccinate Sodium salt of dihexyl-2-sulfosuccinate Sodium salt of dioctyl-2-sulfosuccinate Sodium salt of dipentyl-2-sulfosuccinate Squalane Triethylene glycol dimethyl ether Triuoromethane (HFC-23) Tristearin Vanillin -Acetamidocinnamic acid

AnOth AnTVLcirValVis AnOth AnTVcirVis AnTVcirVis AnTLcirVisVar SynVisVarPcTc AnTVLcirValVis AnTCapValVis SynT AnT SynVis AnTVcir AnTCapValVis AnOth AnOth AnTVLcirValVis AnTVLcirValVis AnT SynVis AnT SynT AnGrav AnTVLcirValVis AnTIns AnTIns AnTIns AnTIns AnTIns AnTIns AnTIns AnTIns SynTVcir SynNon AnTLcirVis SynNon AnT SynVis AnOth

thus has a low contribution to the background. The cell is a hollow cylinder with anges on each end as support surfaces for sealing endcaps. No bolts run along the outside of the cell. No other external supports are needed. The cell has an internal volume of 7.8 cm3 and can be operated at pressures up to 35 MPa and temperatures between 10 and 300 K. In the analytical spectroscopic methods, the advantage of avoiding the trouble with taking samples is often overcompensated by the need of time consuming calibrations at high pressures. Only 1.5% of all systems covered in this review have been investigated with a spectroscopic method.

3.1.5. Analytical gravimetric methods (AnGrav) With gravimetric methods the mass of a condensed phase (e.g., a polymer [73], an ionic liquid [74], or an polymerized ionic liquid [75]) in phase equilibrium with a uid phase is measured. Using addtional information, like the phase densities, the phase compositions can be determined. While quartz spring balances are less and less used, commercially available electrobalances become more widespread. Almost 25 years ago Kleinrahm and Wagner [76] from Ruhr-Universitt Bochum proposed a unique balance, the so-called magnetic suspension balance, which they further developed and commercialized.

Table 29 Binary systems: 1,1,1-triuoroethane (HFC-143a) + X. X 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazoium hexauorophosphate [bmim] [PF6 ] Dimethyl ether (DME) Isobutene n-Butane Propane Reference Shiett and Yokozeki [662] Shiett and Yokozeki [664] Im et al. [372] Yun et al. [784] Seong et al. [654] Im et al. [373] Lim et al. [503] Im et al. [368] T (K) 284348 291338 313363 273348 273323 313363 268318 313363 P (MPa) 01 1.13.2 0.84.2 0.13.6 0.12.2 0.33.7 0.42.3 1.34.4 V (cm3 ) n.a. 1.2 320 200 85 320 85 320 Method AnGrav SynOthVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTVLcirValVis

36 Table 30 Binary systems: 1,1-diuoroethane (HFC-152a) + X. X 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate [bmim] [PF6 ] Bisphenol A (2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane) Bisphenol AF (2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) hexauoropropane) Carbon dioxide Isobutene n-Butane Poly(l-lactide) Polyethylene terephthalate Polystyrene (PS) Propane

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Reference Shiett and Yokozeki [664] Liu et al. [516] Liu et al. [516] Di Nicola et al. [260] Madani et al. [532] Yun et al. [785] Im et al. [371] Lim et al. [504] Park et al. [591] Park et al. [592] Faridi and Todd [50] Li et al. [73] Park et al. [595]

T (K) 318354 383451 348453 223343 258343 273348 313363 273323 352415 352415 353373 403463 273313

P (MPa) 0.72.4 17.560 215 03.8 0.17.6 0.12.1 0.32.9 0.11.2 53.264.2 53.264.2 0.43.5 1.35.6 0.21.5

V (cm3 ) 1.2 30 30 273.5 n.a. 200 320 85 n.a. n.a. 45 n.a. 128

Method SynOthVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynNon AnTCapValVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTVLcirValVis AnTVLcirVis SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTMla AnGrav AnTVcir

Originally, it was intended for accurate measurements of uid densities, but other applications were found, particularly to measure the solubility and diffusivity of volatile components in polymers, e.g. Aionicesei et al. [77] or Li et al. [78]. It has the main advantage that the equilibrium cell and the balance are separate units. An electronically controlled magnetic suspension coupling is used to transmit the measured force from the sample enclosed in a pressure vessel to a microbalance. The suspension magnet, which is used for transmitting the force, consists of a permanent magnet, a sensor core and a device for decoupling the measuring-load. An electromagnet, which is attached at the underoor weighing hook of a balance, maintains the freely suspended state of the suspension magnet via an electronic control unit. Using this magnetic suspension coupling, the measuring force is transmitted contactlessly from the measuring chamber to the microbalance, which is located outside the chamber under ambient atmospheric conditions. Petermann et al. [79] used a magnetic suspension balance with which additional to the sample a sinker (titanium or silicon) can be weighed. This allows a highly accurate determination of the sorptiv gas density surrounding the sample. Von Solms et al. [80] used a purpose-built high-pressure microbalance to determine solubility and diffusivity of gases in polymers intended for use in offshore oil and gas applications. The polymer sample is placed on one arm of a microbalance, with quartz spheres placed on the other as counterweights. Gas is admitted rapidly to the whole balance at the pressure of interest (or evacuated rapidly in the case of an evacuation run), after the whole apparatus, including the sample, has been at the temperature of interest for at least 24 h. The difference in the reading on the balance before and after a run, is the amount of gas adsorbed or desorbed. The diffusion coefcient can also be obtained by studying the timedependent behavior of the adsorbed/desorbed mass of gas. Shiett and Yokozeki [81] used a gravimetric microbalance to measure solubility and diffusivity of CO2 in ionic liquids. The microbalance consists of an electrobalance with sample and counterweight components inside a stainless steel pressure-vessel. It has a weighing range of 0100 mg with a resolution of 0.1 g. Soriano et al. [82] used a gravimetric microbalance with a weighing range of up to 100 g with a readability of 1 g. Gravimetric methods need corrections for buoyancy, which can be higher than the uncorrected solubility [83]. Therefore, particularly at high pressures, exact information on the density of the uid phase and on the density and volume of the condensed phase is essential [81]. Owing to this problem often the analytical gravimetric method is combined with other methods as described, e.g. by Muldoon et al. [84] or Pantoula et al. [85]. Muldoon et al. measured the solubility of CO2 in ionic liquids.

They used the analytical gravimetric method (AnGrav) only at pressures up to 1.3 MPa. At higher pressures they measured the same systems using the synthetic-isothermal method (SynT). Pantoula et al. combined magnetic-suspension-balance experiments (AnGrav) with the material-loss-analysis method (AnTMla). This combination allows the determination of sorption and swelling at high pressures and temperatures where optical methods are difcult to use. 3.1.6. Other analytical methods (AnOth) Quartz crystal microbalances can be used to determine the solubility of a gas in a polymer by measuring the mass of the polymer in equilibrium with the gas. From the basic principle, it is not a gravimetric measurement, so that buoyancy effects play a different role. Quartz crystal microbalances are based on the piezoelectric effect observed in a AT-cut quartz crystal. The crystal under the inuence of an applied alternating electric voltage undergoes a shear deformation which becomes maximum at a certain frequency called the resonance frequency [86]. This resonance frequency depends on the mass, and thus any mass change will result in a respective frequency shift. The sorption experiment involves measurement of the resonance frequency of the bare (clean) crystal, of the same crystal coated with polymer, and of the coated crystal after the polymer reaches equilibrium with a gas, all at the same controlled temperature. Concurrently, the resonance frequency of a reference crystal is also measured under the same conditions in order to compensate any temperature or pressure effects. Saldana et al. [87] further developed the quartz crystal technique to measure low solubilities of -carotene in supercritical uids. -Carotene was dissolved in chloroform, an aliquot was placed on the quartz crystal electrode area. The solvent was slowly evaporated under gentle nitrogen ow. The solubility was measured by observing the crystals frequency change as this solute dissolves in the supercritical uid. As compared to conventional methods, such as analytical gravimetric (AnGrav) or synthetic-isothermal (SynT, pressure decay), a much higher sensitivity for the determination of mass changes can be achieved with a quartz crystal microbalance. Therefore, smaller samples are needed and phase equilibrium is attained much faster, since equilibration time is inversely proportional to the square of the lm thickness. Pantoula and Panayiotou [86] report an equilibrium time of 30 min for CO2 in PMMA or polystyrene at a lm thickness of 13 m on the crystal. However, the quartz crystal microbalance technique also has some drawbacks: the preparation and loading of the sample onto the crystal can be very challenging in addition to the system being highly sensitive to small changes in electrical current, any air ow or motion in the surroundings and

Table 31 Binary systems: X + Y. X 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptauoropropane (HFC-227ea) 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexauoropropane (HFC-236fa) Y Isobutene Ethylvanillin Ortho-ethylvanillin Ortho-vanillin Vanillin 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexauoropropane (HFC-236fa) Vanillin 1,1,1,3,3-Pentauorobutane (HFC-365mfc) Galden HAT 55 1,2,2,2-Tetrauoroethyl triuoromethyl ether (HFE-227me) Methylpentauoroethylether (HFE-245mc) Triuoromethoxymethane (HFE-143m) 1,5-Hexadiene Allyl chloride 1-Butanol 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)amide [C6-mim] [Tf2N] 1-Chloro-1,1-diuoroethane (HCFC-142b) (HCFC-142b) Polystyrene 1-n-Decyl-3-methylimidazolium 1H,1H,2H,2H-tridecauorooctanol bis-[(triuoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide [C10-mim] [Tf2N] 1-n-Dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bis-[(triuoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide [C12-mim] [Tf2N] 1-n-Dodecyl-3-methylpyridinium bis-[(triuoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide [C10-py] [Tf2N] 1-n-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium bis-[(triuoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide [C8-mim] [Tf2N] Peruoro-n-heptane 1H,1H,7H-peruoroheptan-1-ol Peruoro-n-hexane Peruoro-n-nonane Peruoro-n-octane 1-Hexanol 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)amide [C6-mim] [Tf2N] n-Decane 1-Nitropropane n-Dodecane n-Tetradecane n-Tridecane 1-Octanol Cyclohexyl carboxylic acid (CCA) 1-Pentanol 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)amide [C6-mim] [Tf2N] 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (isooctane) 2-Methylpropane 2,2-Dimethylpropane (neopentane) Deuterated poly(ethylene-co-20.2 mol%-1-butene) (PEB10) Cyclohexane 2,3-Pentanedione n-Tridecane 2-Methylbutane (isopentane) Deuterated poly(ethylene-co-20,2 mol%-1-butene) (PEB10) 2-Methylpentane (isohexane) Poly(ethylene) (LDPE) 2-Butanol 2-Methylpropane (isobutane) 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Propanol (isopropanol) Ethylvanillin o-Ethylvanillin o-Vanillin POE ISO 7 lubricant oil Vanillin 1-Propanol 2-Methylpropene 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Propanol (isopropanol) 2-Methylpropane (isobutane) 2-Propanone 2-Methylpropene Cis-2-Butene Reference Yun et al. [786] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Frba et al. [305] Yasumoto et al. [777] Yasumoto et al. [777] Giles and Wilson [316] achwa et al. [476] Choudhary et al. [114] Ferreira et al. [297] Ferreira et al. [297] Ferreira et al. [297] Ferreira et al. [297] Trindade et al. [719] Trindade et al. [719] Trindade et al. [719] Trindade et al. [719] achwa et al. [476] Losada-Prez [109] Losada-Prez [109] Losada-Prez [109] Losada-Prez [109] Domanska et al. [267] achwa et al. [476] Li et al. [496] Kostko et al. [445] Domanska et al. [266] Domanska et al. [266] Kostko et al. [445] Nagy et al. [569] Laavi et al. [475] Laavi et al. [475] Laavi et al. [475] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Marcelino Neto and Barbosa [538] Knez et al. [102] Hynynen et al. [364] Hynynen et al. [364] Hynynen et al. [364] Hynynen et al. [364] Pasanen et al. [596] Pasanen et al. [596] Pasanen et al. [596] T (K) 288363 313333 342347 313333 299302 313333 313333 350355 304448 401382 377376 333373 268269 423460 275277 268269 283285 285288 291292 288288 307308 301302 306307 281282 292292 300301 296296 303353 288289 409544 285461 293343 293343 281448 380500 364364 364364 364364 341347 331336 312317 283333 350356 364364 364364 364364 364364 364364 364364 365365 P (MPa) 0.22.4 5.726.6 1.329.2 4.227 1.13.6 7.926.3 1.120.5 1.328.3 02.7 2.82.6 2.83.4 0.10.4 10.150.2 1.410 0.14.2 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.54.4 0.54.2 0.24.4 0.14.4 1055 0.34.2 0.34.4 0.44.6 0.34.8 0.8729 10.150.1 2.54.2 19.4196.2 23.31549.2 132.31549.2 1.5165.3 0.712 01.6 0.11.6 0.11.6 131.5 0.830.8 0.428.2 00.8 1.230.6 01.5 01.5 0.11.5 0.11.5 0.21.6 0.21.5 0.31.2 V (cm3 ) 200 120 74 120 74 120 120 74 10 16 16 n.a. 0.5 n.a. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.5 1 1 1 1 n.a. 0.5 18 15 n.a. n.a. 15 3.5 113 113 113 74 74 74 4000 74 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 113.1 113.1 113.1 Method AnTVLcirVal AnT SynVis AnT SynVis AnT AnT SynVis SynTVis SynVisVarPcTc SynVisVarPcTc SynT SynVis SynVisCon SynVis J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynNonVar SynVis SynVisPcTc SynVisVar SynNonVar SynNonVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynT SynT SynT SynVis SynVis SynVis AnTLcirBlo SynVis SynT SynT SynT SynT SynT SynT SynT

37

38

Table 31 (Continued) X 2-Propanone Argon Benzene Boron Caprylic acid (C8:0) Cholesterol Cis-2-Butene Y Trans-2-butene Polyethylene terephthalate 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrauoroborate ([bmim] [BF4 ]) Boron (III) oxide Myristic acid (C14:0) Ceramide 3A (N-linoeoyl-phytosphingosine, 97%) 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Propanol (isopropanol) Polyethylene terephthalate Poly(ethylene-co-20, 2 mol%-1-butene) (PEB10) Heavy water 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [emim] [Tf2N] 2-Methylpropane (isobutane) 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate [bmim] [PF6 ] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate [bmim] [PF6 ] n-Dodecane Acetonitrile (ethanenitrile) Myristic acid (C14:0) 2,2-Dimethylbutane 3-Methylpentane Benzene 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid 4-Carboxybenzaldehyde 2,2-Dimethylbutane 3-Methylpentane Benzene 1-Butanol 1-Propanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol Deuterated poly(ethylene-co-20,2 mol%-1-butene) (PEB10) Isotactic poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) Poly(ethylene) Polyethylene terephthalate n-Hexadecane n-Pentadecane 1-Hexyne 2,2-Dimethylbutane 3-Methylpentane Benzene n-Decane n-Heptane n-Nonane n-Octane 1-Chloro-1,1-diuoroethane (HCFC-142b) 2-Methylpropane (isobutane) Ethylvanillin o-Ethylvanillin o-Vanillin Vanillin Bisphenol AF (2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hexauoropropane) Reference Pasanen et al. [596] Faridi and Todd [50] Anthony et al. [74] Solozhenko [92] Costa et al. [235] Vezzu et al. [742] Wierink et al. [765] Wierink et al. [765] Wierink et al. [765] Faridi and Todd [50] Kostko et al. [445] Emchenko et al. [151] Shiett et al. [666] Giles and Wilson [316] Shiett and Yokozeki [664] Shiett and Yokozeki [664] Llovell et al. [524] Giles and Wilson [316] Costa et al. [235] Domanska and Morawski [264] Domanska and Morawski [264] Domanska and Morawski [264] Wang et al. [758] Wang et al. [758] Domanska and Morawski [264] Domanska and Morawski [264] Domanska and Morawski [264] Kim et al. [427] Jung et al. [400] Kim et al. [427] Jung et al. [400] Kostko et al. [445] Fang and Kiran [288] Zhang and Kiran [800] Faridi and Todd [50] Milhet et al. [103] Milhet et al. [103] Domanska and Morawski [265] Domanska and Morawski [265] Domanska and Morawski [265] Domanska and Morawski [265] Gozalpour et al. [320] Pratas de Melo et al. [110] Pratas de Melo et al. [110] Pratas de Melo et al. [110] Wang et al. [757] Wang et al. [757] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Knez et al. [102] Liu et al. [516] T (K) 364364 323373 283323 3002750 285348 378420 364364 364364 364364 373448 368428 233278 283348 298348 243338 243294 258368 393453 308348 293343 293343 293343 343468 353421 303353 303353 303353 468513 468513 468513 468513 283408 297337 360378 373448 279313 275303 293343 293343 293343 293343 373373 330334 344347 330353 383473 383473 351356 340346 316324 357362 396453 P (MPa) 0.21.2 612 00 50005000 0.190 0.10.1 01.1 0.11.1 0.11.1 0.11.8 103.3117 20180 00.4 0.11.3 0.12.4 0.83.5 0.712.1 0.21.1 0.190 9.2648.3 9.2684.1 9.2418.6 1.61.6 1.61.6 8.8578.6 8.8894.6 8.8413.5 0.84.1 1.54.8 1.34 1.14.1 1.8220.6 10.744.5 1052 0.22.4 0.1100 0.1100 133969.2 1331100.6 1331436.5 53.6495.1 0.20.3 0.14.4 0.14.4 0.14.4 0.22.9 0.33 3.430.1 4.931.9 0.230.2 5.231 12.520 V (cm3 ) 113.1 45 n.a. n.a. 0.03 n.a. 112.7 112.7 112.7 45 15 n.a. n.a. n.a. 1.2 1.2 n.a. n.a. 0.03 n.a. n.a. n.a. 800 800 n.a. n.a. n.a. 100 100 100 100 15 n.a. n.a. 45 0.03 0.03 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 400 1 1 1 42 42 74 74 74 74 30 Method SynT AnTMla AnGrav SynNon SynVis SynNon SynT SynT SynT AnTMla SynVisVar SynT / SynNon AnGrav SynT SynOthVis SynOthVis SynVisVar SynT SynVis SynNonVar SynNonVar SynNonVar AnT AnT SynNonVar SynNonVar SynNonVar AnTVLcirValVisPc AnTVLcirValVisPc AnTVLcirValVisPc AnTVLcirValVisPc SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTMla SynVis SynVis SynNonVar SynNonVar SynNonVar SynNonVar AnTVcirValVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynT SynT SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVisVar

Cyclopentane d-Ethane Deuterium Diuoromethoxy triuoromethane (HFE-125) Ethylene oxide Fluoroethane (HFC-161) Fluoromethane (HFC-41) Hydrogen chloride Isopropyl acetate lauric acid (C12:0) n-Hexadecane

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone n-Octadecane

n-Pentane

n-Tetradecane n-Tridecane

Peruoromethylcyclohexane Peruoro-n-octane

Poly(ethylene) (LDPE) Sulfur hexauoride (SF6)

Tetrauoroethane (HCF-134a)

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

39

any other interference occurring in the same room or even next door [87]. Errors rise with temperature and pressure, due to dampening and viscous dissipation upon entering the glass transition and rubbery state [86]. Another analytical method was used by Giraudeau et al. [88] to measure low gas solubilities, e.g. of hydrogen in water. A palladium/hydrogen electrical resistance sensor was used to determine the hydrogen content in aqueous electrolyte solutions. A capacitative method (relative-permittivity method) was used by Abbott et al. [89] to measure the solubility of unsaturated carboxylic acids in supercritical HFC 134a. Experiments were performed in a 25 cm3 high-pressure cell, lined with a layer of Teon. A capacitor consisting of two parallel rectangular stainless steel plates (area of 6.6 cm2 , held 1 mm apart by Teon spacers) was placed in the vapor-phase. The dielectric constant of the saturated vapor phase was measured at different pressures. To calculate the concentration of the solute in the vapor phase from the dielectric constant, information on the permanent dipole moments and the molecular polarizabilities of the components of the mixture needs to be known. 3.2. Synthetic methods (Syn) The basic principle of synthetic methods is to prepare a mixture of precisely known composition and then to observe the phase behavior in an equilibrium cell and to measure properties in the equilibrium state, like pressure and temperature. No sampling is necessary. The problem of analyzing uid mixtures is replaced by the problem of synthesizing them. Synthetic methods can be applied with or without a phase transition. In both cases, rst a mixture of precisely known composition is prepared. In synthetic methods with a phase transition values of temperature and pressure are adjusted so that the mixture is homogeneous, a single phase exists. Then the temperature or pressure is varied until the beginning of the formation of a new phase is observed. The composition of the rst, large phase can be set to the known overall composition. The composition of the second, small phase is not known. Each experiment yields one point of the pTx phase envelope. Instead of a variation of temperature or pressure to cause a phase transition the overall concentration can be changed. Munto et al. [90,91] used this approach, designated with vanishing-point method or clear-point method, for SLE measurements. A clear solution of a given solute concentration is added to a known amount of anti-solvent until the last crystal disappears. The composition of the mixture at this vanishing point equals the solubility of the mixture. When the procedure is repeated with a solution of a different concentration another point of the curve is found. Depending on how the phase transition is detected, synthetic methods with a phase transition can be divided into visual (SynVis) and non-visual methods (SynNon). In synthetic methods without a phase transition, equilibrium properties like pressure, temperature, phase volumes and densities are measured and phase compositions are calculated using the material balance. Synthetic methods without a phase transition can be divided into isothermal (SynT), isobaric (SynP) and other (SynOth) synthetic methods. During the period covered in this review (20052008) synthetic methods with a phase transition have been used more often (49.4% of all systems) than synthetic methods without a phase transition (13% of all systems). Synthetic methods can be used where analytical methods fail, i.e., when phase separation is difcult due to similar densities of the coexisting phases, e.g. near or even at critical points and in barotropic systems, where at certain conditions the coexisting phases have the same density. Often, the experimental procedure

Method

SynVis

SynT SynT SynT SynT SynT SynVis 113 113 113 113 n.a. 30 01.2 01.2 0.11.2 0.11.2 0.10.8 1.111.2 364364 364364 364364 364364 273313 293413 Roininen et al. [620] Roininen et al. [620] Roininen et al. [620] Roininen et al. [620] Giles and Wilson [316] Kumelan et al. [467] Trans-2-butene Vinyl chloride Xenon

V (cm3 )

29.7

1.19

P (MPa)

293413

Kumelan et al. [469]

Table 31 (Continued)

Tetrauoromethane (CFC-14)

1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)amide [hmim] [Tf2N] 1-Propanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Propanol (isopropanol) Chloromethane (HCC-40) 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate [bmim] [CH3 SO4 ] 1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethylsulfonyl)amide [hmim] [Tf2N]

Kumelan et al. [466]

Reference

293413

T (K)

0.12

30

SynVis

40 Table 32 Ternary systems: carbon dioxide + water + X. X 1-(1-Hydroxypropyl)-methylimidazolium nitrate [hopmim][NO3 ] 1,4-Dioxane 1-Butanol 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate [bmim][PF6 ] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate [bmim][NO3 ] 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 3-Methylpentaethyleneglycol-2-(2-ethylhexyl)-1(2-ethylhexylglycerol) 3-Methylpentaethyleneglycol-2-(2-ethylhexyl)-1octhylglycerol 3-Methylpentaethyleneglycol-2-octyl-1-npentylglycerol 3-Methylpentaethyleneglycol-2-pentyl-1-noctylglycerol Acetone Bis(2,2,3,3,3-pentatuoropropyl)2-sulfosuccinate Bis(2,2,3,4,4,4-hexauorobutyl)2-sulfosuccinate Caffeine Calcium chloride Diethylene glycol Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethylsulfoxide Ethanol

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Reference Bermejo et al. [105] Seo et al. [652] Najdanovic-Visak et al. [570] Fu et al. [306] Bermejo et al. [105] Arcis et al. [174] Sawada et al. [633] Sawada et al. [633] Sawada et al. [633] Sawada et al. [633] Jdecke et al. [393] Seo et al. [652] Liu et al. [523] Liu et al. [523] Iwai et al. [379] Mohammadi et al. [554] Afzal et al. [166] Andreatta et al. [173] Perez de Diego et al. [599] de la Fuente et al. [248] Durling et al. [274] Mohammadi et al. [556] Koh et al. [101] Abdi et al. [163] Mohammadi et al. [555] Kumar et al. [456] Linga et al. [511] Sugahara et al. [701] Sugahara et al. [701] Beltrn and Servio [97] Qin et al. [605] Levitin et al. [489] Arcis et al. [175] Bruusgaard et al. [198] Linga et al. [511] Haruki et al. [340] Kamps et al. [407] Kamps et al. [407] Mohammadi et al. [554] Seo et al. [652] Koh et al. [101]

T (K) 303353 274280 297297 313333 293368 322322 318328 318328 318328 318328 313395 270279 307337 312337 313313 270274 272281 278370 273363 313343 313313 271280 313313 273303 264279 273281 273273 274281 274274 275285 324375 342343 322322 275283 273273 308343 313393 315433 273278 271281 313313

P (MPa) 0.811.3 13.7 5.964.1 125 0.89.4 0.25.2 2030 2030 2030 2030 0.19.6 0.83.5 1225 1822.5 1515 2.13.6 1.43.7 1.211.5 1.88.2 10.118.6 1030 1.33.4 1024 13.4 1.23.3 1.510.7 18.5 1.49.1 15.215.2 1.97.4 10.749.9 11.920 0.55.1 1.622.4 111 16.838.7 0.38.9 0.39.1 23.3 0.33.3 12.525

V (cm3 ) n.a. 50 24 n.a. n.a. 22 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 30 50 n.a. n.a. 26.5 57.5 n.a. 3.5 30 300 n.a. 58 22.4 n.a. 58 n.a. 323 150 0.2 150 200 20 22 150 323 15 30 30 57.5 50 22.4

Method SynVisVar SynVis SynVisVar SynTVis SynVisVar SynOth SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVisVar SynVisVar AnSpecVcir SynNonVis SynNon SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnPTCon SynNon SynVisVar AnT SynNon AnTVis AnTVis AnTVis SynVisSpec SynVisVar AnT SynVisVar SynOth SynVisVar AnTVis SynNonVisVar SynVis SynVis SynNonVis SynVis SynVisVar

Ethoxylated nonyl phenol Ethylene glycol Glycerol Hydrogen

Methane Methanol Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) Nitrogen Polyethylene oxide-2,6,8-trimethyl-4-nonyl ethers (TMN) Potassium carbonate Potassium chloride Propylene oxide Sodium bis-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octauoro-1-n-pentyl)-2sulfosuccinate Sodium bis(2,2,3,3,3-pentauoro-1propanol)sulfosuccinate Sodium bis(2,2,3,3-tetrauoro-1propanol)sulfosuccinate Sodium bis(2,2,3,4,4,4-hexauoro-1butanol)sulfosuccinate Sodium bis(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonauoro-1hexanol)sulfosuccinate Sodium chloride Sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium salt of bis(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octauoro1-pentanol) sulfosuccinate Sodium sulfate Soduim chloride Tetrabutyl ammonium bromide Tetrahydrofuran

Liu et al. [522] Liu et al. [522] Liu et al. [522] Liu et al. [522] Kim et al. [426] Mohammadi et al. [554] Zhang et al. [789] Park et al. [590] Bermejo et al. [187] Koschel et al. [443] Arjmandi et al. [176] Delahaye et al. [253] Delahaye et al. [253] Seo et al. [652] Martinz et al. [540] Lin et al. [510] Lin et al. [510] Afzal et al. [165] Mooijer-van den Heuvel et al. [560] Ventura et al. [740]

303333 303333 303333 303333 278280 271280 270281 308368 286368 323373 285291 278290 278290 272291 278290 279288 283283 264282 280303 276369

1130 1130 1130 616 10.120.1 1.33.7 1.33.1 1497.3 1.913.1 520.2 1.44 0.13.5 0.13.5 0.24 0.22 0.32.2 0.42.2 0.64.2 1.49.9 0.899.7

60 60 60 60 n.a. 57.5 474 n.a. n.a. 22 2400 46 n.a. 50 n.a. 46 46 58 3.5 n.a.

SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVisVar SynNonVis AnTVis SynVisVar SynVis SynOth SynNon SynNon SynNon SynVis SynNon SynNonVis SynT SynNon SynVisVar SynVisVar

Tetra-n-butylammonium bromide Triethylene glycol Triuoromethane (HFC-23) Tri-iso-butyl(methyl)phosphonium tosylate [iBu3MeP][TOS]

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 33 Ternary systems: carbon dioxide + methanol + X. X Aspirin Atenol C.I. Acid Red 57dodecyltrimethylammonium C.I. acid red 57-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide Carbon monoxide Cyclohexane Dibenzofuran Dimethyl carbonate Hydrogen n-Decane n-Hexane n-Octane Olive husk oil Oxygen Peruorohexane (PFC-72) Poly(ethylene glycol) Water Reference Huang et al. [359] Kikic et al. [422] zcan and zcan [587] zcan and zcan [63] Lopez-Castillo et al. [526] Saito [623] Perez [601] Pinero [602] Lopez-Castillo [527] Xie et al. [770] Saito [623] Saito [623] Saito [623] de Lucas et al. [249] Lopez-Castillo et al. [526] Draucker et al. [269] Kong et al. [439] Levitin et al. [489] T (K) 318328 313323 318373 308348 298298 276316 318338 320455 313313 313313 318361 275299 275337 328338 313313 313313 313313 342343 P (MPa) 1020 7.99.8 2532.5 2532.5 4.14.1 0.21.9 9.320.6 815 2.59 8.721.7 0.42.2 0.41.3 0.42.1 3035 1.55.3 2.15.5 9.59.5 11.920 V (cm3 ) 20 72.32 10.4 10.4 n.a. 22 15 n.a. n.a. 20 22 22 22 75 n.a. 103 3.3 20 Method

41

AnPTSemY SynVisVar AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnTVarVis SynVis SynVisVar SynNonCon AnTVisVar SynVisVar SynVis SynVis SynVis AnPTSemY AnTValVis SynTVisVar AnPTChro SynVisVar

is easy and quick. Because no sampling is necessary the experimental equipment can concentrate on few components and the volume of the equilibrium cell can be small. Therefore, the apparatus can be rather inexpensive. On the other hand it can be designed for
Table 34 Ternary systems: carbon dioxide + ethanol + X. X (R,S)-(+-)-Ibuprofen (S)-Naproxen Acetazolamide Aspirin Atenol -Carotene C.I. Disperse violet 1 C.I. Disperse yellow 54 Caffeine Carnosic acid Dichloromethane (HCC-30) Reference Munto et al. [90] Munto et al. [90] Duarte et al. [271] Huang et al. [359] Kikic et al. [422] Borges et al. [195] Tsai et al. [721] Tsai et al. [720] Iwai et al. [379] Kopcak and Mohamed [442] Chafer et al. [212] Franceschi et al. [302] Subra et al. [697] Wang et al. [752] Garlapati and Madras [310] Cheng and Chen [223] Chafer et al. [214] Garlapati and Madras [311] Iwai et al. [44] Iwai et al. [44] Iwai et al. [44] Iwai et al. [44] Garlapati and Madras [311] de Lucas et al. [249] Zhang et al. [807] Tian et al. [714] Kong et al. [439] Matsuyama and Mishima [541] Matsuyama and Mishima [541] Matsuyama and Mishima [541] Matsuyama and Mishima [542] Munto et al. [91] Wang and Cheng [756] Lin et al. [509] Liu et al. [517] Hernndez et al. [346] Garlapati and Madras [310] Subra et al. [697] Serrano-Cocoletzi et al. [656] Catchpole et al. [211] de la Fuente et al. [248] Durling et al. [274] Mohammadi et al. [556]

extreme conditions concerning temperatures and pressures. Smith and Fang [8] give examples of the use of diamond anvil cells at very high pressures. The experimental data at the highest pressures of all articles covered in this review were taken by Solozhenko et al.

T (K) 298298 298298 313323 318328 313323 303343 353393 353393 313313 323343 313333 303343 309333 308328 308308 303312 313333 308318 313313 313313 313333 313333 308318 328338 308308 308308 313313 313313 313313 300324 293359 298298 308328 318328 311311 313333 308318 309309 333363 313333 313343 313313 271280

P (MPa) 1010 1010 1520.1 1020 7.69.1 3.111.4 1530 1530 1515 15.230 2840 310.6 511 6.29.2 9.922.6 4.17 1040 12.822.6 6.96.9 6.96.9 6.910 6.910 12.822.6 3035 821 821 9.59.5 1515 1515 8.220 214.1 1010 020 9.812.3 1033 1320 9.922.6 1111 211.3 1530 10.118.6 1030 1.33.4

V (cm3 ) 75 75 30 20 72.3 27 n.a. 33 26.5 300 10 27.0 n.a. 50 n.a. 320 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 75 100 377 3.3 150 150 150 150 75 1000 625 10 120 n.a. n.a. 100 500 300 n.a. 58

Method SynVisVarVcir SynVisVarVcir AnTCapValVis AnPTSemY SynVisVar SynVisVar AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnSpecVcir AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynVIsVar SynVisVar SynVisVarPc AnPTSemY AnTLcirValVis AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnTLcirBlo AnPTSemY AnTLcirBlo AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTChro SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVarVcir AnT SynVisVar SynVis AnTVarVis AnPTSemY SynVisVar AnTValVis AnPTSemY SynVisVar AnPTCon SynNon

Dodecanoic acid Ethyl acetate Gallic acid Hexadecanoic acid Limonene Linalool Octadecanoic acid Olive husk oil p-Methylbenzen sulfonic acid p-Nitrobenzoic acid Poly(ethylene glycol) Poly(ethylene glycol) 1000 Poly(ethylene glycol) 20,000 Poly(ethylene glycol) 6000 Poly(methyl methacrylate) Polyoxyalkylene block co-polymer surfactant (poloxamer F-127) Puerarin Salicylic acid Sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate Sunower oil Tetradecanoic acid Theophylline Thiophene Urea Water

42 Table 35 Ternary systems: carbon dioxide + tetrahydrofuran + X. X Polystyrene Polysulfone Water Reference Xu et al. [771] Zhang and Kiran [801] Delahaye et al. [253] Delahaye et al. [253] Martinz et a. [540] Seo et al. [652]

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

T (K) 393393 296426 278290 278290 278290 272291

P (MPa) 6.518 13.854.9 0.13.5 0.13.5 0.22 0.24

V (cm3 ) 21 24.8 46 n.a. n.a. 50

Method SynVis SynVisVar SynNon SynNon SynNon SynVis

Table 36 Ternary systems: carbon dioxide + dimethyl ether + X. X Poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) Poly(2-ethylhexyl methacrylate) Poly(-caprolactone) Reference Liu et al. [519] Liu et al. [519] Byun et al. [202] Park et al. [591] Park et al. [592] Byun and McHugh [206] Byun and Yoo [99] Shin et al. [675] Shin et al. [675] Shin et al. [675] T (K) 274455 333455 327483 312415 312415 332454 323454 353454 327453 333452 P (MPa) 4.3179.4 6.3234.6 115236 13.7112.3 13.7112.3 18.7178.5 2.5201.5 2.521.5 12.9212.5 8.731.3 V (cm3 ) 28 28 28 n.a. n.a. 28 28 28 28 28 Method SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar

Poly(isopropyl acrylate) Poly(octyl acrylate) Poly(p-decyloxymethyl styrene) Poly(p-decylsulfonylmethyl styrene) Poly(p-decylthiomethyl styrene)

Table 37 Ternary systems: carbon dioxide + acetone + X. X (R,S)-(+-)-Ibuprofen (S)-Naproxen 1-n-Butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexauorophosphate Carbon monoxide Hydrogen Oxygen Peruorohexane (PFC-72) Phenanthrene p-Nitrobenzoic acid Polycaprolactone Potassium aurocyanide Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate Salicylic acid Water Reference Munto et al. [90] Munto et al. [90] Zhang et al. [808] Lopez-Castillo et al. [526] Lopez-Castillo et al. [527] Lopez-Castillo et al. [526] Draucker et al. [269] de la Fuente et al. [246] Tian et al. [714] Liu and Kiran [518] Rajasingam et al. [609] Jin [392] Lin et al. [509] Jdecke [393] Seo [652] T (K) 298298 298298 313313 313313 313313 313313 313313 295347 308308 340375 308308 308308 318328 313395 270279 P (MPa) 1010 1010 315 99 2.59 1.45.2 1.22 1.311.9 821 1827 1.55 823 10.625.2 0.19.6 0.83.5 V (cm3 ) 75 75 50 n.a. n.a. n.a. 103 3.5 377 45.3 150 377 25 30 50 Method SynVisVarVcir SynVisVarVcir AnTVisVar AnTVarVis AnTVisVar AnTValVis SynTVisVar SynVisVar AnPTSemY SynVisVar AnT AnPTSemY SynVisVar SynVis SynVis

[92] who studied the phase behavior of boron + boron(III) oxide at 5 GPa. For multicomponent systems, experiments with synthetic methods yield less information than with analytical methods, because the tie lines cannot be determined without additional experiments. Therefore, synthetic methods are mainly used for binary or pseudo-binary systems. In latter systems at least one of the components is a pseudocomponent which is grouped of components with similar properties. An example for a pseudo-binary system is CO2 + seawater.

3.2.1. Synthetic-visual methods (SynVis) The appearance of a new phase is usually detected by visual observation of the resulting turbidity or meniscus in a view cell. For isooptic systems where the coexisting phases have approximately the same refractive index, visual observation is impossible. The synthetic-visual method can be used not only for the determination of simple vaporliquid equilibria, but also to study complicated phase behavior, e.g. multiphase equilibria [93,94], solidliquid equilibria [95], critical curves of mixtures [96], gas hydrate formation [97], cloud-point determination [98] and phase equilibria

Table 38 Ternary systems: carbon dioxide + hydrogen + X. X 2-Propanol (isopropanol) Acetone Acetonitrile Limonene Methanol Toluene Water Reference Zevnik and Levec [788] Lopez-Castillo et al. [527] Lopez-Castillo et al. [527] Bogel-Lukasik et al. [193] Lopez-Castillo et al. [527] Xie et al. [770] Yin and Tan [62] Kumar et al. [456] Linga et al. [511] Sugahara et al. [701] Sugahara et al. [701] T (K) 298313 313313 313313 323323 313313 313313 305343 273281 273273 274281 274274 P (MPa) 0.65 2.59 2.59 1113 2.59 8.721.7 1.210.3 1.510.7 18.5 1.49.1 15.215.2 V (cm3 ) 300 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 20 177 n.a. 323 150 0.2 Method AnTX AnTVisVar AnTVisVar AnTVarVis AnTVisVar SynVisVar AnPTSemX AnTVis AnTVis AnTVis SynVisSpec

Table 39 Ternary systems: carbon dioxide + X + Y. X (R,S)-1-Phenylethanol (S)-Naproxen 1-(4-Isobutylphenyl)-ethanol 1,1,1-Triuoroethane (HFC-143a) 1-Butanol 1-Butene 1-Decanol 1-Heptanol 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium dicyanamide [omim][N(CN)2 ] Y Vinyl acetate 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrauoroborate [bmim][BF4 ] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrauoroborate [bmim][BF4 ] 1,1,1,2,2-Pentauoroethane (HFC-125) 2-Ethylhexanoic acid 2-Methylpropane (isobutane) Poly(octyl acrylate) 2-Ethylhexanoic acid n-Pentadecane 2-Octanol 4-(Octan-2-yloxy)-4-oxobutanoic acid Dioctan-2-yl succinate 2-Octanol 4-(Octan-2-yloxy)-4-oxobutanoic acid Dioctan-2-yl succinate Naphthalene 1-Methyl-3-phenylpiperazine 2-(4-Methyl-2-phenyl-1-piperazinyl)-3pyridinecarbonitrile 2-Chloro-nicotinonitrile Nitrogen Propane Polyethylene glycol 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrauoroborate [bmim][BF4 ] Poly(ethylene glycol) Propyl acetate Sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate 2-Methylpropane (isobutane) 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Atenol Caffeine p-Aminobenzoic acid Dodecanoic acid Hexadecanoic acid Octadecanoic acid Tetradecanoic acid 2-Phenylethanol 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrauoroborate [bmim][BF4 ] 2,3,5-Trimethyl phenol 2,4,6-Trimethyl phenol -Methylbenzyl alcohol 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrauoroborate [bmim][BF4 ] Reference Paiva et al. [588] Kuehne et al. [450] Kuehne et al. [453] Esperanc a et al. [120] Ghaziaskar et al. [314] Li et al. [496] Byun et al. [99] Ghaziaskar et al. [314] Secuianu et al. [649] Bogel-Lukasik et al. [194] Bogel-Lukasik et al. [194] Bogel-Lukasik et al. [194] Bogel-Lukasik et al. [194] Bogel-Lukasik et al. [194] Bogel-Lukasik et al. [194] Fu et al. [307] Kuehne et al. [449] Kuehne et al. [449] Kuehne et al. [449] Kim et al. [425] Kim et al. [425] Li et al. [500] Ghaziaskar et al. [314] Liu et al. [517] Kuehne et al. [452] Kong et al. [439] Cheng et al. [222] Liu et al. [517] Li et al. [496] Ghaziaskar et al. [314] Kikic et al. [422] Kopcak et al. [442] Tian et al. [715] Garlapati et al. [310] Garlapati et al. [311] Garlapati et al. [311] Garlapati et al. [310] Lopes et al. [525] Kuehne et al. [451] Kuehne et al. [454] Ravipaty et al. [611] Ravipaty et al. [611] Calvo et al. [208] Kuehne et al. [452] T (K) 323343 310370 278368 305344 323323 376345 393452 323323 298316 308308 308308 308308 308308 308308 308308 313333 343443 343443 343443 298298 298298 308328 323323 311311 279367 313313 308318 311325 342405 313313 313323 323343 308328 308308 308318 308318 308318 287315 310370 278368 308308 308308 283363 278368 P (MPa) 712 114 0.714 3.77.3 1018 6.47.4 4.613.2 1018 4.78.5 511 511 511 511 511 511 820 212 114 114 0.40.9 0.30.8 19.8 1018 1038 0.713 9.59.5 3.910 1130 6.88.8 9.918 7.29.1 15.230 821 9.922.6 12.822.6 12.822.6 9.922.6 715 1.712.5 0.514 10.128 10.124 1.410.5 0.513 V (cm3 ) 160 3.5 3.5 5 16 18 28 16 60 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 42.5 n.a. 3.5 3.5 3.5 n.a. n.a. 50 16 10 3.5 3.3 320 10 18 16 72.32 300 100 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 35 3.5 3.5 1.6 1.6 n.a. 3.5 Method AnTVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynNonPcTc AnPTSemY SynVisPcTc SynVisVar AnPTSemY AnTVisVar AnTValVis AnTValVis AnTValVis AnTValVis J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 AnTValVis AnTValVis AnTVal SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTVcirVal AnTVcirVal AnTVarVis AnPTSemY SynVis SynVisVar AnPTChro AnTLcirValVis SynVis SynVisPcTc AnPTSemY SynVisVar AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnTVal SynVisVar SynVisVar AnPTSemYVal AnPTSemYVal SynVis SynVisVar 43

1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium hexauorophosphate [omim][PF6 ] 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium hexauorophosphate [omim][PF6 ] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate ([bmim][PF6 ]) 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrauoroborate [bmim][BF4 ]

1-n-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tri(bisuoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C6mim][Tf2N] 1-Octene 1-Pentanol 1-Phenylethanol 1-Propanol 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octauoro-1-pentanol 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (isooctane) 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2-Propanol (isopropanol) 2-Sulfosalicylic acid 3-Methyl-1-butanol

4-Isobutylacetophenone

4-Phenyl phenol Acetic anhydride Acetophenone

44

Table 39 (Continued) X Acetylsalicylic acid -Methylbenzyl acetate -Phellandrene Argon -Carotene Benzene Benzil (1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-dione) Benzoic acid Bisphenol A C.I. Disperse Blue 79 C.I. Disperse Orange 13 C.I. Disperse Orange 3 C.I. Disperse yellow 55 Carbon monoxide Ceramide 3A (N-linoeoyl-phytosphingosine, 97%) Chlorobenzene Chlorodiuoromethane (HCFC-22) Y Benzoic acid Salicylic acid Acetic acid (ethanoic acid) Polystyrene 2-Propanol (isopropanol) Freeze dried carrots 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate [bmim][PF6 ] 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate [bmim][PF6 ] Poly(ethylene glycol) Diphenylcarbonate Poly(ethylene) terephthalate Poly(ethylene terephtalate) Poly(ethylene terephtalate) Poly(ethylene) terephthalate Dimethyl sulfoxide Acetonitrile (ethanenitrile) Cholesterol 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate [bmim][PF6 ] Poly(-caprolactone) Reference Ravipaty et al. [612] Ravipaty et al. [612] Calvo et al. [208] Xu et al. [771] Lazzaroni et al. [480] Saldana et al. [87] Machida et al. [69] Sakellarios et al. [626] Kong et al. [439] Kong et al. [439] Margon et al. [39] Margon et al. [39] Banchero et al. [64] Ferri et al. [820] van der Kraan et al. [28] van der Kraan et al. [28] Ferri et al. [820] Tsai et al. [720] Lopez-Castillo et al. [526] Vezz et al. [742] Machida et al. [69] Byun et al. [202] Park et al. [591] Park et al. [592] Park et al. [591] Park et al. [592] Huang et al. [56] Li et al. [499] Esmelindro et al. [284] Esmelindro et al. [284] Xu et al. [771] Esmelindro et al. [284] van Schilt et al. [735] Xu et al. [771] Xu et al. [771] Xu et al. [771] Byun et al. [201] Byun et al. [201] Perez et al. [601] Oh et al. [582] Shin et al. [680] Oh et al. [582] Xu et al. [771] Ribeiro et al. [614] Tsai et al. [721] Perez de Diego et al. [599] Filardo et al. [48] Petermann et al. [79] Borges et al. [195] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Tombokan et al. [717] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] T (K) 308328 308328 282363 393393 313313 313323 313333 308308 313313 313313 403453 403453 353393 353393 368388 358398 353393 353353 298313 370413 313333 322496 323415 323415 314393 314393 308328 313333 293343 293343 393393 293343 367464 393393 313453 393393 321479 314458 318338 303333 313363 303333 393393 306344 353353 282363 313313 298298 303343 318318 318318 308308 318318 P (MPa) 10.128 10.128 1.25.9 6.518 6.915 1220 5.414.8 6.510.5 9.59.5 9.59.5 3030 2.310.2 1824 1824 16.526.4 16.528.7 1624 2030 4.19 3.66 5.114.6 59.1276 2.7125.3 2.7125.3 3.644.1 3.644.1 1224 0.812.7 4.414.2 4.111.5 6.518 5.113.6 115363 6.518 6.518 6.518 15.9209.6 22.1233.2 10.320.5 8.840.7 3.225.5 6.439.4 6.518 4.97.3 2030 1.212 35.235.2 24 2.510.1 14.514.5 14.514.5 1.313.7 14.514.5 V (cm3 ) 1.6 1.6 n.a. 21 103 n.a. n.a. n.a. 3.3 3.3 65 3.5 1000 1000 40,000 40,000 1000 33 n.a. n.a. n.a. 28 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 377 50 27 27 21 27 n.a. 21 21 21 28 28 15 31 25 31 21 5 n.a. 30 23.4 n.a. 27 10 10 24 10 Method AnPTSemYVal AnPTSemYVal SynVis SynVis SynTVisVar AnPTSemY AnPTChro SynTVisSpec AnPTChro AnPTChro AnTY SynVisVar AnT AnT AnT AnT AnT AnPTSemY AnTVarVis SynNon AnPTChro SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnPTSemY AnTVarVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVis SynNonPcTc AnPTSemY SynVisVar AnTIns AnGravSynT SynVisVar AnT AnT SynVis AnT

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Poly(l-lactide) Cholesteryl benzoate (CBE) Choline chloride Cyclohexane Cholesteryl butyrate (CBU) Urea Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Polystyrene Cyclohexanol Poly(cylclohexene carbonate) Polystyrene Polystyrene Polystyrene Poly(decyl acrylate) Poly(decyl methacrylate) Acetic acid Lovastatin Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) Simvastatin Polystyrene 1,1,1,2,2-Pentauoroethane (HFC-125) C.I. Disperse Violet 1 Dextran Peracetylated -cyclodextrin 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate [emim][EtSO4 ] -Carotene Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether Triglycidyl p-aminophenol Sclareol Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether

Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene oxide Cyclohexylbenzene Decahdydronaphthalene Decahydroquinoline Decyl acrylate Decyl methacrylate Dibenzofuran Dichloromethane (HCC-30)

Dicyclohexyl Diuoromethane (HFC-32) Dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethylsulfoxide Diphenyl(4-phenyl)phenylphosphine Ethane Ethyl acetate Ethyl heptanoate Ethyl lactate Ethyl nonanoate

Table 39 (Continued) X Ethyl nonanoate Ethyl oleate Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate Ethyl undecanoate Ethylbenzene Ethylcyclohexane Ethylene carbonate -Linolenic acid -Linolenic acid ethyl ester -Linolenic acid methyl ester Glycerol carbonate Glycerol carbonate acetate Glycidyl methacrylate Heptadecauorodecyl methacrylate Heptadecauorodecyl methacrylate (HDFDMA) Isobutyl acrylate Isobutyl methacrylate Isopropyl acrylate Isopropyl benzoate Isopropyl methacrylate Limonene Methane Y Triglycidyl p-aminophenol Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether Triglycidyl p-aminophenol Ethyl p-aminobenzoate Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether Triglycidyl p-aminophenol Styrene Polystyrene Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether Triglycidyl p-aminophenol Poly(ethylene glycol) Poly(ethylene glycol) Poly(ethylene glycol) Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether Triglycidyl p-aminophenol Bisphenol a diglycidyl ether Triglycidyl p-aminophenol Propane Poly(heptadecauorodecyl acrylate) Poly(heptadecauorodecyl methacrylate (poly(HDFDMA)) Poly(isobutyl acrylate) Poly(isobutyl methacrylate) Poly(isopropyl acrylate) Polystyrene Poly(isopropyl methacrylate) Linalool 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate [emim][EtSO4 ] Ethane Nitrogen Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether Triglycidyl p-aminophenol Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether Triglycidyl p-aminophenol Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether Triglycidyl p-aminophenol Poly(methyl methacrylate) Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether Triglycidyl p-aminophenol Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether Tocopherol Triglycidyl p-aminophenol Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether Triglycidyl p-aminophenol Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether Triglycidyl p-aminophenol Polystyrene C.I. Disperse Blue 79 C.I. Disperse Red 60 (1-amino-4-hydroxy-2-phenoxy-9,10-anthraquinone) 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate [bmim][PF6 ] Phenanthrene Polymethylmethacrylate Poly(octyl acrylate) Naphthalene Polystyrene Polystyrene Reference Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Li [498] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Zhang et al. [792] Xu et al. [771] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Kong et al. [67] Kong et al. [67] Kong et al. [67] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Medina-Gonzalez [544] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Franceschi et al. [301] Shin et al. [673] Shin et al. [677] Byun et al. [204] Byun et al. [204] Byun et al. [206] Xu et al. [771] Byun et al. [206] Raeissi et al. [607] Petermann et al. [79] Le et al. [481] Le et al. [481] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Medina-Gonzalez [544] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Grnert et al. [322] Grnert et al. [322] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Fang et al. [289] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Medina-Gonzalez [544] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Xu et al. [771] Santos et al. [630] Santos et al. [630] Machida et al. [69] Tian et al. [716] zer et al. [730] Byun et al. [99] AlNashef et al. [108] Xu et al. [771] Xu et al. [771] T (K) 318318 318318 318318 308328 318318 318318 303341 393393 318318 318318 308343 313343 313343 318318 318318 318318 318318 303343 303363 303363 303428 316435 377455 393393 314443 293349 298298 173183 173183 318318 318318 318318 318318 318318 318318 338338 338353 318318 318318 318318 313353 318318 318318 318318 318318 318318 393393 308358 308358 313353 308308 308318 373453 313353 393393 393393 P (MPa) 14.514.5 14.514.5 14.514.5 821 14.514.5 14.514.5 6.311.7 6.518 14.514.5 14.514.5 930 916 816 14.514.5 14.514.5 14.514.5 14.514.5 1.87..2 6.725.2 6.526.3 7182.2 23.4204.6 69.3242.9 6.518 6.6221.6 514 24 1.22.2 1.22.2 14.514.5 14.514.5 14.514.5 14.514.5 14.514.5 14.514.5 1015 1015 14.514.5 14.514.5 14.514.5 1029 14.514.5 14.514..5 14.514.5 14.514.5 14.514.5 6.518 715.7 716.3 5.114.6 820 815 2.913.9 28.9 6.518 6.518 V (cm3 ) 10 10 10 100 10 10 50 21 10 10 3.3 3.3 3.3 10 10 10 10 25 25 25 28 28 28 21 28 3.5 n.a. n.a. n.a. 10 10 10 10 10 10 200 60 10 10 10 30 10 10 10 10 10 21 28 28 n.a. 377 60 28 100 21 21 Method AnT AnT AnT AnPTSemY AnT AnT SynVisVarPcTc SynVis AnT AnT AnPTChro AnPTChro AnPTChro AnT AnT AnT AnT SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVis SynVisVar SynVisVar AnGravSynT SynVis SynVis AnT AnT AnT AnT AnT AnT AnTSpec SynVisVar AnT AnT AnT AnTValVis AnT AnT AnT AnT AnT SynVis SynVisVar SynVisVar AnPTChro AnPTSemY AnTVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVis SynVis

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Methyl caprylate Methyl laurate Methyl linoleate Methyl methacrylate Methyl myristate Methyl oleate

Methyl palmitate Methyl stearate Methylcyclohexane N,N-Dimethylacrylamide

Naphthalene

n-Butane n-Hexane n-Hexylcyclohexane

45

46

Table 39 (Continued) X Nitrogen N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone N-Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) n-Octane n-Pentane n-Tetradecane Octyl acrylate Octyl methacrylate o-Hydroxybenzoic acid Oleic acid Oxygen p-Aminobenzoic acid Peruorohexane (PFC-72) Perhydrouorene Phenol Y 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (isooctane) Polyethylene terephthalate Potassium aurocyanide N-Methylpyrrolidone Thiophene Isotactic poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) Thiophene Polystyrene Poly(octyl acrylate) Poly(octyl acrylate) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Squalene Acetonitrile (ethanenitrile) o-Phthalic acid Toluene Polystyrene Bisphenol A Diphenylcarbonate p-Methylbenzen sulfonic acid p-Nitrobenzoic acid Poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) Poly(2-ethylhexyl methacrylate) Poly(-caprolactone) (Mw = 124 200) Poly(ethylene glycol)200 Poly(l-lactic acid) (MW = 189 000) Propane Ethyl acetate Cyclohexane 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate 2-Ethylhexyl methacrylate Dichloromethane (HCC-30) Trichloromethane (HCC-20) 1-Octanol 1-Pentanol Dichloromethane (HCC-30) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Camphor Poly(octyl acrylate) Sunower oil Poly(octyl acrylate) Cyclohexane Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether Triglycidyl p-aminophenol Benzoic acid Poly(ethylene) terephthalate Poly(tert-butyl acrylate) Poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) Polystyrene 1-Propanol n-Decane n-Nonane 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate [bmim][PF6 ] Poly(ethylene glycol) Poly(ethylene glycol) Benzoic acid Poly(ethylene glycol) Asphaltene Reference Zhang et al. [790] Faridi et al. [50] Rajasingam et al. [609] Jou et al. [394] Elizalde-Solis et al. [279] Fang et al. [288] Elizalde-Solis et al. [279] Xu et al. [771] Byun et al. [99] Byun et al. [99] Diankov et al. [261] Ruivo et al. [51] Lopez-Castillo et al. [526] Tian [716] Draucker et al. [269] Xu et al. [771] Margon et al. [39] Margon et al. [39] Margon et al. [39] Margon [39] Zhang et al. [807] Tian et al. [714] Liu et al. [519] Liu et al. [519] Kalogiannis et al. [404] Kalogiannis et al. [404] Hou et al. [356] Hou et al. [356] Kalogiannis et al. [403] Yao et al. [773] Carvalho et al. [210] Byun et al. [99] Hegel et al. [345] Byun et al. [99] Jin et al. [392] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Medina-Gonzalez et al. [544] Ravipaty et al. [612] Ferri et al. [820] Byun et al. [204] Byun et al. [204] Xu et al. [771] Elizalde-Solis et al. [277] Elizalde-Solis et al. [278] Elizalde-Solis et al. [278] Machida et al. [69] Kong et al. [437] Kong et al. [438] Kong et al. [437] Kong et al. [437] Wang et al. [754] Kong et al. [437] Kong et al. [438] Nobakht et al. [579] T (K) 273273 323373 308308 273423 334383 297360 333383 393393 308454 305472 313313 313333 313313 308328 313313 393393 403453 403453 353453 353453 308308 308308 303454 314477 308373 308373 303323 303323 308373 298298 304354 326453 308308 334453 308308 318318 318318 308328 353393 319457 314463 393393 314363 334383 334383 313333 313313 313313 308323 308323 313313 308323 308323 300300 P (MPa) 3.73.9 512 511.8 0.119 314 10.744.5 310.4 6.518 7213.9 6.3222.5 1220 1422 0.68.2 821 1.13.5 6.518 3030 9.612.1 3030 4.89.8 821 821 7.7248.4 9.6247 3.419.7 4.120.8 0.98.2 18.2 3.424 0.35.5 2.415 10.527.7 2.86.2 11.528.1 823 14.514.5 14.514.5 10.128 1424 20.2206.3 6.2257.5 6.518 1.812.5 2.515..3 1.915.1 5.314.8 9.930.2 9.930.2 8.230 8.230 12.112.1 930 930 4.84.8 V (cm3 ) 474 45 150 n.a. 100 n.a. 100 21 28 28 100 n.a. n.a. 377 103 21 65 3.5 65 3.5 100 377 28 28 26.75 26.75 50 50 26.75 n.a. 25.0 28 80 28 377 10 10 1.6 1000 28 28 21 100 100 100 n.a. 3.19 3.19 3.19 3.19 n.a. 3.19 3.19 310 Method AnT AnTMla AnT AnT AnTCapValVis SynVisVar AnTCapValVis SynVis SynVisVar SynVisVar AnT AnPTcon AnTValVis AnPTSemY SynTVisVar SynVis AnTY SynVisVar AnTY SynVisVar AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTBloVisVar AnTBloVisVar SynVisVar AnGrav SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTCapVis SynVisVar AnPTSemY AnT AnT AnPTSemYVal AnT SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVis AnTCapValVisPc AnTCapValVis AnTCapValVis AnPTChro AnPTChro AnPTChro AnPTChro AnPTChro SynVis AnPTChro AnPTChro SynVis

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Propene Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate Propylene carbonate Salicylic acid Solvent brown 1 Tert-butyl acrylate Tert-butyl methacrylate Tetrhydronaphthalene Thiophene

Toluene Triarachidonin Trierucin Tri-n-butylphosphate Trinervonin Weyburn oileld light crude oil

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 40 Ternary systems: water + methane + X. X 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane 1-Propanol 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran 2-Propanol (isopropanol) 3-Methyltetrahydropyran Aniline Calcium chloride Carbon dioxide Cyclopropane Diethylene glycol Ethane Ethanol Ethene Ethylbenzene Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol (MEG) Glycerol Hydrogen Hydrogen Magnesium chloride Methylcyclohexane Neohexane n-Heptane n-Propanol p-toluene sulfonic acid Potassium chloride Propane Sodium chloride Sodium dodecyl sulfate Reference Hara et al. [338] Maekawa [536] Mohammadi and Richon [553] Ohmura et al. [583] Kozaki et al. [447] Ohmura et al. [584] Maekawa [536] Mohammadi and Richon [553] Ohmura et al. [584] Ventura et al. [739] Atik et al. [178] Mohammadi et al. [554] Beltrn and Servio [97] Qin et al. [605] Makino et al. [537] Makino et al. [537] Afzal et al. [166] Kumar et al. [457] Wu and Englezos [766] Mohammadi et al. [556] Zhang et al. [793] Coquelet et al. [231] Abdi et al. [163] Folas et al. [299] Mohammadi et al. [555] Ma et al. [529] Skiba et al. [685] Atik et al. [178] Ohmura et al. [583] Susilo et al. [705] Susilo et al. [705] Susilo et al. [705] Chapoy et al. [126] Rovetto et al. [127] Mohammadi et al. [554] Kumar et al. [457] Wu and Englezos [766] Kim et al. [426] Mohammadi et al. [554] Gayet et al. [313] Lee et al. [486] Watanabe et al. [759] Ohmura et al. [583] Susilo et al. [705] Arjmandi et al. [176] Kunita et al. [470] Mooijer-van den Heuvel et al. [560] Li et al. [491] Valtz et al. [733] Afzal et al. [165] Mooijer-van den Heuvel et al. [560] Coquelet et al. [231] T (K) 274289 274286 273279 254272 273279 273285 274287 276281 273282 303369 265282 268283 275285 324375 291291 291291 274282 273273 276279 271280 273278 297393 263283 278298 266288 274274 266313 270292 251272 275275 275275 275275 276293 277280 270283 273273 273280 277283 274283 275300 276281 275293 252270 275275 287298 291291 272289 281295 297392 264275 274303 298393 P (MPa) 16.7 2.611 2.45.1 0.51 2.44.8 2.59.6 2.211 2.74.7 1.23.8 9.173.9 322.9 2.89 1.97.4 10.749.9 0.918.7 115.1 58 1.41.4 1.92.7 2.97.4 2.55.5 0.56.8 1530 520 2.714.8 3.85.5 0.1250 3.422.6 0.51.2 0.12 0.12 0.12 3.537.6 45 2.78.8 0.50.5 0.51.1 10.115.1 3.59.6 3.155 3.75.9 0.13.9 0.61.2 0.12 1.441.3 18.590 214 0.410.2 0.510.7 35.1 114 0.50.5 V (cm3 ) 150 1000 n.a. 200 236 200 1000 n.a. 200 30 n.a. 57.5 150 200 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 21.6 58 256 n.a. n.a. 451 58 256 n.a. n.a. 200 n.a. n.a. n.a. 500 200 57.5 n.a. 21.6 n.a. 57.5 250 474 19.6 200 n.a. 2400 0.2 3.5 n.a. n.a. 58 3.5 n.a. Method

47

Tert-butyl methyl ether Tetrabutyl ammonium bromide Tetrauoromethane (CF4) Tetrauoromethane (CFC-14) Tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide Toluene Triethylene glycol Triuoromethane (HFC-23) Xylene Table 41 Ternary systems: water + ethane + X. X 2-Propanol (isopropanol) Argon Calcium chloride Diethanolamine (DEA) Diethylene glycol Ethanol Ethylene glycol Glycerol Krypton Methane Methanol Monoethanolamine (MEA) Potassium chloride Sodium chloride Triethylene glycol Xenon Reference

SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynVisVar SynNon SynNonVis SynVisVar AnT AnTVis SynVisSpec SynNon SynNon AnTVis SynNon AnTVis AnTCapValVis AnT AnTVar SynNon AnT SynNon SynNon SynNon AnTVis AnTVis AnTVis SynNon SynNon SynNonVis SynNon AnTVis SynVisVar SynNonVis SynNonVis SynNon SynNon SynNon AnTVis SynNon SynVisSpec SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTCapValVis SynNon SynVisVar AnTCapValVis

T (K) 277281 273276 270283 298398 275285 273282 269281 264286 273276 273273 276279 268280 298398 270282 278281 272284 274281 276278

P (MPa) 0.61.1 0.41 0.42.5 013.2 0.82.8 0.52.2 0.41.7 0.43.6 0.41 1.41.4 1.92.7 0.52.6 013.1 0.42.1 10.115.1 0.52.9 0.51.7 0.20.8

V (cm3 ) n.a. 700 57.5 n.a. n.a. 58 58 58 700 n.a. 21.6 58 n.a. 57.5 n.a. 57.5 58 700

Method SynNon AnTVis SynNonVis AnTVcir SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon AnTVis SynNon AnTVis SynNon AnTVcir SynNonVis SynVisVar SynNonVis SynNon AnTVis

Mohammadi and Richon [553] Maekawa [535] Mohammadi et al. [554] Jou and Mather [396] Afzal et al. [166] Mohammadi et al. [556] Mohammadi et al. [557] Mohammadi et al. [555] Maekawa [535] Kumar et al. [457] Wu and Englezos [766] Mohammadi et al. [557] Jou and Mather [396] Mohammadi et al. [554] Kim et al. [426] Mohammadi et al. [554] Mohammadi et al. [557] Maekawa [535]

48 Table 42 Ternary systems: water + propane + X. X 2-Propanol (isopropanol) Argon Calcium chloride Diethylene glycol Ethanol Ethylene glycol Glycerol Krypton Methane Methanol Potassium chloride Sodium chloride Sodium dodecyl sulfate Triethylene glycol Xenon Reference

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

T (K) 274278 273276 271276 272277 272276 269275 272276 273278 273273 273280 266275 272276 271275 270278 273276 276278

P (MPa) 0.10.3 0.10.7 0.10.4 0.20.5 0.20.5 0.20.4 0.20.5 0.10.5 0.50.5 0.51.1 0.20.4 0.10.4 0.20.4 0.40.5 0.20.4 0.10.3

V (cm3 ) n.a. 700 58 n.a. 58 58 58 700 n.a. 21.6 58 57.5 57.5 474 58 700

Method SynNon AnTVis SynNonVis SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon AnTVis SynNon AnTVis SynNon SynNonVis SynNonVis AnTVis SynNon AnTVis

Mohammadi and Richon [553] Maekawa [535] Mohammadi et al. [554] Afzal et al. [166] Mohammadi et al. [556] Mohammadi et al. [557] Mohammadi et al. [555] Maekawa [535] Kumar et al. [457] Wu and Englezos [766] Mohammadi et al. [557] Mohammadi et al. [554] Mohammadi et al. [554] Zhang et al. [789] Mohammadi et al. [557] Maekawa [535]

Table 43 Ternary systems: water + hydrogen + X. X Carbon dioxide Reference Kumar et al. [456] Linga et al. [511] Sugahara et al. [701] Sugahara et al. [701] Duarte et al. [272] Ma et al. [529] Skiba et al. [685] Duarte et al. [272] Duarte et al. [272] Arjmandi et al. [176] Hashimoto et al. [112] Hashimoto et al. [342] Nagai et al. [566] Ogata et al. [150] Hashimoto et al. [112] Hashimoto et al. [343] Sakamoto et al. [625] Strobel et al. [692] T (K) 273281 273273 274281 274274 274279 274274 266313 269272 274275 280288 277281 273280 269275 277277 277281 279285 298302 279279 P (MPa) 1.510.7 18.5 1.49.1 15.215.2 60.195 3.85.5 0.1250 70.1100.1 83.1100.1 4.223 0.113.3 013.8 3.68.4 0.172 0.113.3 0.512.7 0.237.6 13.813.8 V (cm3 ) n.a. 323 150 0.2 n.a. 256 n.a. n.a. n.a. 2400 150 150 130 10.0 150 150 150 20 Method AnTVis AnTVis AnTVis SynVisSpec SynVis AnT SynNon SynVis SynVis SynNon SynVisSpec SynVisSpec SynTVis SynT SynVisSpec SynNonVis SynNonVis AnT

Dimethylcyclohexane Methane Methyl tert-butyl ether Methylcyclohexane Tetrabutyl ammonium bromide Tetrahydrofuran

Tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide Tetra-n-butyl ammonium uoride Tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide

in polymersolvent systems [99,100]. Koh et al. [101] used the synthetic-visual method to study acid-in-CO2 emulsions for supercritical uid surface decontamination (SFSD) of radioactive metal wastes. Concerning the design of the view cell either an autoclave with one or more windows is used or a tube made from a transparent material (e.g., pyrex glass). When only small quantities of a sample shall be used for an experiment in a rather larger high-pressure view cell, e.g. to observe solidliquidgas equilibria, a glass capillary can be placed inside a high-pressure view cell [95,102]. Milhet et al. [103] used a very small cell with a volume of 0.03 cm3 for the visual observation of melting points and solidliquid equilibria on n-alkanes at high pressures. The experi-

mental apparatus is built around an autoclave cell, made of stainless steel and equipped with two sapphire windows through which the studied sample can be observed with the help of a polarizing microscope coupled with a video camera. This technique allows the detection of very small crystals, up to 2 m in length, even when their concentration is too low for other approaches. Most equilibrium cells are made of stainless steel or Nickel based high-performance alloys, like Hastelloy C4, e.g. [95]. Gregorowicz [104] selected titanium as material for his variable volume view-cell. As the reason he gives the comparatively low weight, unfortunately, without reporting the actual weight of the cell. The Cailletet apparatus of TU Delft [105] is the most frequently used type of apparatus for high-pressure phase equilibrium measurements. It consists of a thick-walled Pyrex glass tube (50 cm

Table 44 Ternary systems: water + krypton + X. X 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Propanol (isopropanol) 2-Propanone Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Ethane Fluorocyclopentane Propane Tetrahydropyran Reference Ohmura et al. [585] Imai et al. [376] Imai et al. [376] Imai et al. [376] Takeya and Ohmura [707] Takeya and Ohmura [707] Maekawa [535] Imai et al. [375] Maekawa [535] Takeya and Ohmura [707] T (K) 273285 266293 267289 268291 283308 280297 273276 286308 273278 278296 P (MPa) 0.42 0.14.7 0.34.9 0.14.9 0.17.6 0.12 0.41 0.14.8 0.10.5 0.12 V (cm3 ) 200 70.7 70.7 70.7 200 200 700 70.7 700 200 Method SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon AnTVis SynNon AnTVis SynNon

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 45 Ternary systems: water + X + Y. X 1,1,1,2-Tetrauoroethanie (HFC-134a) Y Bis(2,2,3,3,3-pentatuoropropyl)2sulfosuccinate Bis(2,2,3,4,4,4-hexauorobutyl)2sulfosuccinate 1-n-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethanesulfonyl)imide Sodium acetate Sodium oleate Lithium bromide Lithium nitrate Methanol Tetralin 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Propanol (isopropanol) 2-Propanone Cyclopentane Fluorocyclopentane Tetra-n-butylammonium bromide Benzene Diglycolamine (DGA) Benzene Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Fluorocyclopentane Methylcyclohexane Tetrahydrofuran n-Propanol Ethylene glycol Tetrabutyl ammonium bromide 2-Propanol (isopropanol) p-Toluene sulfonic acid Diglycolamine Methyldiethanolamine Cis-Decalin 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane Cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Trans-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane Reference Liu et al. [523] Liu et al. [523] Najdanovic-Visak et al. [570] Bermejo et al. [188] Bermejo et al. [188] Wu et al. [768] Libotean et al. [502] Schfer et al. [635] Brunner et al. [197] Imai et al. [376] Imai et al. [376] Imai et al. [376] Imai et al. [374] Imai et al. [375] Imai et al. [374] Valtz et al. [732] Coquelet et al. [231] Valtz et al. [732] Takeya et al. [709] Takeya et al. [709] Takeya et al. [709] Takeya and Ohmura [708] Takeya et al. [709] Chapoy et al. [126] Abdi et al. [163] Arjmandi et al. [176] Grigiante et al. [326] Rovetto et al. [127] Valtz et al. [733] Valtz et al. [733] Brunner et al. [197] Sugahara et al. [702] Sugahara et al. [702] Sugahara et al. [702] Sugahara et al. [702] T (K) 303332 307337 254346 396459 400459 287356 293353 313393 524664 268287 268288 268284 280299 288299 286289 292393 294394 291402 287305 283300 290307 273294 284301 289290 263283 285292 313313 2853 292394 295392 521647 274301 274283 274283 274283 P (MPa) 0.138 0.238 0.14.2 0.41.8 0.41.6 02.6 02 01.5 4.428.5 0.11.1 0.11.2 00.7 01.5 0.11 0.11.2 00.4 00.3 00.6 0.12.9 0.11.9 0.12.5 0.12.7 0.11.8 9.910 1520 4.633.5 1.31.6 2853 00.3 00.3 4.222 0.12.7 0.10.4 0.12.7 0.12.7 V (cm3 ) n.a. n.a. 24 n.a. n.a. 769 166 1600 30 70.7 70.7 70.7 70 70.7 70 n.a. n.a. n.a. 138.2 138.2 138.2 202 138.2 500 n.a. 2400 80 200 n.a. n.a. 30 10 10 10 10 Method SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVis SynVis AnT SynT AnT SynVis SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynTVis SynTVis SynTVis SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon

49

1-Butanol 2-Propanol (isopropanol) Ammonia

Decalin Diuoromethane (HFC-32)

Diglycolamine (DGA) Ethylbenzene Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) Methyluoride

Natural gas Nitrogen Propene Synthetic natural gas Toluene Trans-decalin Xenon

SynNon SynNon AnT SynNon AnTCapValVis SynNon SynTVis SynTVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis

Table 46 Ternary systems: methane + X + Y. X 1-Butene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (isooctane) Ethanol Methanol Y 2-Methylpropane (isobutane) 2-Methylpropane (isobutane) Tetrahydrofuran Benzene Cyclohexane Methylbenzene n-Heptane n-Hexane Peruoromethylcyclohexane n-Decane Reference Li et al. [496] Li et al. [496] Luo et al. [45] Xia et al. [769] Xia et al. [769] Xia et al. [769] Xia et al. [769] Xia et al. [769] Gozalpour et al. [320] Uribe-Vargas and Trejo [728] T (K) 336380 344417 274300 288303 303303 288303 303303 303303 373373 258298 P (MPa) 6.510 7.211.4 2.79.4 1.912 211.9 212 1.912 212 4.523 0.918.8 V (cm3 ) 18 18 360 30 30 30 30 30 400 n.a. Method SynVisPcTc SynVisPcTc AnTLcirBloVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTVcirValVis AnTVal

n-Decane n-Hexane

long, 3 mm inner diameter) with the open end placed in an autoclave and immersed in mercury. The mercury connes the sample in the Cailletet tube. Transparent tubes are limited concerning their maximum pressures before they crack or burst. For higher pressures, the tube can

be placed into a high-pressure vessel. An example is the apparatus of Hong et al. [106] who used a thick-walled quartz tube containing the sample that has a oating piston and is positioned in a windowed, agitated, invertible, high-pressure cell. The oating piston separates the sample volume from a transparent overburden uid.

Table 47 Ternary systems: ethene + X + Y. X n-Hexane Y Poly(ethylene) 150,00 Poly(ethylene) 108,000 Poly(ethylene) (LLDPE) Poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate) Poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate-co-vinyl acetate) Reference Haruki et al. [100] Haruki et al. [100] Nagy et al. [568] Tumakaka et al. [725] Tumakaka et al. [725] T (K) 373473 373473 410495 373493 373503 P (MPa) 0.615.9 2.821.5 1.313.3 108127.7 115178 V (cm3 ) 20 20 3.5 65 65 Method SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar

Vinyl acetate

50

Table 48 Ternary systems: X + Y + Z. X 1,1,1,2-Tetrauoroethane (HFC-134a) Y 1,1-Diuoroethane (HFC-152a) Ethanol Methylsuccinic acid Chlorodiuoromethane (HCFC-22) Dimethyl ether Propylene carbonate 1,1,1,2,2-Pentauoroethane (HFC-125) 2-Methylpropane (isobutane) Limonene Benzene Z Polystyrene Polystyrene Itaconic acid Poly(-caprolactone) Poly(-caprolactone) n-Dodecane 1,1,1,2-Tetrauoroethane (HFC-134a) 1,1,1,2-Tetrauoroethane (HFC-134a) Propane Linalool Cyclohexane Methylcyclohexane Toluene Naphthalene Methylcyclohexane Toluene Toluene 1-Hexadecanol 1-Hexadecanol 2-Propanol (isopropanol) Methyl palmitate n-Dodecane Cis-Decahydronaphthalene Naphthalene Methyl palmitate Glycerol 1-Hexadecanol 2-Methylpropane (isobutane) Poly(-caprolactone) Poly(-caprolactone) Reference Li et al. [73] Choudhary et al. [114] Abbott et al. [89] Byun et al. [202] Byun et al. [202] Shaharun et al. [146] Kato and Nishiumi [40] Kato and Nishiumi [40] Akasaka et al. [169] Raeissi and Peters [608] Tsuji et al. [722] Tsuji et al. [107] Tsuji et al. [107] Tsuji et al. [723] Tsuji et al. [107] Tsuji et al. [107] Tsuji et al. [722] Rovetto et al. [621] Rovetto et al. [622] Zevnik and Levec [788] Rovetto et al. [622] Shaharun et al. [146] Tsuji et al. [723] Tsuji et al. [723] Rovetto et al. [621] Benazzi et al. [186] Rovetto et al. [621] Kayukawa et al. [415] Byun et al. [202] Byun et al. [202] T (K) 403463 423460 383383 323474 321473 298343 333363 348363 260290 284368 303303 303303 303303 303303 303303 303303 303303 303450 310450 333393 360450 298343 303303 303303 341450 298343 351450 240380 323475 322474 P (MPa) 1.25.6 1.39 520.5 84.9263.2 32.5253.7 0.11.5 3.64.4 3.84.4 0.11.2 39.1 0.84.8 1.33.9 1.54.2 1.84.2 1.24.2 1.23.9 1.34.4 2.914.3 714.7 0.36.7 511.5 0.11.5 1.84.3 1.94.2 2.29.9 1.129.4 2.910.5 03.5 60.8256.3 92.5266.3 V (cm3 ) n.a. n.a. 25 28 28 300 1200 1200 n.a. 3.5 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 3.5 3.5 300 3.5 300 37 37 3.5 27 3.5 n.a. 28 28 Method AnGrav SynVisCon AnOth SynVisVar SynVisVar SynT AnTLcirVisVar SynVisVarPcTc AnTVLcirVal SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTX SynVisVar SynT SynVis SynVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar SynNonVar SynVisVar SynVisVar

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

1-Butene Carbon monoxide Diuoromethane (HFC-32)

Ethane Hydrogen

Propane

Cis-Decahydronaphthalene Cyclohexane Cyclohexane Methylcyclohexane Propane Propane Propane Propane Propylene carbonate Trans-decahydronaphthalene Trans-decahydronaphthalene 1-Hexadecanol AOT surfactant Methanol n-Butane Chlorodiuoromethane (HCFC-22) Dimethyl ether

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 49 Multicomponent systems: carbon dioxide + water + X + Y (+. . .). X(+Y +. . .) 1-Butanol + 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triuoromethanesulfonyl)imide 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octauoro-1-pentanol + sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate 2-Propanol (isopropanol) + argon + acetone 3-Methylpentaethyleneglycol-2-octyl-1-n-pentylglycerol + 1,2dihydroxyanthoraquinone 3-Methylpentaethyleneglycol-2-octyl-1-n-pentylglycerol + 3,4dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-2-anthoraquinonesulfonic acid sodium salt Ammonium carboxylate peruoropolyether + oxymatrine AOT surfactant + ethanol AOT surfactant + n-heptane + cobalt(II) chloride AOT surfactant + n-heptane + potassium permanganate AOT surfactant + n-octanol Ethanol + boldine Ethanol + boldine + catechin Ethanol + boldo leaf tincture Ethanol + caffeine Ethanol + catechin Ethanol + p-coumaric acid Ethoxylated nonyl phenol + nitric acid Hydrogen + propane Hydrogen + tetrahydrofuran Methane + neohexane Methanol + sodium cloride Methanol + sodium sulfate Methanol + tetramethylammonium bicarbonate Nitrogen + cyclohexanol + cyclohexanone + cyclohexane Nitrogen + methane + ethane + propane + 2-methyl propane + n-butane + 2-methyl butane + tetrabutyl ammonium bromide nitrogen + tetrahydrofuran N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) + piperazine N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) + tetramethylensulfone N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) + tetramethylensulfone + piperazine Quercetin-3-glucoside + ethanol Resveratrol + ethanol Sodium bis-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octauoro-1-n-pentyl)-2sulfosuccinate + nitric acid Sodium bis(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonauoro-1-hexanol) sulfosuccinate + cadnium nitrate Tri-n-butylphosphate + citric acid Tri-n-butylphosphate + lactic acid Trioxane + formaldehyde Reference Najdanovic-Visak et al. [570] Liu et al. [517] Lazzaroni et al. [480] Sawada et al. [633] Sawada et al. [633] T (K) 295333 311325 313313 318318 318318 P (MPa) 6.896.5 15.433.7 6.915.1 2020 2020 V (cm3 ) 24 10 103 4.6 4.6 Method SynVisVar SynVis SynTVisVar SynVis SynVis

51

Su et al. [695] Wang and Wai [755] Wang and Wai [755] Wang and Wai [755] Wang and Wai [755] de la Fuente et al. [248] de la Fuente et al. [248] de la Fuente et al. [248] Iwai et al. [379] de la Fuente et al. [248] Nunes et al. [581] Nunes et al. [581] Koh et al. [101] Kumar et al. [456] Hashimoto et al. [341] Beltrn and Servio [97] Kamps et al. [406] Kamps et al. [405] Levitin et al. [489] Zhang et al. [797] Arjmandi et al. [176] Linga et al. [511] Jenab et al. [385] Jenab et al. [385] Jenab et al. [385] Nunes et al. [581] Nunes et al. [581] Koh et al. [101]

308328 308318 323323 323323 308318 313343 313343 313343 313313 313343 313313 313313 313313 274282 280280 275285 313395 313395 298343 388511 280292 273273 313343 313343 313343 313313 313313 313313

14.922.8 1619.5 1820 12.520 1825 3.716.8 3.616.6 4.817.3 1515 3.516.6 1519 1519 1435 2.59.7 0.23.6 1.36.1 0.19.4 0.29.6 1.527.1 15.922.5 0.99.5 1.51.5 03.9 03.1 03.1 1519 1519 1335

39.7 20 20 20 20 300 300 300 26.5 300 30 30 22.4 n.a. 150 150 30 30 20 18 2400 323 1000 1000 1000 30 30 22.4

AnTCap SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisVar AnSpecVcir SynVisVar AnTCapValVis AnTCapValVis SynVisVar AnTVis AnTVis SynVisVar SynVis SynVis SynVisVar SynVisPcTc SynNon AnTVis AnT AnT AnT AnTCapValVis AnTCapValVis SynVisVar

Liu et al. [522] Wang et al. [754] Wang et al. [754] Tanaka and Ogino [710]

303328 313313 313313 323393

1120 1212.1 12.112.1 9.619.1

60 n.a. n.a. 200

SynVis SynVis SynVis AnTY

To reduce time for equilibration most frequently magnetic stirrer bars are used, usually to agitate the liquid phase. Tsuji et al. [107] used a magnetic stirrer bar that is positioned in the top part of their view cell, a pyrex glass tube. The Cailletet tubes of TU Delft [105] are agitated with a stainless steel ball driven by reciprocating magnets. Visual cells equipped with a rocking mechanism to facilitate the attainment of equilibrium are only rarely used, e.g. by AlNashef et al. [108]. To improve the detection of phase transitions, some authors used laser light scattering techniques [109,110]. Masui et al. [111] introduced image analysis for the determination of the critical parameters of n-butane. Pictures taken from the variable-volume view cell by a CCD camera were cut to the region where the phase behavior is observed best. The color image was then transformed into a monochromatic image for determination of relative brightness (LR) of each picture. Using this method the existence of a meniscus can be detected in a reliable way. Some authors used spectroscopic methods to get additional information, e.g. Hashimoto et al. [112] conrmed by use of Raman spectroscopy that H2 is enclathrated in the hydrate cages by adding a small amount of tetrahydrofuran or tetra-n-butyl ammonium.

Using the synthetic-visual method (V = 100 cm3 ) Melnikov et al. [113] reliably recorded for the rst time the formation of metastable (supercooled) water upon dissociation of propane hydrates in the temperature range 257270 K. To measure the solubilities of gases or blowing agents in viscous polymer melt systems the synthetic-visual method can be used with a continous feed of the components by means of a foaming extruder [114]. The solid polymer is melted in the extruder (twin screw or single screw) and saturated with a gas or a blowing agent. An optical ow cell and a manually controlled valve were installed at the end of the extruder. Solubility data are generated by observing/recording the onset of bubble formation/dissolution in the gas-laden melt through the window using a microscope-CCD camera-monitor/recorder system. Equivalent to analytical continous ow methods, continousfeed synthetic-visual methods have the advantage of that the substances are kept only for a short time at the desired temperature, so that thermal degradation can be reduced when critical points are measured at high temperatures. Gil et al. [115] describe a ow apparatus (SynVisConPcTc) that is suitable for the measurement of critical points of pure components and of binary mixtures. The loading section consists of two thermostatic chromatography

52 Table 50 Multicomponent systems: carbon dioxide + X + Y (+. . .). X(+Y +. . .)

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Reference Esperanc a et al. [285] Bogel-Lukasik et al. [194]

T (K) 305344 308308

P (MPa) 3.77.2 911

V (cm3 ) 5 42.5

Method SynNonPcTc AnTValVis

1,1,1-Triuoroethane (HFC-143a) + 1,1,1,2,2-pentauoroethane (HFC-125) + 1,1,1,2-tetrauoroethane (HFC-134a) 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium dicyanamide[omim] N(CN)2] + 2-octanol + 4-(octan-2-yloxy)-4-oxobutanoic acid + dioctan-2-yl succinate 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium hexauorophosphate [omim] [PF6 ] + 2-octanol +4-(octan-2-yloxy)-4-oxobutanoic acid + dioctan-2-yl succinate 4-Cyano-4 -n-pentyl-1,1 -biphenyl + 4-cyano-4 -n-heptyl-1,1 biphenyl + 4-cyano-4 -n-octyloxy-1,1 -biphenyl + 4-cyano-4 -npentyl-1,1 ,1 -terphenyl -Methylbenzyl acetate + -methylbenzyl alcohol + acetic anhydride + acetic acid (ethanoic acid) Anisole + acetic anhydride + p-methoxyacetophenone + acetic acid (ethanoic acid) Cyclohexane + cyclohexanone + cyclohexanol Ethanol + dichloromethane (HCC-30) + theophylline Ethanol + limonene + linalool Methane + ethane + 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate [emim] [EtSO4 ] Methane + ethane + propane + n-butane + methanol Methane + n-butane + n-decane Methane + neohexane + water n-Butane + n-pentane + n-hexane + n-heptane Nitrogen + methane + ethane + propane + 2-methylpropane (isobutane) + n-butane + 2-methylbutane (isopentane) + n-pentane n-Octane + n-hexadecane + methylcyclohexane + cisdecalin + methylbenzene Phenanthrene + anthracene + carbazole Phenol + bisphenol A + diphenylcarbonate Phenol + bisphenol A + diphenylcarbonate p-Methylbenzen sulfonic acid + ethyl acetate + ethanol p-Nitrobenzoic acid + cyclohexane + acetone Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate + cyclohexane +acetone Tristearin + phosphatidylcholine + dioctyl sulfosuccinate Water + 1-butanol + 1-n-butyl-3methylimidazoliumbis(triuoromethanesulfonyl)imide Table 51 Multicomponent systems: methane + X + Y (+. . .). X(+Y +. . .) Diglycolamine (DGA) + benzene + water Ethane + propane + 2-methylpropane(isobutane) + n-butane + n-pentane Ethane + propane + water Ethane + water + glycerol Ethane + water + n-butane Ethane + water + p-toluene sulfonic acid Ethane + water + triethylene glycol Ethene + water + tetrahydrofuran Reference

Bogel-Lukasik et al. [194]

308308

911

42.5

AnTValVis

Brs et al. [196]

313333

8.818.6

35

AnTValVis

Calvo and de Loos [208] Ji et al. [389] Esmelindro [284] Franceschi et al. [302] Subra et al. [697] Iwai et al. [44] Iwai et al. [44] Petermann et al. [79] Rufne et al. [27] Ayirala and Rao [129] Beltrn and Servio [97] Qiu et al. [606] Zhou et al. [811] Vitu et al. [744] Esmaeilzadeh and Goodarznia [283] Margon et al. [39] Margon et al. [39] Zhang et al. [807] Tian et al. [714] Jin et al. [392] Spilimbergo et al. [123] Najdanovic-Visak et al. [570]

283363 374530 293343 303343 309309 313313 313313 298298 243273 344344 275285 310473 231340 292373 318318 343473 343473 308308 308308 308308 308326 295333

2.37.1 16.122.2 4.412.2 5.810.4 1111 6.96.9 6.96.9 24 25 0.112.2 1.36.1 3.910.6 3.119.6 1.916.5 11.120.1 3030 3.211.2 821 821 823 15.8 6.896.5

n.a. 18 27 27 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 100 n.a. 150 39 70 30 n.a. 65 3.5 100 377 377 n.a. 24

SynVis SynVisPcTc SynVisVar SynVIsVar SynVisVar AnTLcirBlo AnPTSemY AnTYGrav AnTVcirBloValVis SynNon SynVisVar SynVisPcTc SynNon SynVisVar AnPTSemY AnTY SynVisVar AnPTSemY AnPTSemY AnPTSemY SynNon SynVisVar

T (K) 298393 236278 273273 274281 277292 284284 272282 274274 277288 273282 277288 298393 333333 274274 278278 277285 258258 274281 273281 298353 298393 278286 303361 263293 273278 298393 298393 298353

P (MPa) 0.55 0.39.4 0.70.7 2.14.7 0.53.2 3.53.5 1.54.5 1.11.8 0.12.4 24.5 0.14 0.55 0.50.5 67.4 1.46.2 0.18.8 3.411.9 0.81.9 0.72.2 0.50.5 0.45 6.118.6 0.54.9 1.56 2.55.5 0.48.1 0.48.1 0.50.5

V (cm3 ) n.a. n.a. n.a. 21.6 34 200 21.6 256 60 256 60 n.a. n.a. 256 256 60 n.a. 21.6 21.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. 20 300 256 n.a. n.a. n.a.

Method AnTCapValVis SynVis SynNon AnTVis AnTValVis SynNon AnTVis AnT SynVisVar AnT SynVisVar AnTCapValVis AnTCapValVis AnT AnT SynVisVar AnTVal AnTVis AnTVis AnTCapValVis AnTCapValVis SynNon AnTCapValVis AnPTSemY AnTVis AnTCapValVis AnTCapValVis AnTCapValVis

Valtz et al. [732] Mrch et al. [562] Kumar et al. [457] Wu and Englezos [766] Mohammadi et al. [551] Rovetto et al. [127] Wu and Englezos [766] Ma et al. [529] Ma et al. [529] Zhang et al. [794] Zhang et al. [795] Coquelet et al. [231] Coquelet et al. [231] Ma et al. [529] Ma et al. [529] Zhang et al. [796] Uribe-Vargas and Trejo [728] Wu and Englezos [766] Wu and Englezos [766] Valtz et al. [733] Valtz et al. [733] Atik et al. [178] Chapoy et al. [217] Folas et al. [65] Zhang et al. [793] Valtz et al. [732] Valtz et al. [733] Valtz et al. [733]

Ethylbenzene + diglycolamine (DGA) + water Ethylbenzene + methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) + water Hydrogen + nitrogen + tetrahydrofuran + water Hydrogen + water + tetrahydrofuran n-Hexane + nitrogen + n-decane Propane + water + glycerol Propane + water + triethylene glycol Water + diethanolamine (DEA) + toluene Water + diglycolamine (DGA) + toluene Water + ethane + magnesium chloride + sodium chloride Water + ethane + n-butane Water + ethane + propane + 2-methylpropane (isobutane) + n-butane Water + ethene + sodium dodecyl sulfate Water + methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) + benzene Water + methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) +toluene Water + monoethanolamine (MEA) + toluene

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 52 Multicomponent systems: X + Y (+. . .). X(+Y + . . .) 1,1,1,2-Tetrauoroethane (HFC-134a) + tristearin + phosphatidylcholine + dioctyl sulfosuccinate Ammonia + methanol + water + sodium chloride Ammonia + methanol + water + sodium sulfate Carbon monoxide + propylene carbonate + 1-4-dioxane + n-dodecane Chlorodiuoromethane (HCFC-22) + tristearin + phosphatidylcholine + dioctyl sulfosuccinate Ethene + water + 2-propanol (isopropanol) + 2,5-hexanediol Ethene + water + 2-propanol (isopropanol) + 2,5-hexanedione Ethene + water + 2-propanol (isopropanol) + d-phenylalanine Ethene + water + 2-propanol (isopropanol) + l-phenylalanine Ethene + water + 2-propanol (isopropanol) + N-acetyl-d-glucosamine Ethene + water + 2-propanol (isopropanol) + N-acetyl-d-mannosamine Glycerol + olive oil + propane + AOT surfactant Hydrogen + benzene + toluene + cyclohexane + methylcyclohexane Hydrogen + benzene + toluene + xylene + styrene Hydrogen + carbon monoxide + ammonia + 1-octene Hydrogen + carbon monoxide + ammonia + 1-octene +water Hydrogen + carbon monoxide + ammonia + 1-pentene Hydrogen + carbon monoxide + ammonia + nonylamine + water + dioxane Hydrogen + carbon monoxide + ammonia + nonylamine + water + methanol Hydrogen + carbon monoxide + ammonia + nonylamine + water + methyl-tert-butyl ether Hydrogen + carbon monoxide + ammonia + nonylamine + water + tetrahydrofuran Hydrogen + carbon monoxide + ammonia + nonylamine + water + toluene Hydrogen + propylene carbonate + 1-4-dioxane + n-dodecane Hydrogen + water + lithium + boron Nitrogen + oxygen + argon + water n-Octane + sodium dodecylsulfate + 1-pentanol + water Propane + anisole + acetic anhydride + p-methoxyacetophenone + acetic acid (ethanoic acid) Sulfur dioxide + ammonia + water + ammonium sulfate Sulfur dioxide + ammonia + water + sodium sulfate Reference Spilimbergo et al. [123] Schfer et al. [637] Schfer et al. [637] Shaharun et al. [146] Spilimbergo et al. [123] Freitag et al. [42] Freitag et al. [42] Freitag et al. [303] Freitag et al. [303] Freitag et al. [303] Freitag et al. [303] Benazzi et al. [186] Tsuji et al. [107] Zhou et al. [813] Martin et al. [96] Martin et al. [96] Martin et al. [96] Martin et al. [96] Martin et al. [96] Martin et al. [96] Martin et al. [96] Martin et al. [96] Shaharun et al. [146] Giraudeau et al. [88] Koglbauer Wendland [34] Polikhronidi et al. [603] Ji et al. [389] Meyer et al. [545] Meyer et al. [545] T (K) 318326 353393 353393 298343 311324 293333 293333 293333 293333 293333 293333 298373 303303 298343 396416 393448 389393 393431 393433 393431 393431 393431 298343 491582 293413 289520 416596 313373 313373 P (MPa) 0.10.4 0.10.9 00.6 0.11.5 0.10.7 7.416.6 7.416.6 7.416.6 7.416.6 7.416.6 7.416.6 0.929.5 14.5 1.65.8 20.921.8 1921.8 17.319.5 1923 1924 1923 1923 1923 0.11.5 13.813.8 0.125 05.8 5.411.8 6.712.4 5.79.1 V (cm3 ) n.a. 1600 1600 300 n.a. 30 30 30 30 30 30 27 37 600 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 300 n.a. 49 105.4 18 30 30 Method SynNon AnT AnT SynT SynNon

53

AnTVLcirVisVal AnTVLcirVisVal AnTVLcirVisVal AnTVLcirVisVal AnTVLcirVisVal AnTVLcirVisVal SynVisVar SynVis SynT SynVisPcTc SynVisPcTc SynVisPcTc SynVisPcTc SynVisPcTc SynVisPcTc SynVisPcTc SynVisPcTc SynT AnOth AnSpec SynNon SynVisPcTc SynVis SynVis

syringe pumps in which the pure substances (liquids or liqueed gases) are stored and that provide a ow of dened constant composition (=synthetic method). The measuring part includes a transparent cell (a sapphire tube pressed between two Titanium anges) placed in an air thermostatic bath. The internal volume of the cell is approximately 4 cm3 . Pressure and temperature are adjusted until critical opalescence is observed. With 36.0% of all systems investigated in this review, syntheticvisual methods were the most frequently used type of method. 3.2.2. Synthetic-non-visual methods (SynNon) As an alternative to visual observation, other physical properties can be monitored to detect phase transitions. Haramagatti et al. [116] made use of small angle neutron scattering in combination with optical Raman spectroscopy instead of visible light, as the basis of phase detection, while Kandil et al. [117] used a microwave re-entrant resonator to detect the appearance of dew and bubble points in hydrocarbon systems. Eckert and coworkers [118] proposed a synthetic-non-visual method to measure the solubility of solids in CO2 . First the cell is charged with the solid. Then it is pressurized with CO2 and stirred constantly. Equilibrium of the mixture is observed in situ by periodically taking spectra (UV absorbance) of the solution. The pressure is raised stepwise until no further signicant increase in the peak absorbance is observed. This means that all solids had been dissolved in the uid phase, the phase change has been detected. Phase changes can be detemined using sound of speed measurements. Since the acoustic wave excited in a sample for the speed of sound measurement is strongly absorbed in the gas phase as compared to the absorption in the liquid phase, the appearance of the gas phase can be detected by the change of the acoustic echo signal. Speed of sound measurements can be also used for solidliquid phase changes, e.g. Gomes de Azevedo et al. [119] used an acoustic

method to determine the pT melting curve of ionic liquids. Searching critical points with an acoustic method, e.g. Esperanc a et al. [120], has the advantage that even for temperatures several degrees above the critical point, the sound velocity exhibits a minimum when measured isothermally as a function of pressure. If the total volume of a variable-volume cell can be measured accurately, the appearance of a new phase can be obtained from the abrupt change in slope on the pressurevolume plot more accurately than by visual observation, e.g. Kodama et al. [121]. As an alternative pVT measurements can be performed and the intersection of isochors can be used to determine points on the coexistence curve. A sharp change in the slope, (dp/dT), occurs at the phase boundary. Stievano and Elvassore [122] measured the liquid density in a liquid recirculation loop of a variable-volume cell while the volume was slowly expanded. Because vapor and liquid phases have different compressibilities, the slope of curves changes at the VLE equilibrium point. The equilibrium point can be evaluated intersecting two gas-like and liquid-like correlations obtained for either densitypressure or window (=movable piston) displacementpressure proles. The authors conrmed the results by visual observation of small vapor bubble formation in the VLE cell at equilibrium conditions. Spilimbergo et al. [123] used high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to study solidliquidvapor equilibria of high-pressure gases with solid lipids. Maeda et al. [124] studied solidsolid phase transitions of a thermotropic cubic mesogen (=the fundamental unit of a liquid crystal that induces structural order in the crystals) with high-pressure differential thermal analysis (DTA) at pressures up to 300 MPa. Kutcherov and Chernoutsan [125] investigated two sequential phase transitions, a wide range crystallization and glass transition, of different crude oils and their fractions at high pressures by measuring the thermal conductivity using the transient hot-wire

54

Table 53 Complex systems X + Y (+. . .). V Heavy fractions of Kumkolsk oil Heavy fractions of Usinsk oil Kalchinsk oil Komsomolsk oil Kumkolsk oil Shtokman condensate Usinsk oil Verhozimsk oil Vostochno-Gorinsk oil 1,1,1,3,3-Pentauoropropane (HFC-245fa) 2-Methylpropane (isobutane) Carbon dioxide W X Y Z Reference Kutcherov [471] Kutcherov [471] Kutcherov [471] Kutcherov [471] Kutcherov [471] Kutcherov [471] Kutcherov [471] Kutcherov [471] Kutcherov [471] Zhelezny et al. [810] Zhelezny et al. [809] Sun and Chen [703] Ayirala and Rao [129] Ayirala and Rao [129] Greaves et al. [323] Kelland et al. [418] Kelland et al. [417] Kelland et al. [417] Kelland et al. [417] Kelland et al. [417] Kelland et al. [417] Kelland et al. [417] Kelland et al. [417] Kelland et al. [417] Kelland et al. [417] Kelland et al. [417] Kelland et al. [418] Kelland et al. [418] Kelland et al. [418] Kelland et al. [418] Kelland et al. [418] Kelland et al. [418] Kelland et al. [418] Kelland et al. [418] Kelland et al. [418] Kelland [417] Kelland [417] Kelland et al. [417] Kelland et al. [418] Kelland et al. [418] Kelland et al. [418] T (K) 275320 275320 275320 275320 275320 275320 275320 275320 275320 333424 303363 339339 360360 369369 277298 277293 277293 277293 277293 277293 277293 277293 277293 277293 277293 277293 277293 277293 277293 277293 277293 277293 277293 277293 277293 277293 277293 277293 274293 277293 277293 P (MPa) 0.11000 0.11000 0.11000 0.11000 0.11000 0.11000 0.11000 0.11000 0.11000 0.33.4 0.21.4 11.725 0.117.5 0.138 17.6 0.29.2 0.28.5 0.28.5 0.212.3 0.29.2 0.29.2 0.29.2 0.212.2 0.29 0.29.2 0.29.2 0.29.2 0.29.2 0.29.2 0.29.2 0.29.2 0.29.2 0.220 0.28.5 0.28.5 0.218.8 0.220 0.29.2 0.28.5 0.29.2 0.29.2 V (cm3 ) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 191 14 n.a. n.a. n.a. 1890 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 Method SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynT SynTVis SynT SynNon SynNon SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Methane Synthetic natural gas

Synthetic polyester compressor oil Planetelf ACD 100FY Mineral compressor oil Azmol China reservoir crude oil Rainbow Keg River reservoir uid Terra Nova reservoir uid Water Synthetic sea water

Conroe crude oil Gas condensate (Frigg Field) Gas condensate (Exxsol D60) Gas condensate (Frigg Field)

Gas condensate (Exxsol D60) Gas condensate (Frigg Field)

FX-OTMAA FX-DPCEDA FX-OTMAA FX-DTMAA FX-LTMAA FX-DPCEOA FX-DPCEDA FX-DIPCECA FX-ACAA-IPO FX-ACAA-IPD FX-BETA-ADS FX-BETA-CDS FX-BETA-PDS FX-BETA-EDS FX-BETA-EOS Polyvinylcaprolactam ACER 96S35 FX-BETA-PDS FX-BETA-EDS FX-OTMAA FX-OTMAA FX-ACAA-IPC FX-BETA-PDS Polyvinylcaprolactam Polyvinylcaprolactam

FX-LTMAA FX-LTMAA FX-ACAA-IPO Imidazoline corrosion inhibitor Tetrabutylammonium bromide FX-BETA-P (3-[N,N-dibutyl-N-(2hydroxypropyl) ammonio]propanoate)

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 54 Binary systems with hydrates: water + X. X Carbon dioxide Reference Kang et al. [128] Kim et al. [426] Kiyono et al. [428] Yasuda and Ohmura [775] Zhang et al. [803] Zhang et al. [803] Emchenko et al. [151] Imai et al. [374] Kim et al. [426] Mohammadi et al. [556] Yasuda and Ohmura [775] Sugahara et al. [699] Chapoy et al. [216] Gayet et al. [313] Kang et al. [128] Kim et al. [426] Lee et al. [486] Voronov et al. [750] Yasuda and Ohmura [775] Takeya and Ohmura [708] Gaudette and Servio [312] Melnkov et al. [113] Mohammadi et al. [556] Yasuda and Ohmura [775] Sugahara et al. [700] Sugahara et al. [700] Sugahara et al. [700] Arjmandi et al. [176] Mooijer-van den Heuvel et al. [560] Mooijer-van den Heuvel et al. [560] Sugahara et al. [699] T (K) 270282 279280 257283 244275 274281 276278 233278 278290 277280 275282 244275 274320 283293 275300 271284 280280 276281 270285 244274 273296 274276 257275 274278 245275 274313 274313 274313 280279 273281 282293 324345 P (MPa) 14 10.120.1 1.64.4 0.31.6 1.823.5 3.521.6 20180 0.21 10.115.1 0.61.4 0.10.6 1.6445 1035 3.155 210 10.114.3 3.66 2.19.1 0.92.9 0.23.5 0.10.3 0.10.3 0.20.5 00.2 0.1155 0.1155 0.1155 3.620.9 3.412.9 0.94.1 106440 V (cm3 ) 350 n.a. 191.5 200 100 100 n.a. 70 n.a. 58 200 0.2 34 250 350 n.a. 474 n.a. 200 202 n.a. 100 58 200 5 1 0.2 2400 3.5 4 0.2 Method

55

Carbon dioxide (+seawater) Deuterium (+heavy water) Diuoromethane (HFC-32) Ethane

Krypton Methane

Methyluoride Propane

Sulfur hexauoride (SF6)

Tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide Tetrauoromethane (CFC-14) Triuoromethane (HFC-23) Xenon

SynNon SynVisVar SynNon SynNon SynT SynT SynT/SynNon SynNon SynVisVar SynNon SynNon SynVisSpec AnTCapVal SynNonVis SynNon SynVisVar SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon AnT SynVis SynNon SynNon SynVis SynVisSpec SynVisSpec SynNon SynVisVar SynVisVar SynVisSpec

method as well as the isochoric heat capacity by using differential scanning calorimetry. The range of pressures was from atmospheric to 1.2 GPa. Tohidi and coworkers [126] and Sloan and coworkers [127] used a synthetic-non-visual method to determine pressure and temperature at which hydrates form in a certain mixture by performing an isochoric temperature cycle. Once the cell is charged with the desired components, the mixing is started and the temperature of the cell is lowered, a linear decrease in pressure is observed, reecting the isochoric cooling of the sample. This pressuretemperature response is called the pT cooling curve. Hydrate formation initiates after sub-cooling the sample (usually more than 4 K below the estimated equilibrium temperature). This process can be identied by a sudden drop in pressure (due to gas consumption as the gas is enclathrated into the hydrate lattice), together with a temperature increase of the sample (due to the exothermic hydrate crystallization process). The bath temperature is then kept constant to allow further hydrate formation to proceed, until no further decrease in pressure is observed. This process typically requires more than 8 h to be completed [127]. The temperature is then increased stepwise, hydrates dissociate, causing an increase in the pressure of the cell. This pressure temperature dependence is called the pT heating curve. Rovetto et al. [127] obtained the heating curve by increasing the temperature of the sample in steps of 1 K with intervals of at least 8 h between each step, in order to ensure that the system had achieved thermodynamic equilibrium at each temperature step. Outside the hydrate region, only a small pressure increase is seen, due to thermal expansion, and heating curve and cooling curve coincide. The hydrate dissociation point for each experiment is determined from the intersection of both (cooling and heating) curves. This point represents the equilibrium transition hydrate + liquid + gas liquid + gas. The procedure is repeated at different pressures in order to determine the hydrate phase boundaries over a wide temperature range making it a very time consuming method.

To investigate the phase behavior in porous media, non-visual methods are particularly advantageous. Kang et al. [128] used the isochoric temperature cycle method to investigate the phase behavior of methane and CO2 hydrates in meso- and macro-sized porous media. To identify the crystalline structure of the gas hydrates formed in the silica gel pores and to compare them with those of the bulk state hydrate, an NMR spectrometer was used. Ayirala and Rao [129] developed a technique to determine the miscibility of gasoil systems, which they call VIT vanishing interfacial tension. This method is based on the concept that, at miscibility, the value of interfacial tension between the two phases is zero. The interfacial tension between the injected gas and crude oil at reservoir temperature is measured in a capillary in a highpressure view cell at varying pressures. The miscibility conditions are then determined by extrapolating the plot between interfacial tension against pressure to zero interfacial tension. To measure the critical temperature of thermally unstable substance, the pulse-heating method, as described by Nikitin and coworkers [130], can be used. It is based on measuring the pressure dependence of the temperature of the attainable superheat (spontaneous boiling-up) of a liquid with the help of a thin wire probe heated by pulses of electric current. When the pressure in the liquid approaches the critical pressure, the temperature of the attainable superheat approaches the critical temperature. A continous-feed synthetic-non-visual method (SynNonCon) that looks at rst sight like an analytical continous-ow method (AnPTCon) was used by VonNiederhausern et al. [131] to determine the critical points of thermally unstable or reactive components. To achieve very short residence times, a sample of precisely known composition is continuously displaced and heated in a capillary tube. No analyis of the samples takes place. To determine the critical point, several temperature scans must be made in the vicinity of the critical point. Below the critical point, the temperature scan will show a at, horizontal region indicative of isothermal boiling. Above the critical point, the transition region is no longer at and

56 Table 55 Ternary systems with hydrates: water + X + Y. X Argon Carbon dioxide Y

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169

Reference

T (K)

P (MPa)

V (cm3 ) Method AnTVis AnTVis SynVis SynVis SynNonVis SynNon SynNon SynNon AnTVis AnTVis AnTVis SynVisSpec SynVisVar SynVisVar AnTVis SynNonVis SynVis SynVisVar SynNonVis SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynVis SynNonVis SynNon SynVisVar SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNonVis SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNonVis SynVisVar SynNonVis SynNon AnTVis SynVis SynNon SynVis SynVis SynNon SynVisSpec SynVisSpec SynTVis SynT SynVisSpec SynNonVis AnT SynNonVis SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon AnTVis SynNon AnTVis SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon

Ethane Propane 1,4-Dioxane Acetone Calcium chloride Diethylene glycol Ethanol Glycerol Hydrogen

Methane Nitrogen Potassium chloride Propylene oxide Sodium chloride Tetra-n-butylammonium bromide tetrahydrofuran

Diuoromethane (HFC-32)

Ethane

Tetra-n-butylammonium bromide Triethylene glycol Triuoromethane (HFC-23) 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Propanol (isopropanol) 2-Propanone Cyclopentane Fluorocyclopentane Tetra-n-butylammonium bromide 2-Propanol (isopropanol) Calcium chloride Diethylene glycol Ethanol Ethylene glycol Glycerol Methanol Potassium chloride Sodium chloride Triethylene glycol Xenon Dimethylcyclohexane Methane Methyl tert-butyl ether Methylcyclohexane Tetra-n-butylammonium bromide Tetrahydrofuran

Hydrogen

Tetra-n-butylammonium bromide

Krypton

Methane

Tetra-n-butylammonium uoride 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Propanol (isopropanol) 2-Propanone Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Ethane Fluorocyclopentane Propane Tetrahydropyran 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane 1-Propanol 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,2-Dimethylpentane 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran 2-Propanol (isopropanol)

Maekawa [535] 273276 0.41 700 Maekawa [535] 273276 0.10.7 700 Seo et al. [652] 274280 13.7 50 Seo et al. [652] 270279 0.83.5 50 Mohammadi et al. [554] 270274 2.13.6 57.5 Afzal et al. [166] 272281 1.43.7 n.a. Mohammadi et al. [556] 271280 1.33.4 58 Mohammadi et al. [555] 264279 1.23.3 58 Kumar et al. [456] 273281 1.510.7 n.a. Linga et al. [511] 273273 18.5 323 Sugahara et al. [701] 274281 1.49.1 150 Sugahara et al. [701] 27427415.215.2 0.2 Beltrn and Servio [97] 275285 1.97.4 150 Bruusgaard et al. [198] 275283 1.622.4 150 Linga et al. [511] 273273 111 323 Mohammadi et al. [554] 273278 23.3 57.5 Seo et al. [652] 271281 0.33.3 50 Kim et al. [426] 27828010.120.1 n.a. Mohammadi et al. [554] 271280 1.33.7 57.5 Arjmandi et al. [176] 285291 1.44 2400 Delahaye et al. [253] 278290 0.13.5 46 Delahaye et al. [253] 278290 0.13.5 n.a. Martinz et al. [540] 278290 0.22 n.a. Seo et al. [652] 272291 0.24 50 Lin et al. [510] 279288 0.32.2 46 Afzal et al. [165] 264282 0.64.2 58 Mooijer-van den Heuvel et al. [560] 280303 1.49.9 3.5 Imai et al. [376] 268287 0.11.1 70.7 Imai et al. [376] 268288 0.11.2 70.7 268284 00.7 70.7 Imai et al. [376] Imai et al. [374] 280299 01.5 70 Imai et al. [375] 288299 0.11 70.7 Imai et al. [374] 286289 0.11.2 70 Mohammadi and Richon [553] 277281 0.61.1 n.a. Mohammadi et al. [554] 270283 0.42.5 57.5 Afzal et al. [166] 275285 0.82.8 n.a. Mohammadi et al. [556] 273282 0.52.2 58 Mohammadi et al. [557] 269281 0.41.7 58 Mohammadi et al. [555] 264286 0.43.6 58 Mohammadi et al. [557] 268280 0.52.6 58 Mohammadi et al. [554] 270282 0.42.1 57.5 Kim et al. [426] 27828110.115.1 n.a. Mohammadi et al. [554] 272284 0.52.9 57.5 Mohammadi et al. [557] 274281 0.51.7 58 Maekawa [535] 276278 0.20.8 700 Duarte et al. [272] 27427960.195 n.a. Skiba et al. [685] 266313 0.1250 n.a. Duarte et al. [272] 26927270.1100.1n.a. Duarte et al. [272] 27427583.1100.1n.a. Arjmandi et al. [176] 280288 4.223 2400 Hashimoto et al. [112] 277281 0.113.3 150 Hashimoto et al. [342] 273280 013.8 150 Nagai et al. [566] 269275 3.68.4 129.8 Ogata et al. [150] 277277 0.172.0 10 Hashimoto et al. [112] 277281 0.113.3 150 Hashimoto et al. [343] 279285 0.512.7 150 Strobel et al. [692] 27927913.813.8 20 Sakamoto et al. [625] 298302 0.237.6 150 Ohmura et al. [585] 273285 0.42 200 Imai et al. [376] 266293 0.14.7 70.7 Imai et al. [376] 267289 0.34.9 70.7 Imai et al. [376] 268291 0.14.9 70.7 Takeya and Ohmura [707] 283308 0.17.6 200 Takeya and Ohmura [707] 280297 0.12 200 Maekawa [535] 273276 0.41 700 Imai et al. [375] 286308 0.14.8 70.7 Maekawa [535] 273278 0.10.5 700 Takeya and Ohmura [707] 278296 0.12 200 Hara et al. [338] 274289 16.7 150 Maekawa [536] 274286 2.611 1000 Mohammadi and Richon [553] 273279 2.45.1 n.a. Ohmura et al. [583] 254272 0.51 200 Kozaki et al. [447] 273279 2.44.8 236 Ohmura et al. [584] 273285 2.59.6 200 Maekawa [536] 274287 2.211 1000 Mohammadi and Richon [553] 276281 2.74.7 n.a.

J.M.S. Fonseca et al. / Fluid Phase Equilibria 300 (2011) 169 Table 55 (Continued) X Y 3-Methyltetrahydropyran Calcium chloride Cyclopropane Diethylene glycol Ethane Ethanol Ethene Glycerol Hydrogen Magnesium chloride Methylcyclohexane n-Propanol p-Toluene sulfonic acid Potassium chloride Propane Sodium chloride Sodium chloride Sodium dodecyl sulfate Tert-butyl methyl ether Tetra-n-butylammonium bromide Tetrauoromethane (CF4) Tetrauoromethane (CFC-14) Tetra-n-butylammonium bromide Triethylene glycol Triuoromethane (HFC-23) Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Fluorocyclopentane Methylcyclohexane Tetrahydrofuran n-Propanol Tetra-n-butylammonium bromide 2-Propanol (isopropanol) Calcium chloride Diethylene glycol Ethanol Ethylene glycol Glycerol Methanol Potassium chloride Sodium chloride Triethylene glycol Xenon p-Toluene sulfonic acid 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane Cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane Cis-1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane Trans-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane Reference Ohmura et al. [584] Atik et al. [178] Mohammadi et al. [554] Makino et al. [537] Makino et al. [537] Afzal et al. [166] Kumar et al. [457] Wu and Englezos [766] Mohammadi et al. [556] Zhang et al. [793] Mohammadi et al. [555] Ma et al. [529] Atik et al. [178] Ohmura et al. [583] Chapoy et al. [126] Rovetto et al. [127] Mohammadi et al. [554] Kumar et al. [457] Wu and Englezos [766] Kim et al. [426] Mohammadi et al. [554] Gayet et al. [313] Lee et al. [486] Ohmura et al. [583] Arjmandi et al. [176] Kunita et al. [470] Mooijer-van den Heuvel et al. [560] Li et al. [491] Afzal et al. [165] Mooijer-van den Heuvel et al. [560] Takeya et al. [709] Takeya et al. [709] Takeya et al. [709] Takeya and Ohmura [708] Takeya et al. [709] Chapoy et al. [126] Arjmandi et al. [176] Mohammadi and Richon [553] Mohammadi et al. [554] Afzal et al. [166] Mohammadi et al. [556] Mohammadi et al. [557] Mohammadi et al. [555] Mohammadi et al. [557] Mohammadi et al. [554] Mohammadi et al. [554] Mohammadi et al. [557] Maekawa [535] Rovetto et al. [127] Sugahara et al. [702] Sugahara et al. [702] Sugahara et al. [702] Sugahara et al. [702] T (K) 273282 265282 268283 291291 291291 274282 273273 276279 271280 273278 266288 274274 270292 251272 276293 277280 270283 273273 273280 277283 274283 275300 276281 252270 287298 291291 272289 281295 264275 274303 287305 283300 290307 273294 284301 289290 285292 274278 271276 272277 272276 269275 272276 266275 272276 271275 273276 276278 2853 274301 274283 274283 274283 P (MPa) 1.23.8 322.9 2.89 0.918.7 115.1 58 1.41.4 1.92.7 2.97.4 2.55.5 2.714.8 3.85.5 3.422.6 0.51.2 3.537.6 45 2.78.8 0.50.5 0.51.1 10.115.1 3.59.6 3.155 3.75.9 0.61.2 1.441.3 18.590 214 0.410.2 35.1 114 0.12.9 0.11.9 0.12.5 0.12.7 0.11.8 9.910 4.633.5 0.10.3 0.10.4 0.20.5 0.20.5 0.20.4 0.20.5 0.20.4 0.10.4 0.20.4 0.20.4 0.10.3 2853 0.12.7 0.10.4 0.12.7 0.12.7 V (cm3 ) 200 n.a. 57.5 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 21.6 58 256 58 256 n.a. 200 500 200 57.5 n.a. 21.6 n.a. 57.5 250 474 200 2400 0.2 3.5 n.a. 58 3.5 138.2 138.2 138.2 202 138.2 500 2400 n.a. 57.5 n.a. 58 58 58 58 57.5 57.5 58 700 200 10 10 10 10 Method

57

Methyluoride

Natural gas Nitrogen Propane

Synthetic natural gas Xenon

SynNon SynNon SynNonVis AnTVis SynVisSpec SynNon SynNon AnTVis SynNon AnTVis SynNon AnT SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNonVis SynNon AnTVis SynVisVar SynNonVis SynNonVis SynNon SynNon SynNon SynVisSpec SynVisVar SynVisVar SynNon SynVisVar SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNonVis SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNon SynNonVis SynNonVis SynNon AnTVis SynNon SynVis SynVis SynVis SynVis

horizontal. The critical point is inferred by the temperature and pressure where isothermal boiling is no longer observed. Poliakoff and coworkers [132,133] developed a bre optic reectometer (FOR) technique to monitor refractive index and density changes in gases, liquids and supercritical uids. The key operating principle is the measurement of the intensity of light from a light emitting diode (LED) which is reected from the end of a bre immersed in the medium. The amount of reected light depends on the difference between the refractive indices of the bre and the medium. The refractive index of the medium is related in turn to its density. The FOR is particularly sensitive to phase separation, because of the density discontinuity which accompanies the separation. Wu et al. [133] used FOR to detect phase changes in a continous-feed synthetic-non-visual method (SynNonCon) to determine the phase boundaries of CO2 + solvent systems. The experiments at the highest temperatures of all articles covered in this review were performed by Manara et al. [134]. They investigated the melting point of hyperstochiometric uranium

dioxide UO2+x at high pressures. The determination of the phasetransition boundaries for the uraniumoxygen system is of great importance in the nuclear industry. Knowledge about the melting transition in the nuclear fuel is particularly important in the analysis of hypothetical meltdown accidents, as it denes the structural limit of a combustible element. Temperatures of almost 3200 K were needed. Such high temperatures can be measured optically by pyrometry. Two pulsed Nd-YAG laser beams were mixed through a suitable optical system in the same bre and then focused onto the sample surface. The pulse with the higher power peak was used to heat the sample above the melting point; the other one, less powerful, but of longer duration, was used to control the cooling rate on the sample surface. This lead to a much better denition of the freezing plateau. Pressure was applied by using helium. Diamond anvil cells are particularly suitable for non-visual measurements at very high pressures [8]. The selective transparency of diamond from IR to X-ray and gamma-ray radiations permits in situ measurements during experiments.

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Table 56 Multicomponent and complex systems with hydrates: water + X + Y (+. . .). X(+Y +. . .) Carbon dioxide + methane + neohexane Methane + ethane + p-toluene sulfonic acid Carbon dioxide + hydrogen + tetrahydrofuran Carbon dioxide + hydrogen + propane Methane + ethane + propane Carbon dioxide + nitrogen + tetrahydrofuran Methane + ethene + tetrahydrofuran Methane + hydrogen + tetrahydrofuran Methane + ethane + triethylene glycol Methane + propane + triethylene glycol Methane + ethane + glycerol Methane + propane + glycerol Methane + ethene + sodium dodecyl sulfate Methane + ethene + tetrahydrofuran Hydrogen + methane + tetrahydrofuran Methane + ethane + magnesium chloride + sodium chloride Methane + hydrogen + nitrogen + tetrahydrofuran Carbon dioxide + nitrogen + methane + ethane + propane + 2-methyl propane + n-butane + 2-methyl butane + tetra-n-butylammonium bromide Reference Beltrn and Servio [97] Rovetto et al. [127] Hashimoto et al. [341] Kumar et al. [456] Kumar et al. [457] Lingaet al. [511] Ma et al. [529] Ma et al. [529] Ma et al. [529] Wu and Englezos [766] Wu and Englezos [766] Wu and Englezos [766] Wu and Englezos [766] Zhang et al. [793] Zhang et al. [794] Zhang et al. [795] Zhang et al. [796] Atik et al. [178] Ma et al. [529] Arjmandi et al. [176] T (K) 275285 284284 280280 274282 273273 273273 274274 277288 278278 272282 273281 274281 274281 273278 273282 277288 277285 278286 274274 280292 P (MPa) 1.36.1 3.53.5 0.23.6 2.59.7 0.70.7 1.51.5 1.11.8 0.12.4 1.46.2 1.54.5 0.72.2 2.14.7 0.81.9 2.55.5 24.5 0.14 0.18.8 6.118.6 67.4 0.99.5 V (cm3 ) 150 200 150 n.a. n.a. 323 256 60 256 21.6 21.6 21.6 21.6 256 256 60 60 n.a. 256 2400 Method SynVisVar SynNon AnTVis AnTVis SynNon AnTVis AnT SynVisVar AnT AnTVis AnTVis AnTVis AnTVis AnTVis AnT SynVisVar SynVisVar SynNon AnT SynNon

Using a multi-anvil cell and energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction with synchroton radiation, Solozhenko et al. [92] studied the phase behavior of boron + boron(III) oxide at 5 GPa and temperatures up to 2750 K. Solozhenko described the apparatus in an earlier publication [135]. A boron-epoxy gasket was used as the compressing medium between the conical tungsten carbide anvils. The sample volume is only 7 mm3 , the smallest volume of all articles covered in the period of this review. Randzio developed and described [136,137] the transitiometric method for the investigation of phase transitions. Scanning transitiometry is based on a simultaneous recording of both mechanical and thermal variables of a thermodynamic transition induced by scanning one independent variable (p, T or V) while the other independent variables are kept constant. The apparatus (transitiometer) permits to determine simultaneously two

thermodynamic derivatives, one is always thermal and the other mechanical. During an isobaric temperature scan both the heat ux and the volume variations are recorded. The transitiometer consists of a calorimeter equipped with high-pressure vessels, and a pVT system. Machado et al. [138] used the transitiometric method to measure solidsolid transition and melting temperatures for long n-alkanes at high pressures. A new approach to locating the dew points, bubble points and critical points of uid mixtures was developed by Poliakoff and coworkers [139,140] utilizing a shear mode piezoelectric sensor. This technique employs a single piece of quartz crystal that is installed at the bottom of a strongly stirred high-pressure vessel. The sensor response indicates whether liquid or gas is in contact with its surfaces. Thus, the sensor is able to identify vaporliquid phase separation by registering a discontinuity in

Table 57 Articles containing corrigenda, comments, or rebuttals to comments. Original article Chapoy et al. [821] Kamps et al. [823] Zhang and Kiran [825] Glos et al. [822] Levitin et al. [824] Kong et al. [437] Kumelan et al. [458] Park et al. [592] Yarrison et al. [774] Bazaev et al. [183] Folas et al. [299] Han et al. [335] Ren and Scurto [141] Madani et al. [530] Kaboudvand and Ghaziaskar [401] Zhang et al. [790] Year 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 Content Methane, water CO2 , [bmim] [PF6 ] CO2 , tetrahydrofuran, polysulfone Propane CO2 , methanol, water, tetramethylammonium bicarbonate CO2 , trinervonin, triarachidonin CO2 , 1-N-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexauorophosphate ([bmim] [PF6 ]) CO2 , dimethyl ether, HFCFC-22, HFC-23, HFC152a, poly(-caprolactone), poly(l-lactide), polystyrene Water, methane, ethane CO2 , ethanol Water, methane, ethylene glycol Diuoromethane (HFC-32), pentauoroethane (HFC-125) CO2 , 1-n-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifyl)imide, n-decane Hexauoroethane (PFC-116), 1,1,1,2-tetrauoroethane (HFC-134a) CO2 , tridodecylamine CO2 , 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane) Article with corrigendum or comment Chapoy et al. [216] Kumelan et al. [461] Zhang and Kiran [801] Glos et al. [218] Levitin et al. [489] Kong et al. [438] Kumelan et al. [464] Park et al. [591] Kontogeorgis and Yan [441] Bazaev et al. [185] Mohammadi and Richon [552] Folas et al. [300] Han et al. [336] Ren and Scurto [826] Mandani et al. [531] Kaboudvand and Ghaziaskar [402] Jaubert and Vitu [383] Zhang et al. [791] 2005 2006 2006 2006 2005 2005 2007 2006 2007 2008 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 Corrigendum Corrigendum Corrigendum Corrigendum Corrigendum Corrigendum Corrigendum Corrigendum + Addition Comment Corrigendum Comment Reply to Comments Corrigendum Publishers Note Corrigendum Corrigendum Comment Reply to Comments

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59

the impedance minimum of the sensor as a function of pressure. 3.2.3. Synthetic-isothermal methods (SynT) Synthetic-isothermal methods are performed without a phase transition, where the pressure of a synthesized multi-phase mixture is measured at isothermal conditions and phase compositions are calculated using the material balance. Prior to an experiment, all substances have to be carefully degassed. An equilibrium cell is charged with a known amount of the rst component and thermostated to a given temperature. Then, a known amount of the second component is added whereby the pressure increases. The second component dissolves into the liquid phase, which leads to a decay of the pressure in the equilibrium cell. Therefore, this method is also called pressure-decay method, especially when a polymer is used as the rst component. After equilibration pressure and temperature are registered. No samples are taken. The composition of the vapor phase is calculated using a phase equilibrium model or assumed as just containing the pure gas, as it is feasible for example when the solubility in polymers or in other compounds with negligible volatility is considered. The composition of the liquid phase is calculated using the material balance from the known total composition, the composition of the vapor phase and the phase densities and volumes, e.g. using the equations given by Ren and Scurto [141]. By repeating the addition of the second component into the cell, several points along the boiling-point line can be measured. To get a complete boiling-point line, the isothermal experiment has to be performed again, this time starting with the second component and adding the rst. At lower pressures synthetic-isothermal methods are very commonly used [142144]. They are often designated as static method or isothermal pTx method. Examples for the application of the synthetic-isothermal methods at high pressures are given by Liu and Tomasko [145] who determinded the solubility of low-boiling substances in polymers, or by Shaharun et al. [146], Kim et al. [147], and Gruszkiewicz and Simonson [148] who determined the solubility of gases in organic solvents, ionic liquids, or electrolyte solutions. When used for a pure component, the synthetic-isothermal method delivers the vapor pressure, e.g. Anderson et al. [149]. Then, it is often called the static vaporpressure method. Ogata et al. [150] used the synthetic-isothermal method to measure the absorption of hydrogen in tetrahydrofuran hydrates. For a given temperature, they determined the storage capacity of the hydrate as a function of pressure. The synthetic-isothermal method can be used in combination with other methods, often in the same apparatus. For example, when gas-solubilities are measured with synthetic-isothermal method in a view cell, the formation of solids could be determined with the synthetic-visual (SynVis) method. Emchenko et al. [151] combined the synthetic-isothermal method with the syntheticnon-visual method to measure the deuterium solubility in heavy water and the formation of high-pressure cubic clathrate ice. Petermann et al. [79] presented a new experimental technique to measure directly the selective sorption of gas mixtures up to high pressures. They combine an analytical gravimetric method (AnGrav) with a synthetic-isothermal method (SynT), which they call gravimetric-volumetric method. By combining both measuring effects (mass increase measured with magnetic suspension balance and pressure drop from the volumetric measurement) the co-adsorption equilibrium of binary gas or vapor mixtures can be measured. To measure the sorption of three gases, samples from the vapor phase have to taken and analyzed (AnTYGrav). Krger et al. [152] compared results of the synthetic-isothermal method (SynT) for VLE of the n-pentane + poly(dimethylsiloxane) system with results of the gravimetric sorption method (AnGrav)

and with inverse gas chromatography (AnPTChro). These methods differ in the underlying experimental principles as well as in the complexity of data analysis. Despite of these differences, the agreement of the measured VLE data is excellent. 3.2.4. Synthetic-isobaric methods (SynP) The boiling temperature of a synthesized mixture is measured at isobaric conditions and phase compositions are calculated using the material balance. As opposed to analytical isobaric methods (AnP), no sampling or analysis is performed. Just as syntheticisothermal methods (SynT), synthetic-isobaric methods (SynP) are performed without a phase transition. When used for a pure component the composition is given anyway the synthetic-isobaric method delivers the vapor pressure, e.g. Ewing and Ochoa [153]. Then, it is often called the dynamic vaporpressure method. Typically, isobaric experiments are performed in an ebulliometer as described in Section 3.1.3 (AnP). An ebulliometer was rst used to determine the molecular weights of substances, by measuring the changes of the boiling point of water caused by the presence of the unknown substance. Twin ebulliometry can be used to determine the activity coefcient at innite dilution. The temperature difference between an ebulliometer lled with the rst (pure) component and a second ebulliometer (under the same pressure) lled with the rst component and with a small amount of a second component (diluted solution) is measured. From the difference of the boiling temperatures, the activity coefcient at innite dilution can be calculated. Usually synthetic-isobaric methods are used to measure low-pressure data. Ewing and Ochoa [154] used comparative ebulliometry to precisely determine the vapor pressure of pure components at high pressures. The sample and a reference uid are boiled in separate ebulliometers under a common pressure of gas such as helium or nitrogen, and the condensation temperatures of the sample and of the reference uid are measured. The common pressure is calculated from the known vapor pressure of the reference uid. The method has many advantages: direct measurement of pressure is avoided, the uids are degassed by boiling, and the ebulliometers act as heat pipes to provide high-performance thermostats. The corresponding disadvantages are the considerable demands on thermometry, the solubility of the buffer gas at high pressures, and thermal gradients due to pressure heads. But the greatest advantage is speed of measurement; typically, a pressuretemperature point can be obtained in an hour. 3.2.5. Other synthetic methods (SynOth) Properties measured in the homogenous or heterogeneous region are used to calculate the phase boundaries. Polikhronidi et al. [155] used one-phase and two-phase isochoric heat capacity measurements to determine the values of the temperatures and densities at saturation and of the critical parameters (TC , pC , C ) for the CO2 + n-decane system. They call their method quasi-static thermogram technique. Matsuda et al. [156] measured excess molar enthalpies hE of the CO2 + diisopropyl ether system using a ow-type isothermal microcalorimeter both in the homogeneous liquid region and in the two-phase region. The liquid composition of CO2 at the phase boundary for a certain temperature and pressure was determined from the intersection of the hE -curves in the homogeneous liquid region and in the two-phase region. For systems with two degrees of freedom (e.g., binary two-phase equilibria or ternary three-phase equilibria), the compositions are xed when temperature and pressure are given. Shiett and Yokozeki [157] investigated the phase behavior of a univariant system: VLLE in a binary system. If the system temperature T is xed, then all other thermodynamic intensive variables (pressure, compositions, and molar volumes in each phase) are uniquely determined, regardless of any given overall-feed composition. The

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overall feed composition merely changes the physical volume in each liquid phase and gas phase, but the composition and molar volume in each phase remain constant as long as the three phases exist at the xed T. They prepared a set of VLLE solutions with three different feed compositions in three sample containers (alternatively, the same equilibrium cell could be used in three experimental runs) and measured the volume of each phase at constant T. With the use of the mass balance, the compositions and molar volumes of the three phases were calculated. Bazaev et al. [158] used isochoric pvTx measurements in the single phase region (remark: otherwise it would be SynT) to derive equilibrium properties. Saturated liquid and vapor densities were derived by extrapolation of measured pVT data to the saturation pressure. The values of the saturated properties (saturated temperatures and vaporpressures) for measured isochors were also derived by using the isochoric and isothermal break-point techniques. 3.3. Important points for experimental methods Even though most of the experimental methods have been used for decades, the knowledge of how to get precise results with a certain method and how to avoid mistakes is not generally known. Good measurements are not easy to perform, many mistakes can be made. Experience is very important. In many cases, the quality of the personnel performing and supervising the experiment has a higher impact on the results than details of the equipment. This shall be illustrated by the following example. In 2005 Cheng and Chen [159] from National Taiwan University (Taipeh) measured the CO2 + isopropyl acetate system using an analytical isothermal method with liquid phase recirculation and online sampling (AnTLcirValVis, V = 320 cm3 , GC analysis). Cheng and Chen estimated the accuracy of their measured equilibrium compositions as 0.2 mol%. Three years later Kodama et al. [160] from Nihon University (Fukushima, Japan) measured the same system using a synthetic-non-visual method, determining the boiling-point pressure for a given mixture from the abrupt change in slope on the pressurevolume plot (SynNonVisVar). Since they measured a signicantly higher CO2 solubility in the liquid phase, by a factor of 30 outside of the range of accuracy given by Cheng and Chen, they measured the system again using an analytical isothermal method with recirculation of both phases and online sampling (AnTVLcirValVis, V = 320 cm3 , GC analysis). The results showed that both data sets of Kodama et al. measured with different methods agreed well within 0.9 mol%, while the two data sets measured with the analytical isothermal method by different authors differed by 7.9 mol%. Such signicant discrepancies between phase equilibria data determined by different authors has not only been observed in this particular case, but similar observations concerning deviations have been found for other systems in the literature, e.g. by Peper et al. [161]. It is astonishing why the real accuracy of published experimental data is much lower than the accuracy given by the authors. Often this can be explained by the fact that less experienced personnel has overlooked sources of errors of the experimental procedure and deciencies of the apparatus. Experimental difculties and errors are rarely published, though they are an important part of the know-how for measuring highquality data. This knowledge can be developed and maintained within the research group, if a certain level of ongoing experimental activity exists. A survey of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering on industrial needs for thermodynamics and transport properties [162] showed that there is a clear need for qualied laboratories with experienced staff to provide experimental measurements.

In the following, we summarize some points that are important for experimental methods for phase equilbrium measurement. 3.3.1.1. Charging of the cell synthesis of the mixture 1. All parts of the apparatus need to be clean at the beginning of the experiment. The possibility of dirty corners or parts of the apparatus which are difcult to clean should be minimized already during the design of the apparatus (important for all methods). 2. Pure and degassed substances should be used (even more important for synthetic methods). 3. The mixture must be prepared very precisely (essential for synthetic methods). 4. It has to be ensured that the investigated components are stable during the entire time of experiment especially during long-time experiments at higher temperatures. 3.3.1.2. Equilibration 1. The involved phases should be sufciently mixed to ensure an efcient equilibration (important for all methods). 2. It has to be ensured, that the time for equilibration is sufciently long (important for all methods). In case of using continuous ow methods (AnPT) the ow rates need to be sufciently low. 3. The conditions (temperature, composition) should be constant everywhere in the equilibrium cell. Leaks are unacceptable. Dead spots which are not at the conditions of the desired phase equilibrium have to be avoided (important for all methods). 4. The conditions (temperature and pressure) should be measured precisely which implies the calibration of the pressure and temperature sensors. Thereby it should be ensured, that the calibration is always done for the entire range of measurement. Furthermore it should be kept in mind that the relative error of pressure measurements is higher at lower pressures and dependent on the maximum pressure of the transducer (important for all methods). 5. It has to be considered that a small change of pressure or temperature leads to a phase split, e.g. partial condensation. This is particularly important if a saturated phase is owing, e.g. in circulation lines (e.g. AnTVcir). 6. It must be also considered that temperature might change a measuring signal, e.g. the signal of a pressure transducer. 3.3.1.3. Analysis and determination of a phase transition 1. Pressure loss during sampling disturbs the phase equilibrium which results in a (signicant) loss of accuracy of the measured data points (essential for AnT). This disturbance can be avoided e.g. by pressure compensation or by sampling of only small volumes from a large equilibrium cell. 2. Samples must be representative of the studied phases. Besides the disturbance of the equilibrium state in the cell the pressure reduction changes the sample itself (phase split). Therefore, it has to be ensured that the sample will be completely withdrawn from the equilibrium cell and the sampling system, respectively (AnT, AnPT). 3. Special care must be taken in order to avoid adsorption inside transfer lines, samplers, columns, etc. This is even more important when working in the trace region of many compounds, like water, hydrogen sulde, methanol, etc. (AnT, AnPT). 4. Concerning the analysis of the samples, it is very important to carefully calibrate all instruments used and to give calibration results (AnT, AnPT).

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5. Pressure induced changes of measuring signal, e.g. absorption units (AnSpec) or buoyancy (AnGrav) have to be considered. 6. For the determination of phase changes it must be taken into account that the change of the volume will lead to a change of the temperature, e.g. due to compression work (SynVis, SynNon).

4. Systems investigated Almost 800 articles with experimental data on high pressure phase equilibria were found [163818]. More than 2400 systems have been investigated, from pure-components, binary systems up to complex mixtures with many components. In Tables 356, the following information about the systems investigated is given: the reference, the temperature and pressure range of the data and the experimental method used for the measurements. Because the size of the equilibrium cell can be of importance, e.g. for the pressure drop during sampling or for the amount of substances needed, the volume of the equilibrium cell is also given in the tables. As mentioned above, the largest cell of the review period had a volume of 40 000 cm3 (AnT [28]) and the smallest 0.03 cm3 (SynVis [103]). The average internal volume of all cells for systems measured with analytical methods is 278 cm3 , with synthetic methods 86 cm3 , and the overall average is 163 cm3 . It is understandable, that cells for synthetic methods are usually smaller, since no sampling is necessary. But also for synthetic methods a larger volume can be advantageous. When Fourie et al. [819] built a new a variable-volume high-pressure phase equilibrium cell, they increased the internal volume from 40 cm3 (old cell) to 80 cm3 (new cell). The larger volume allows for increased accuracy of the composition, especially in the high solvent mass fraction region (>95%). Information on 206 pure-components is given in Table 3. Most of experimental phase equilibrium data were on binary systems: 1469 systems investigated have been divided into 28 tables (Tables 431), with Table 4 (carbon dioxide + X) containing 796 binary systems being by far the largest one. Many data have been measured for binary systems containing water, propane, nitrogen, methane, and 1,1,1,2-tetrauoroethane (HFC-134a). Information on the tables and their order can be found in the list of tables. The additional components X are listed in alphabetic sequence. The results of 535 ternary systems are given in 17 tables (Tables 3248), e.g. 63 ternary systems of the type carbon dioxide + water + X. The order of the tables is analog to the order of the binary systems. Information on 120 multicomponent systems (four to ten components) is listed in Tables 4952. Results for 41 complex systems with many components, like gas condensate reservoirs, are listed in Table 53. Special tables have been generated for systems containing hydrates (Tables 5456). Overall, 207 systems with hydrates were found. As compared to our earlier review [6] covering the period 20002004, the distribution of the systems investigated concerning the number of components stayed remarkably constant: 60.0% binary systems (59.3% in 20002004), 21.8% ternary systems (21.9%), 6.7% multicomponent and complex systems (6.9%) and 11.5% pure-component systems (11.9%). In general, the data given in the tables are new data that have not been published previously. There are very few exceptions, e.g. the partition coefcients of C. I. Disperse Blue 79 between a CO2 rich phase and a polymeric phase (poly(ethylene) terephthalate) were published by Ferri et al. [820] in The Journal of Supercritical Fluids and by the same authors (Banchero et al. [64]) in the Textile Research Journal.

To provide the reader with information on articles with corrections and discussions on published experimental high-pressure data, we prepared a compilation (Table 57). We give the original articles and the articles with corrigenda, comments, rebuttals to comments or publishers notes, when at least one of them falls in the period of the review. Most of the corrigenda are concerning minor corrections, but they can be very substantial, e.g. Han et al. [827] corrected a substance investigated that was originally given repeatedly wrong in the title, the abstract and the text of the article. Work on the continuation of the review series is under way, covering the period between 2009 and 2011, and will be published in 2012. We are also working on a supplemental edition of this review series, containing data that have not been included in one of the earlier reviews, e.g. because they were published in journals that are not or were not yet searched systematically, or because they were overlooked. We appreciate suggestions by the authors. The supplemental edition will be published in 2013. References
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