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Burma PlaysNuclear"Card
by Aung Zaw
July I, 2007

Assurancesof peacefulintentions arouseonly skepticism

Burma'sconfirmationof plansto build a 10-megawatt

nuclearreactorwiththe help of Russia's
federalatomic energyagencyRosatomhas creatednervousnessand anxiety amongBurma
observers.

The regimein Naypyidaw, facing internationalisolationand sanctions,claims that the planned

nuclearreactoris to be built for a "peacefulpurpose."Back in January2002,then-deputy
ForeignMinister Khin Maung Win declaredthat Burma's "interestin nuclearenergyfor
peacefulpurposeis longstanding."

Suchassurances
havemet with skepticismon the part of the internationalcommunity and
Burmeseat home and abroad.however.

SkepticismhasalsogreetedRosatom'sofficial statement that the 10-megawatt nuclearreactor,

fueledby lessthan 20 percenturanium-235,will contributeto Burma's "researchin nuclear
physics,bio-technology, materialscienceaswell as...producea big varietyof medicines."A
first round of talks on detailsof the projecthasbegunand further discussionsare scheduledfor
the secondhalf of this vear.

Burma'sinterestin developingnuclearenergyis not new. It datesback as far as the 1950s,with

the creationof the Union of Burma Atomic EnergyCenterheadedby Hla Nyunt, a studentof
renownedJapanese physicistHideki Yukawa,who was awardedthe NobelPrize in 1949.

The UBAEC recruitedyoung and talentedphysicistsand sentthem to the US and Britain for
furtherstudies.At leastsix were trainedin 1956at the ArgonneNational Laboratory,one of the
US Departmentof Energy'slargestresearchcenters.

Burmawas well advancedin thosedaysto developa nuclearproject,comparedto neighboring

http://www.iruawaddy.org/printlage.php?art_td:7738 71712007
Untitled Document Page2 of 5
countries.In the early 1960s,a site for a nuclearresearchreactorwas designatednearthe Hlaing
Campusin Rangoon.

The UBAEC becameinactive after Ne Win stageda

military coup in 1962.The generalwas busy creating
his "BurmeseWay to Socialism,"placingpriority on
the consolidation of a power baseto counterserious
threatsposedby communistrebelsand ethnic
insurgents.Above all, the dictatorsimply did not trust
Hla Nyunt.
I

So the nuclearprojectfell by the wayside,althoughin

1984Ne Win admittedto universityprofessorsat a
dinnerparty that he had made a blunderby endingit.
i"4

,,,,t-i The currentregimerevitalrzedthe nuclearproject.

t.o{"

Yl
Thein Oo Po Saw, an Arakaneseprofessorwho was a
studentof Hla Nyunt in the 1950s,initiatedthe revival
of the Atomic Energy Committeein 1990and
renewedlinks with the InternationalAtomic Energy
Agency.Sincethen,Burma hasbeendemonstratingits
intentionto developnuclearenergyfor a "peaceful
purpose."

The regimeoutwardlysupportsthe conceptof nuclear

free zonesand signedthe Treaty on the SoutheastAsia
NuclearWeapon-FreeZone, or Bangkok Treaty,in
1995.A year later,Burma signedthe Comprehensive
NuclearTest Ban Treaty.

Simultaneously,it was planningto build a nuclear

reactor.The Ministry of Scienceand Technologywas
f; F*at*$l*Ac,*tl****{ *r**tsnl
f*:3S$l{if* *,1 bt fnr,l
createdin 1997and headedby extremenationalistU
{}
psS*lful* l{rr*fl$'$ ut uurl|r:,xr rtre lsr Thaung,a graduateof DefenseServicesAcademy
Intake 1. Two yearslater,Burma begannegotiations
with Russiaon a nuclearreactorproject, and in January2002 the military government
confirmedplans to build a nuclearresearchreactorfor peacefulpurposes.

As was to be expected,Burma'sdissidentsin exile got busy gatheringinformationon these

developments, but little hard evidencehasyet emerged.The locationof the plannednuclear
reactoris still unknown,althoughsomedissidentsusedGoogle"Earth" to pinpoint some
possiblesitesand evenbuildings in centralBurma.Magwe hasbeenmentioned.

The truth must be faced,however,that if the nuclearreactoris to be built with a military usein
mind its locationwill be a statesecret.The possibilityof Burmabecominga nuclearpower is
anywaystill very many yearsoff.

At the moment,the spotlightfalls on Russia'srole in fueling Burma's nuclearambitions,but

exile groupsand regimecritics allegethat Burma has alsobeenseekingnucleartechnology
from North Korea.Military missionsfrom North Korea havebeenseenvisiting Burma, and
North Koreantechnicianshavebeenspottedunloadingconstructionmaterialsfrom trains in
centralBurma. Russianplaneshave alsobeensightedlandingin centralBurma.

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UntitledDocument Page3 of5

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T h e N o r t h K o r e a nc a r g ov e s s e lK a n gN a m I d o c k sa t
T h i l a w aP o r t ,a b o u t 3 0 k m s o u t ho f R a n g o o no, h M a y
2 L , 2 0 0 7 .I n N o v e m b e r2 0 0 6 ,t h e K a n gN a m I w a s
d e t a i n e da n d i n s p e c t e di n H o n gK o n go n s u s p i c i o n
of
s a f e t yv i o l a t i o n s

Even the US has its suspicions,and as early as2004Americanofficials and congressmen

were
warningof renewedsecretrelationsbetweenBurma and North Korea.

fuchard Lugar, then chairmanof the US SenateForeignAffairs Committee,warnedin 2005 that

North Korea's main export is dangerousweaponstechnology,amajor threatto Asian security
and stability.The US StateDepartmenthasalsoregisteredofficial complaintswith the Burmese
governmentover rumoredmissile transfersfrom North Korea.

An importantfactor in thesedevelopmentswas the restorationof diplomatic ties between

Burma andNorth Korea in April. Relationsbetweenthe two countrieswere brokenin 1983
after a bomb attackin Rangoonby North Koreanterroristson a visiting SouthKorean
delegationheadedby then-President ChunDoo-hwan.

Clandestinecontactsbetweenthe two countrieshad beenestablishedseveralyearsago,as

Burma steppedup its searchfor sourcesof conventionalweapons.Burma defenseanalyst
Andrew Selth,authorof the recentreport"Buma andnuclearproliferation:policies and
perceptions,"reportedthat Bunna had boughtconventionalweaponsand ammunitionfrom
North Korea,including16 130mmM-46 field guns,in the late 1990s.Burma hasalso
reportedlysentmilitary missionsand officersto Pyongyang.Thesemilitary ties can only spell
more troubleon the horizon.

Hard as it is to readthe minds of Snr-GenThan Shweandhis top military leaders,they are

known to harbordreamsof a "Fourth BurmeseEmpire," supportedby military might. Justthe
uncertaintysurroundingtheir nuclearambitionsis likely to intimidatesuchneighborsas
Thailandand Bangladesh, and the generalsmight alsobelievea nuclearcapabilitygivesthem
the upperhandin dealingswith Westernnationsandtheir sanctionspolicies.

The regimeplansto createa nuclearnationby 2025,accordingto researchers in Burma. Some

Burmeseprofessorswho worked with the Ne Win governmentand who havebeenadvisingthe
currentregimedisclosedthat nuclearreactorsof 100-400megawattsareplanned.They say
plansalsoinclude smallerreactorsand furtherdevelopmentin the areaof nuclearresearch.

http://www .irrawaddy.org/printj age.php?art_id:7 738 71712007

UntitledDocuntent Page4 of 5

Aside from Thein Oo Po Saw,Burma'snuclearprojecthasbeendevelopedby MinisterU

Thaung,who signedthe reactoragreementin Moscow in Junewith his Russiancounterpart
SergeiKiriyenko, the headof Russia'satomic agency.U Thaungis known to be closeto Than
Shwe and his deputy,Vice Snr-GenMaung Aye.

U Thaunghas in-depthknowledgeof Burma'smining anduraniumsectorsand resignedhis

army postto becomedirectorgeneralof Burma'sDepartmentof GeologicalSurveyand Mineral
Explorationin the 1980s.

His loyalty to the military is beyondquestion,and he continuesto serveunderthe current

regime.AppointedBurma's ambassador to the US in 1996,he was recalledto Rangoonto head
the Ministry of Scienceand Technology,with instructionsto dealwith the Russiansand begin
the reactorproject.

U Thaungvisited Moscow severaltimes in the pastsevenyearsin pursuit of the deal.Earlier

negotiationswere intemrptedin 2003becauseof a disputeover the terms of payment,but
perhapsthe regimemight now feel cashis no longera problemin view of Burma's newly-
discoveredvastnaturalgasreserves.

Although Burma has scienceand engineeringstudents,U Thaung realtzedthey neednuclear

orientationand training and Burma begansendingstudentsand army officers to Moscow. In
2006,NuclearPhysicsdepartmentswere establishedin the universitiesof Rangoonand
Mandalay,with enrolmentcontrolledby the government.

Last year,Russia'sambassador to Burma,Dr Mikhail M. Mgeladze,confirmedthat about2,000

Burmesestudentshaclbeenadmittedto 11 academicinstitutionsin Russia,under a bilateral
agreement,and about 500 had returnedto Burma with bachelor,master'sor doctoratedegrees.

Burmesenationalshad alsobeentrainedby the IAEA in the applicationof nucleartechnology

for peacefulpurpose,then-deputyForeignMinister Khin Maung Win announcedin January
2002.

Chineseintelligencesourcesbelievethat Maung Aye overseesBurma'snuclearproject.Maung

Aye paid an official visit to Russialastyear.

The reactorprojecthas involved an intensificationof the searchfor uranium in Burma. In the

early 2000s,the regimeconfirmedpublicly that uraniumdepositshad been found in five areas:
Magwe, Taungdwingyi,Kyaukphygonand Paongpyinin Mogok, and Kyauksin. Residentsof
Thabeikkyintownship,60miles north of Mandalay,saidrecentlythat searches were underway
in the area.Other activity was reportedfrom southernTenasserimDivision.

Recently,aRussianmining companyaccidentallyfound largedepositsof uranium in upper

Burma, accordingto Chinesesources.The RussiancompaniesZarubezneft,Itera, Kalmykia and
the state-ownedenterprise Tyazhpromexporthave beeninvolved in oil and gas exploration and
the establishment
of a plant to producecastiron in ShanState.Tyazhpromexport'sinvestment
aloneis worth aboutUS $150million.

It's not so much the Russiannuclearinvolvementwith Burma that createsnervousnessand

speculation,however,as the generals'new chumminesswith North Korea.

In April, a North Korean freighter,the Kang Nam I, dockedat Thilawa port, 30km southof
Rangoon.Burrneseofficials said the ship,the first to visit Burma sincethe restorationof
diplomaticrelations,soughtshelterfrom a storm.

http://www. irr awaddy.org/printj age.php?art_id:7 738 71712007

UntitledDocument page5 of 5
The Thilawa port is run by AsiaWorld CompanyLimited, ownedby former drug kingpin Lo
Hsing-han.Two local reportersworking for a Japanese news agencywere briefly detainedand
turnedback when they went to the port to investigate.

It wasn't the first time a North Korean ship reportedrunning into trouble in Burmesewaters-
by a strangecoincidence,the North KoreancargovesselM V Bong Hoafan soughtshelterfrom
a storm and anchoredat a Burmeseport last November.The Burmesegovernmentreportedthat
an on-boardinspectionhad "found no suspiciousmaterialor military equipment."But
journalistsand embassies in Rangoonremainedskeptical.

Early last July, a dissidentsourcetold Thelrrawaddy that a North Korean ship carryinga senior
Koreannucleartechnologyexpert,Maj Hon Kil Dong, arrivedin Rangoonwith a biological and
nuclearpackage.Westernanalystsand intelligencesourcesquickly dismissedthis reportbut
concededit was possiblethat Burma would seekconventionalarrnsand technologyratherthan
high-techlong-rangemissilesfrom Pyongyang.

Indeed,to skeptics,the go-aheadfor the nuclearreactorproject and the arrival of that North
Koreanship are two developmentsthat can hardly be coincidental.The Russianinvolvementin
Burma's nuclearproject and the arrival of North Korean shipsalso sentalarmsbells ringing in
Beijing,althoughBurma's closeandpowerfulpoliticalally remainedtight-lippedon the issue.
But Beijing can hardly afford to havetwo nuclearneighbors:North Korea and Burma.

It is admittedlyprematureto concludethat Burma intendsto undertakethe complicatedand

perilousprocessof reprocessinguraniumto get weapons-grade plutonium, as things standat the
moment,althoughstrorrgsuspicionswill continueto grow. But as Burma has seta goal of
becominga nuclearpower nationby 2025doesit makesenseto developa nuclearweapon?
Maybenot.

But one chilling theory is that if the North Koreanfreightersthat arrived last Novemberand this
yeat carriednot only conventionalweaponsbut plutonium and processingmaterialsto Burma, it
could indeedbe suspectedthat Burma plansto skip the messyprocessof obtainingplutonium
andmove straightto the productionof weapons.

It is easyto speculatethat Butma may be seekingnucleartechnologyfrom Pyongyang,although

no solid evidencehas emergedso far. It is legitimate,however,to raisethe issueand to inquire
into the regime'sintentions,in the interestsof keepingnucleartechnologyout of the handJof
irresponsib le governments.

The Burmesegovemmenthas declaredthat it hasno desireto developnuclearweapons.Its

nuclearprogramis solely for "peacefulpurposes,"runs the governmentline. All fine and
good-if it weren't for the questionable
sourceof thoseassurances.

Irrawaddy.org
hup://www.ir r awaddy.or g/

http://www .irrawaddy.org/printj age.php?art_id: 7738 7t7 t2007

The Irrawaddy(BurmeseVersion) PageI of3

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odoocnaqEof6ol4cfq"5E, SQme$ iSeogicooScq:oEi o{1:aro:cs1:c.:ooi@6ccairr

The New Light of Myanmar, Sunday,25 October 1998

A story of BCPand NLD

SawHtee

I am a journalist.
As a journalist, I takeinterestin national
affairs,startingfrom sportsandarts
to economics and politics.It is unavoidable for a journalistto boldlyinformwhat the nation
shouldknow.I believethis is the dutyof a truejournalist.

I assumethat the nationneedsto knowUGstrategydesigned

by BCPBo KyinMaungand ex-
Brig-Gen
BCPKyawZaw,BCPstakingshelterin the othercountryand brokersbetweenNLDand
nationalities
leaders.

To be ableto write as far-reaching as I could,I travelledto the borderareas.I was ableto

gathersomeinformation from the nationalitiesleaders
who usedto be with BCPin the pastand
are todaycooperating with the governmentto build peaceafter gettingseparatedfrom BCp.
Moreover, I knewthe truth from the peoplewho hadabandoned BCPand returnedto the legal
fold.I got a chanceto interviewa veteranBCPcadre,who hasnot returnedto the legalfold yet
thoughhe hasno contacts with it now;he is aroundregionas a commonman.

"Aba,you mightknowthe relations

betweenDawSuuKyiand Bo KyinMaungand ex-Brig-Gen
KyawZaw."

"I knowsomepoints.But let me ask you a question.Whomdoesthe nationknow,Bo Kyin

Maungor Bo KyawZaw?ThakhinThanTun is no morenow.I alsoheardThakhinBaTheinTin
andThakhinPeTin weredead."

"Aba,Bo KyinMaungmightbe knownamonghis associates.

The nationhas not heardof him,
but it knowsex-Brig-Gen
KyawZaw."

"Youknow,Bo KyawZaw has no voicein the party.He hasto work underSecretary

Tin yi of
militarymission.I rememberBo Kyaw7aw's spouseDawThanSeincallinghim 'Tin
Politburo
MaungNi"jokingly."

"TinMaungNi?"

"Everyday, he had to copy lettersand was thereforecomparedwith championswimmerTin

MaungNi.It washiseveryday job."

"Yeah,I got it."

"Onemorequestion.
Whodo youthinkMaSuuKyiwouldbe morefriendly,Bo KyinMaungor ex-
BrigGen
KyawZaw?"

I gavehim a nod.Then he said,"Don'tforgetyou just noddedto my question.;You want to

knowthe relations
of Bo KyinMaung,Ex-Brig-Gen KyawZawand DawSuuKyi.Let us callthem
BCPand NLD.Throughouthistory,BCPhad beenengagedin activitiesto makecontactswith
everyoneand every organization; it employedall possibleways to organizepeople,such as
mailingandsendingmessengers to students,
workers,officepersonneland monks.Theytriedto
makecontactswith the veteranpoliticians
eminentfiguresandTatmadawmen. Theyalsotriedto
organizeBogyoke'swife Daw Khin Kyi. When Daw Khin Kyi passedaway, they contacted

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Bogyoke's daughter.In fact, the four-Bswas BCP's

triumph,Whenthe countrywas in turmoil,
BCPcouldopenlycontactthosewhomit wishedto. The BCPUGofficer-in-charge ledthe scheme
involvingalmostall Bamarsof the paty whocontacted theirfriendsand relatives
of the NLDand
otherfriendsand relatives
in townsby mail.Thereis onemorethingfor you to know.BCPis the
paty of commonpeople.It is notthe sameasthe capitalistparties.

Oneday,at last,one must be removed.Perhaps, the two mightcooperateat somestages.For

instance,
theyare likelyto cooperate
in the anti-government
campaignfor theirselfinterest.

I understand
a littelebit the relations
betweenBCPandNLD.Now,pleasetell me as muchasyou
knowhow Bo lkyinMaungand ex-Brig-Gen KyawZaw plantedUGstrategyin Shweli.I thinkI
shouldknowit".

I alsoheardaboutit. It is not strange.Bo KyinMaungis movingaroundhere,at this border

region.Bo KyawZaw livedwith other committeemembers.It is not strangethat they met at
Shweli.Anyonecan cometo this border.Indeed,KNUor NLDor any other personcan come
here.I can'texplainin detailhowUGplanned the strategies.
ButI cantell youonething-none
of
partiescanjoin the BCP,whichis the partyof commonpeople.If one wantsto
the capitalist
becomeBCPmember,he hasto abadonhisownclassandchangehis life into BCPstandard. On
the contray,BCPmemberscanjoin otherpartiesin the interestof BCP.That is the soulof UG
strategy.Now,you
haveto understand thereare BCPUGsin NLD."

Sometimes, a journalistcangatherinformationon a storyfrom its sourceto the lastincident.

If
necessary,he observesthe source.As it becameknownthat the four-Bsuprisingwas ignitedby
the colonialists
and BCPs,Tatmadawhad not stood back with folded arms, but took up
responsibilities
of the Statefor the nation.The studentsand youthswho were unconvincingly
crooksjoinedKNUterrorists
carriedalongthe tideof political andsomereachedBCp.

At that time,I went to the borderthreetimesto acquirethe facts.Once,I met five studentsat a
restaurantand as we talked,I knewthat they were goingto join BCP.I askedas if I were a
student,"Willthe BCPacceptthe studentslike us?'Tutor KyawSoeof MandalayUniversity who
seemodto be the: leaderin theirgroupsaid,"DawSuuKyisentus. Shesaidthereare eminent
politiciansin BCPand suggested we go and listento them."I then reatizedthat BCPcontacted
DawSuuKyiduringthe four-Bsdisturbances andmadehera heroine.Now,I willtell whata gem
smugglersaid.That man illegallytradedin gemsbetweenMandalay and the borderwith the
othercountry.He knewKyawZawOo,sonof ex-Brig-Gen KyawZaw.He saidKyawZawOo was
alsocalledKhineAung,and he hadbecomean alcoholic. KyawZawOo said,"Justput asideDaw
SuuKyi'slackof socialethics.We hadto surround herin response to the needof our revolution."

Now,listento what an old woman,who wasfriendlywith ex-Brig-Gen

KyawZaw,DawSuuKyi
and DawKhinKyi,said:,"Thisgirl (DawSuuKyi)wasaboutto marrya foreigner.DawKhinKyi
said "No".DawKhinKyialsorequested Bo KyawZawto a tell herdaughternot to, for Bo Kyaw
Zawcouldgiveg advicelikean uncle."

The purposeof my afticle is to describehow and why BCPcontactedNLDand why Bo Kyin

MaungusedBo KyawZaw in this matter.However,BCPKnowswell that Daw Suu Kyi has a
strongerbackingof and mademorecontactswith the West.But BCPdoesnot havean armyor a
base,andthe publicabhorBCP.BCPis the trueenemyof the religion. Theyare of the kindthat
theywill killevenan inmatewithclubif theyhavedifferentconcepts.

"Thus,NLDis a refugeor BCP.The BCPUGsin the countryare sayingand actingas dictatedby

NLD,andon the otherhand,they requested
themthat theyarefightingfor themto gainpower

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andthat if they gainpower,they mustpermittheirexistence

thoughthey mightwant to oppose
them."

Justwatchwhowill win whom.The peoplehaveso longdisgusted them. In today'sMyanmar,

it
is not Tatmadawgovernment alonewhichbuiltpeace.Peacewas built in- sucha way that the
Tatmadaw government extended an olivebranchto the armedgroupsthe jungles,who in group
made their decisionto make peacewith the government.It was bilateral
or individually
accomplishment. It was over 40 yearsthat the nationalbrethrenhad beenagingwarsamong
them.Therehad beenlots of deaths.The time cameat lastto put an end to thesewarsand
makepeace.It as the convictionobtainedaftersacrificing
lotsof livesand blood.

Thosewho wereoverjoyedfirst as a resultof peaceagreement

werethe armedgroupswho had
beenengagedin the armedstruglefor years.The peopleandfarmers,sidingat villages
and hills
weresecondandthe publicwerethird.

Peacecannotbe undermined by any sort of enemy.However,the colonialists and NLDare

disruptingthe dawningof peacewithjealousyandenmity.The BCPswho hadbeendrivenout of
the countryby the nationalities
and hadfled to the othercountrylikedogsin the streetsdriven
out by the warddwellersare alsodisruptingpeaceto be ableto hoisttheirraggedflag.Because
of the subversiveactsof the colonialists,
NLDand BCPremnantsmovedand cloudedthreeor
four peacegroups,who are now amongthe public.Commodity pricessoared,job opportunities
becamerare,development projectsbecamestagnant,and pursuitof educationfor studentswas
disrupted.

NLDpeopleare actingand sayingin accordwith, their foolishaim that only whenthe people
starueand cannottoleratewith the situation,will they gain power.The encouragementand
supportto DawSuuKyiby the neo-colonialists
of the Westblocarebeyondonecanimagine.

As usual,BCPwouldattackthe government
whenthe peoplewere in trouble.That was my
experience.

I met a leaderof oneof the peacegroups.WhenI askedhim if the peace

WhenI arrivedLashio,
thusmadewouldbe firm,he said:

"Youjournalists
presentthisto the public.Theydo not haveto worry.Thisis true peace.It was
not madeone-sidedly,
but it was builtbilaterally.
We havenow decidedto presentour armsto
the government.DawSuuKyiis a stranger to us.We havedrivenout BCPas it is of no useto us.
We mustopposeto any actsto undermine peace.If we shouldnot do so, our nationwill be in
trouble."

WhenI askedhim for his opinionconnection with the NLDattemptto convenea Hluttaw,he
said,"Youwrite in journalsthat w all nationalities
oppose."I stillrememberhis strongremark.
Thisis just a partof a storyof BCPandNLDandI presentit for the knowledlge
of the public.

(Translation:
WN)

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i€

EXECUTIVE ORDER

BLOCKING PROPERTYAND PROHIBITING

CERTAIN TRANSACTIONS RELATED TO BURMA

By the authority vested in me as president by the

constitution and the laws of the united states of America,

including the rnternationar Emergency Economic powers Act

(50 u.s.c. 1701 et seg.) (TEEPA), the National Emergencies Act

(so u.s.c. 1501 et seq.) , the Burmese Freedom and Democracy

Act of 2003 (Public Law l-08-51-, as amended, 50 u. s. c. 1 7 oj - n o t e ) ,

and section 301- of titre 3, united states code, and in order to

take additional steps with respect to the Government of Burma's

cont,inued repression of the democratic opposition in Burma,

I, G E O R G Ew . B U S H , p r e s i d e n t of the United States of

America, hereby expand the scope of the national emergency

declared in Executive order 13047 of May 20, i,99?, and reried

upon for additional steps taken in Executive order 13310 of

JuJ-y 28, 2003, finding that the Government of Burma's continued

repression of the democratic opposition in Burma, manifested most

recently in the violent response to peaceful d.emonstrations, the

commission of human rights abuses related to political repression,

and engagement in pubric corruption, incruding by diverting or

misusing Burmese pubric assets or by misusing public authority,

constitute an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national

security and foreign policy of the united states, and r hereby

order:

Section 1. Except to the extent provided in

section 203 (b) (1), (3), and (4) of rEEpA (50 U.S.C. 1 , 7 0 2 ( b )( 1 ) ,

(3), and (4) ) , the Trade sanctions Reform and Export Enhancenrent

Act of 2000 (title IX, Public l _ , a w1 0 G - 3 8 7 ) , o r regulations,

orders, directives, or l-icenses t.hat may be issued pursuant

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to this order, and notwithstanding any contract entered into

or any license or permit granted prior to the effective date

of this order, drr property and interests in property of the

following persons that are in the United States, that hereafter

come within the united states, or that are or hereafter come

within the possession or control of united states persons,

including their overseas branches, are blocked and mav not be

transferred, paid, exported, withdrawn, or otherwise dealt in:

(a) the persons listed in the Annex attached and made a

part of this order; and

(b) any person determined by the Secretary of the Treasury,

after consultation with the Secretary of State:

(i) to be a senior official of the Government, of Burma,

the State Peace and Development Council of Burma, the

union solidarity and Development Association of Burma,

or any successor entity to any of the foregoing;

(ii) to be responsibre for, or to have participated in,

human rights abuses rerated to political repression in

Burma;

(iii) to be engaged, or to have engaged, in activities

facilitating pubric corruption by senior officials of

the Governmenf of Rrrrma

(iv) to have materially assisted, sponsored, or

provided financial, material, rogistical, or technical

support for, or goods or services in support of, the

Government of Rrrrma t-ho ctate Peace and Development

council of Burma, the union soridarity and Development

Association of Burma, any successor entity to any of the

foregoing, any senior officiar of any of the foregoi-ng,

or any person whose property and interests in property

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are blocked pursuant to Executive Order 13310 or

section r -( b ) ( j - ) - ( v ) o f this order;

(v) to be owned or controlled by, or to have acted

or purporLed to act for or on behalf of, directly or

indirectly, any person whose property and interests in

property are blocked pursuant to Executive Order 13310

or section 1(b) (i)- (v) of this order; or

(vi) to be a spouse or dependent child of any person

whose property and interests in property are blocked

pursuant to t.his order or Executive Order 13310.

Sec. ?. (a) Any transaction by a United States person

or within the united states that evades or avoids, has the

purpose of evading or avoiding, or attempts to viorate any

of the prohibitions set forth in this order is prohibited.

(b) Any conspiracy formed to violate any of the

prohibitions set forth in this order is prohibited.

Sec. l. For purposes of this order:

(a) the term "person" means an individual or entity;

(b) the term "entity" means a partnership, dssociation,

trust, joint venture, corporation, group, subgroup, or other

organization;

(c) the term "united States person" means any United States

citizen, permanent resident aIien, entity organized. under the laws

of the United States or any jurisdiction within the United States

(including foreign branches), or any person in the united StaLes;

and

(d) the term "Government of Burmarr means the Government

of Burma (sometimes referred to as Myanmar), its agencies,

instrumentalities and controlled entities, and the Central Bank

of Burma.

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sec. t-. r hereby determine that the making of donations

of the type specif ied in sectj.on 203(b) (2) of rEEpA (50 u.s.c.

1702 (b) (2)) by, to, or for the benefit of, persons whose property

and interests in property are brocked pursuant to section 1 of

this order would seriousry impair my ability to deal with the

national emergency declared in Executive Order L3047, and relied

upon for additional steps taken in Executive order 13310, and

expanded in this order, and hereby prohibit such donations as

provided by section 1- of this order.

sec. 5. For those persons whose property and interests

in property are blocked pursuant to section I of this order

who might have a constitutional presence in the United States,

r find that because of the ability Lo transfer funds or other

assets instantaneously, prior notice to such persons of measures

to be taken pursuanL to this order would render these measures

ineffectual. I therefore determine that for these measures to

be effective in addressing the national emergency declared in

Executive order 13047, and relied upon for additional steps taken

in Executive order l-3310, and expanded in this order, there need

be no prior notice of a listing or determination made pursuanc to

this order.

Sec. 9_. The Secretary of the Treasury, after consultation

with the secretary of staLe, is hereby authorized t.o take such

actions, incruding the promurgation of rures and regulations,

and to employ arr powers granted to the president by rEEpA and

section 4 of Lhe Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act of 2OO3 as

may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this order. The

Secret,ary of the Treasury may redelegate any of these functions

to other officers and agencies of the United States Government

consistent with applicable Iaw. A11 agencies of the United States

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Government are hereby directed to take al1 appropriate measures

within their authority to carry out the provisions of this order.

Sec. Z. The Secretary of the Treasury, after consultation

with the Secretary of State, is arrthorized to determine,

subsequent to the effective date of this order, that circumstances

no longer warrant inclusion of a person in the Annex to this order

and thaL the property and interests in property of that person are

therefore no longer blocked pursuant to section l- of this order.

Sec. g. Nothing in this order is intended to affect the

cont,inued ef f ectiveness of any ru1es, regulations, ord.ers,

licenses, oL other forms of administrative action issued, taken,

or continued in effect heretofore or hereafter under 31 c.F.R.

chapter V, except as expressly terminated, modified, or suspended

by or pursuant to this order.

sec. 2. This order is not intended to, and does not, create

any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at

law or in equity by any party against Lhe united states, its

departments, agencies, instrumentalities, or entities, its

officers or employees, or any other person.

sec. 10- This order is effective at L2:01 a.m. eastern

daylight time on October t9, 2007 .

THE WHITE HOUSE,

October L9, 2001

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Office of Foreign Assets Gontrol

RECENT OFAC ACTIONS

1011s12007
http:/lwrrw.treas.qcvlofficgslenfgrcemqnt/ofaclaqtionsl200?101ga.shtml

The followingindividualshave been named by the Presidentunder the executiveorder,"BlockingProperty

and ProhibitingCertainTransactionsRelatedto Burma:"

MYINT,Htay(a.k.a.MYINT,U Htay),Burma;DOB6 Feb1955;citizenBurma;nationality

Burma;Chairman,
YuzanaCompanyLimited(individual)
[BURMA]

SHWE,Khin(a.k.a.SHWE,Khin,Dr.),Burma;DOB21 Jan 1952;citizenBurma;nationality

Burma;
President,
Zay GabarCompany(individual)
IBURMA]

ZA,PyePhyoTay,Burma;6 CairnhillCircle,Number18-07,CairnhillCrest229813,Singapore;
DOB2g Jan
1987;citizenBurma;nationality
Burma;Sonof TayZa. (individual)
[BURMA]

Z A , I ay ( a.k .aT. AY Z A;a .k .aT

. EZ A ;a .k .aZ. A,Te;a.k.a.ZA ,UTay;a.k.a.ZA ,L)Te),B urma;6 C ai rnhi l l
Circle,Number18-07, Cairnhill Crest229813,Singapore; DOB1BJul 1967;citizenBurma;nationality
Burma;Managing Director, HtooTradingCompanyLimited; Chairman,Air BaganHoldingsPte.Ltd.(d.b.a.
Air Bagan);Managing Director, PavoTradingPte.Ltd.(individual) [BURMA]

ZAW,Thidar(a.k.a.ZAW,DawThidar;a.k.a.ZAW,Thida),Burma;6 CairnhillCircle,Number1g-07,
CairnhillCrest229813,Singapore;
DOB24 Feb 1962;citizenBurma;nationality
Burma;Wifeof TayZA
(individual)
[BURMA]

Thefollowingentitieshavebeennamedby the President

underthe executiveorder,"BlockingPropertyand
Prohibiting
CertainTransactions
Relatedto Burma:"

AIRBAGANHOLDINGS PTE.LTD.(a.k.a.AIR BAGAN),

545OrchardRoad,#01-04FarEastShopping
Centre,Singapore
238882,Singapore;56 ShweTaungGyarStreet,BahanTownship, Yangon,Burma;}8th
Street,Bet,Mandalay,Burma;134BogyokeStreet,MyomaQuarter,Taunggyi, Burma;3, AungThateDi
Quarter,NyaungU, Burma;Sandoway Inn,Thandwe,Burma;PatheinHotel,Kanthonesint,
Petheing-
MonywaRoad,Burma;572YeYeikThatStreet,PearAyekariHotel,MyaukYwa Quarter,Burma;48
Quarter2, ZayTan LayYat,KyaingTong,Burma;156Bogyoke AungSan Road,AungChanTharBuilding,
SanSaiQuarter,Tachileik,
Burma;MyeikGolfClub,PearlMonHotel,AirportJunction,
Myeik,Burma;24i
Bet,DuwaZa Junn& BayinNaungSt.,ThirdQuarter,Myitkyina,
Burma;414 BogyokeRoad,KawThaung,
Burma;Doingbusiness as AIR BAGANIBURMA]

AIR BAGANLIMITED(a.k.a.AIR BAGAN),3 , AungThateDi Quarter, NyaungU, Burma;SOShweTaung

GyarStreet,BahanTownship, Yangon,Burma;TBthStreet, Bet,, Mandalay,
Burma;134BogyokeStreei,
MyomaQuarter, Taunggyi,
Burma;Sandoway lnn,Thandwe, petheing-
Burma;PatheinHotel,Kanthonesint,
MonywaRoad,Burma;572YeYeikTha Street,PearAyekariHotel,MyaukYwaQuarter,Burma;48 euarter
2, ZayTan LayYat,KyaingTong,Burma;156Bogyoke AungSanRoad,AungChanTharBuilding, SanSai
Quader,Tachileik,
Burma;MyeikGolfClub,PearlMonHotel,AirportJunction,Myeik,Burma;244Bet,
DuwaZawJunn& BayinNaungSt. , ThidaQuarter, Myitkyina
, Burma;414 BogyokeRoad,KawThaung,
Burma;No.6/88,6 Quarter,Lalway,Naypyitaw,
Burma;Kalaymyo, RedCrossBuilding,
BogyokeStreet,
KalayMyo,Burma;Doingbusiness as AIRBAGAN.IBURMA]

HTOOTRADINGCOMPANYLIMITED(a.k.a.HTOOGROUPOF COMPANIES; a.k.a.HTOOTRADTNG

GROUPCOMPANY),
5 PyayRoad,HlaingTownship,
Yangon,BurmaIBURMA]

HT O OW O ODP R OD U C T PT
S E .L IMIT E D
(a .k.a.H TOOFU R N ITU R a.k.a.
E; H TOOW OOD a.k.a.
; H TOO
WOODPRODUCTS; a.k.a.HTOOWOOD-BASED INDUSTRY),No.21 ThukhaWaddyRoad,yankinT/S,

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Yangon,Burma;3 ShentonWay,#24-02ShentonHouse,Singapore,
068805,Singapore;
5 PyayRoad,
HlaingTownship,
Yangon,Burma;ShwePyitharT/S,Tangon,BurmaIBURMA]

PAVOTRADINGPTE.LTD.,3 ShentonWay , #24-02ShentonHouse,Singapore

068805,Singapore
IBURMAI

YUZANACOMPANYLIMITED(a.k.a.YUZANACONS'IRUCTION),
No. 130YuzanaCentre,Shwegondaing
Road,BahanTownship,
Yangon,BurmaIBURMA]

zAY GABAR COMPANY (A.K.A. ZAYKABAR COMPANY), BURMA IBURMA]

R E C E N TO F A C A C T I O N S

10t19t2007
hl!n;{-wwq.treaS".qgvlo.ffiqs-s"le_qforcemg"nt/pfacla-gllo-ns/20_0-?l3J9.qh.tml

Thefollowingindividualshavebeenaddedto OFAC'sSDNlist:

LlN,AungThein(a.k.a."LYNN,AungThein"),Burma;DOB1952;citizenBurma;nationality
Burma;
Brigadier
General,Mayorand Chairmanof YangonCity(Rangoon)
CityDevelopment Committee(individual)
IBURMAI

LWIN,Saw,Burma;DOB 1939;citizenBurma;nationality
Burma;MajorGeneral,Minister
of lndustry
2
(individual)
[BURMA]

MlN,Zaw,Burma;I;OB 10 Jan 1949;citizenBurma;nationality

Burma;Colonel,Minister
of ElectricPower1
( indiv idua[ B
l )U R M A]

MYINT,Kyaw(a.k.a.MYINT,Kyaw,Dr.),Burma;DOB1940;citizenBurma:nationality
Burma;Ministerof
Health(individual)
[BURMA]

NY E I N,Cha n(a .k .aN

. Y EINC, h a n ,D r.;a .k .aN
. Y E INC
, hang,D r.),B urma;D OB 1944:ci ti zenB urma;
nationality
Burma;Minister of Education (individual) [BURMA]

THA,Soe,Burma;DOB 1945;citizenBurma;nationality
Burma;Minister
of NationalPlanning
and Economic
(individual)
Development [BURMA]

THAUNG(a.k.a.THAUNG,U),Burma;DOB6 Jul 1937;citizenBurma;nationality

Burma;Ministerof Labor;
Minister (individual)
of Science& Technology [BURMA]

THEIN,Tin Naing,Burma;DOB 1955;citizenBurma;nationality

Burma;Brigadier
General,Minister
of
Commerce (individual)
[BURMA]

TUN,Hla,Burma;DOB 11 Jul 1951;citizenBurma;nationality

Burma;MajorGeneral,Minister
of Finance
andRevenue(individual)
[BURMA]

TUN,Saw,Burma;DOBB May 1935;citizenBurma;nationality

Burma;MajorGeneral,Minister
of
(individual)
Construction [BURMA]

ZAW, THEIN' BURMA; DOB 20 OCT 1951; CITIZEN BURMA; NATIONALITY

B U R M A ; B R I G A D I E R G E N E R A L ,M I N I S T E R O F T E L E C O M M U N I C A T I O N S ,
P O S T , & T E L E G R A P H ( T N D T V T D U A L )[ B U R M A ]

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R E C E N TO F A C A C T I O N S

0912712007
ggv/offiqg,*/pnfg r,HeJI?nilghclgS!i,Snsl?QflZgS??,
htte :l/,yy.*ryy.treas, glrtml

Thefollowing
individuals
havebeenaddedto OFAC'sSDNlist:

AYE,Maung;DOB25 Dec 1937;citizenBurma;nationality

Burma;ViceSeniorGeneral;
Vice-Chairman
of
the StatePeaceand Development
Council;DeputyCommander-in-Chief,
MyanmarDefenseServices
(Tatmadaw);Commander-in-Chief,
Myanmar Army(individual)
[BURMA]

BO,Maung;DOB 16 Feb 1945;citizenBurma;nationality

Burma;Lieutenant-General;
Chiefof Bureauof
SpecialOperation
4; Member,StatePeaceandDevelopment Council(individual)
tBURMAI

HTWE,Aung;DOB 1 Feb 1943;citizenBurma;nationality

Burma;Lieutenant-General;
Chiefof Armed
ForcesTraining;
Member,StatePeaceandDevelopment Council(individual)
IBURMA]

MANN,Shwe(a.k.a.MANN,ThuraShwe);DOB11Jul 1947;citizenBurma;nationality
Burma;JointChief
of staff;Member,StatePeaceand Development
Council(individual)
IBURMA]

MYINT,Ye; DOB21 Oet1943;citizenBurma;nationality

Burma;Lieutenant-General;
Chief,MilitaryAffairs;
Chief,Bureauof SpecialOperation
1; Member,StatePeaceand Development
Council(individual)laUnUnl

OO,Maung;DOB 1952;citizenBurma;nationality
Burma;MajorGeneral;
Ministerof HomeAffairs
( indiv idua[BU
l ) R MA ]

OO,TinAungMyini(a.k.a.OO,ThihaThuraTinAungMyint);DOB27 May 1gS0;citizenBurma;nationality

Burma;Lieutenant-General;
Quartermaster
General;
Minister Affairs;Member,Statepeaceand
of Military
DevelopmentCouncil(individual)
[BURMA]

SEIN,Thein;DOB20 Apr 1945;POBPathein, lrrawaddy

Division;
citizenBurrna;nationality
Burma;
AdjutantGeneral;FirstSecretary,
StatePeaceandDevelopment Council(individual)
tBURMAI

SHWE,Than;DOB2 Feb 1935;alt.DOB2 Feb 1933;citizenBurrna;nationalityBurma;SeniorGeneral,

-State
Ministerof Defenseand Commander-in-Chief
of DefenseServices;Chairman, peaceand
Development Council(individual)
[BURMA]

SWE,Myint;DOB24 Jun 1951; citizenBurma;nationality

Burma;Lieutenant-General;
Chiefof Military
AffairsSecurity
(individual)
IBURMA]

THl,Lun;DOB1BJul 1940;citizenBurrna;nationality
Burma;Brigadier-General;
Minister
of Energy
( indiv idua[BU
l ) R MA ]

WlN,Kyaw;DOB3 Jan 1944;citizenBurma;nationality

Burma;Lieutenant-General;
Chiefof Bureauof
SpecialOperation
2; Member,StatePeaceandDevelopmentCouncil(individual)
IBURMA]

WlN,Nyan;DOB22 Jan1953;citizenBurma;nationality
Burma;MajorGeneral;Ministerof ForeignAffairs
( indiv idua[B
l )U R M A]

WlN,Soe;DOB10 May 1947;citizenBurma;nationality primeMinister:

Burma;Lieutenant-General;
Member,statePeaceand Developmentcouncil(individuar)
IBURMA]

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River of No ll,eturn
by Ko Ko Thett
July I, 2007

Burma's FamousWaterway Gives a New Biographical-HistoryBook Its Title

When RudyardKipling first saw the IrrawaddyRiver in 1889,

he wrote: 'I reflectedthat I was looking upon the river of lost
: i I

footsteps-the road that so many men of my acquaintance had

i

l^l' .t

Itl\ t'l' tll i irs{" travelled,neverto return,within the pastthreeyears.'

trilrrlr{ r l } t 5
1 I I
That colourful phrase,"river of lost footsteps,"providesthe
f , l i I I ; i ' : ' 1 i ' l l r \ i

title of a semi-autobiographicalversionof Burma's history,by

Thant Myint-U, authorof the scholarlyand elegantly-written
TheMaking of Modern Burma (CambridgeUniversity Press,
2001).

In his latestbook, targetinga generalreadership,Thant Myint-

U collageshis memoirs,travelogueand genealogyagainst
Burma's historicalbackeround.

In the late 1820s,tfr. nr]t Anglo-Burrnesewar dealt an initial

major blow to the Konbaungdynasty. It was then that scholars
The Riverof Lost and Buddhistmonks at the court of Ava beeanto reviseand
Footsteps: Histories of updateU Kala'sChronicle
of Burmese Ktngs. Theresultwas
Burma by Thant Myint- TheGlassPalaceChronicle of theKingsof Burma,an
U, Faber and Faber endeavorThantMyint-Ufinds "a fittingthingto do,whenthe
future seemedunclear,the presenthad becomeso painful, and
2A07, P361
the lessonsof the pastneededa more properaccounting."This
could well havebeenThantMyint-U's own intention.

One chapteron the foundationsof Burmesecivilizationcanbe seenas the historian'sendearing

attemptto put the GlassPalaceChronicleback into the heartsof Burma readers.He confirms
the "antiquity of the chronicletradition" by testingit againstresearchshowingthat the
Irrawaddyvalley clrhzation datesback as far as the Old Kingdom in Egypt, which existed
3,500yearsago.

Using a big picture approach,Thant Myint-U shuttlesbetweenpast and present,personaland

political, local and global and setsBurma in the midst of world affairs. In a style reminiscentof
G E Harvey's classicHistory of Burma and A T Q Stewart'sThePagoda War, he vividly
describesthe ups and downs of the ancientBurmesekingdoms.

In the mid-l9th centnry,ICng Mindon reahzedthat he had to "adaptto [an] increasingly

European-dominated and fast-changingworld." The authorpoints out that Mindon's
modernizingreformsparallelthosein othercontemporarykingdomsaroundthe world-Japan's
1868Metji restoration,the modernizalronof Siamby King Mongkut and of Egypt by Mehmet
Ati.

The reformsin Burma failed becauseof British insistenceon liberal trade,palaceintrigues,and

the Qing dynasty'sethniccleansingof Panthaysin Yunnan.The ill-fatedreformsinevitablyled
php?art_rd:7I 29
http://www.irrawaddy.org/print_page. 7 t4t2007
Untitled Document Page2 of 2
to the lossof sovereigntyduringthe reign of Mindon's successor
Thibaw.

The Burmeseanti-colonialresistancefollowing the country'sannexationinto British India in

1885is seenin comparisonwith presenteventsin Iraq."The peopleof this countryhavenot, as
was by someexpected,welcomedus as deliverersfrom tyranny," lamenteda British officer,
whosewordsmay soundfamiliar in the Iraq context.

In the autobiographicalpagesof the book, ThantMyint-U weaveshis memoirsinto more recent

eventshe experienced.Perhapshe wisheshis readersto seehis life in contrastwith Aung San
Suu Kyi's. He is the grandsonof the lateIIN secretary-general
U Thant, so both he and Sru
Kyi, direct descendantsof famousButmesestatesmen, are acutelyawareof their identities.
Both grew up in the West and receivedan excellentWesterneducation.The similaritiesend
there,however.Their worlds and their approaches to Burma arepoles apartnow.

Thant Myint-U recallsthat, by the time he went to Trinity Collegeat CambridgeUniversity in

1991,the only other Butmesehe knew at the whole universitywas PascalKhoo-Thwe,who
would becomethe authorof the celebratedmemoirsFrom TheLand of the Green Ghosts:A
BurmeseOdyssey.At the turn of the z}thcentury, he notes,therewere dozensof Burmese
studentsat Cambridgeand therewas evena CambridgeBurmeseAssociation.

Unlike SuuKyi or Pascall(hoo-Thwe,ThantMyint-U didn't experiencethe 1988uprising.

Having missedhis "chanceto be a part of thingsand to help," he went to the Thai-Bur-.i.
borderinsteadand stayedwith studentrebelswho were there"not to flee the Burmese
authoritiesbut in a desperateand ill-placedhopethat the West would arm them and help them
overthrowthe Rangoongovelxment."

ThantMyint-U's handlingof subjectsoutsidehis own world aretop-down,detachedand,at

times,evenslightlydisdainful.But his book nevertheless brims with interestinganecdotes.He
makesclearthat it is "not meantas a book for expertsor primarily as a commentaryon today's
problembut as a guide to the Burmesepast,an introductionto the countrywhose current
problemsare increasinglyknown but whosecolourful and vibrant history is entirely forgotten."

In the last chapter,nonetheless,

the historianventuresinto the near future"commentson the
Burma problem and paintsa grim picture. If the countryremainsisolated-meaning if the West
doesnot buy his recommendationof engagement with Burma-he predictsa return to the
"anarchyandthe conditionsof 1948."

Ko Ko Tlrctt,s Btu"tttcse
rasest'cher,
,tluc/ies
u,or/clltolitic'sut tJte[,lniv-er,sit.r-
o/'Ilelsinki

Irrawaddy.org
http://www.irruwctddlt.org/

http ://www .irr awaddy .or g/pr i ntj age.php?art_id:7 I 29 7 t4t2007

UntitledDocument Page I of 2

Yhw XrrwwwS,SV,ffi*s,$$wxw
,ffiS$$,,n

'l'hein
lor Nuclear power
oo I'o Salv: BurnlansSpokesperson
by Aung Zaw
July I, 2007

Burma's nuclearambitionshavebeenthe subjectof seriousdiscussionsat the country's

constitution-drafting
National Convention,which hasconvenedintermittentlysince lgg3. These
discussionshavebeenled by Thein Oo Po Saw,a US-trainednuclearscientist.

In the 1950s,the young Thein Oo Po Saw earneda master's

degreein nuclearengineeringfrom the Universityof Illinois. *Y'
!
T
t
x
s
Thein Oo Po Sawwas one of severalgovernment-backed s
T
scholarssentabroadby the late Prime Minister U Nu aspart of ra
an atomic energyprogramwithin the Union of Burma Applied r
at
ResearchInstitute.He is the only one still workine for Burma's
currentmilitary government.

When Thein Oo Po Saw returnedfrom the US, the UBARI

atomicenergyprogramwas no longeractive.He subsequently
headedthe physicsdepartmentat the DefenseServices
Academyin Maymyo from \962 to 1980,andwas laternamed
the directorof researchat Burma's CentralResearch T h e i nO o P o S a w ,a
Organrzation, now renamedthe Myanma Scientific& l e a d i n ga d v o c a t eo f
TechnologicalResearchDepartment. n u c l e a rt e c h n o l o g y
i n B ur m a
Many of today'stop-rankinggeneralsin Burmawho studiedscienceat the DSA arehis former
students.

Thein Oo Po Saw continuesto servethe military govemmentas an adviserto the Ministry of

Scienceand Technologyandpresidentof the MyanmarAcademyof Technology.Healso
receivedan honorarydoctor of engineeringdegreefrom the ministry and still teaches
postgraduatecoLlrses
at the RangoonInstituteof Technology.

He playeda crucialrole in revivingBurma'sAtomic EnergyCommitteeand renewinglinks

with the InternationalAtomic EnergyAssociation.He alsourgedBurma's military regimein
1995to join the RegionalCooperativeAgreementfor Research,Developmentand Training in
NuclearScienceand rechnology in Asia andthe pacific (RCA).

Sinceearly 2005, Thein Oo Po Saw has alsoplayeda centralrole in the National Convention.
During discussionsof a chapterof the draft constitutionrelatingto the defenseof the Union of
Burma,he and severalprofessionalcolleaguesmadean interestingsuggestion.

The chapterunderdiscttssionon March 3, 2005,coveredsevenkey pointson nationaldefense,

includingchernicaland biologicalweapons.Thein Oo Po Saw suggested an additionto the
chapterthat coveredthe "preventionof terroristsactsandpressures"in enactinglaws regarding
"the defenseof the Union of Myanmar and of its every patt, and to preparea dJfens. progru-."

That programwould potentiallyinclude"conventionalarrns,ammunitionand explosives,and

non-conventionalsophisticatedstrategicams" aswell as "nuclearenergy,nuclearfuel and
http://www.irrawaddy.org/printjage.php?art
id:7 737 7t7 t2007
Untitled Document Page2 of 2
radiation,and mineral resollrcesthat producethem,highly classifiedmaterials,objects,areas,
technologies,researches and informationand specialsecurityissues,accident,.orr..*ing the
personswhosework involveshighly classifiedmaterials,objects,areas,technologies,
researches and information,and compensationand insurancecoveragefor them in caseof
accidents,"accordingto a report in state-runThe New Light of Myanmar.

Aung Toe,the chairmanof the NationalConventionConveningWork Committee,repliedby

sayingthat sucha program-particularly a nuclearone-would incur internationalcriticism if it
was includedin the chapteron defenseand security.

He proposedan alternativeapproach."Thus, the mattershouldbe put in the energy,electricity,

mining and forestrysectorinsteadof the defenseand securitysector,"Aung Toeiold
conventiondelegates.

"Nuclear energy,nuclearfr"reland radiation,and mineralresourcesthat producethem-on the

Union legislativelist of the defenseand securitysector-is just to enactlaws as necessaryin the
future.Inclusionof the point in the defensesectorcannotbe assumedfor military purporl only.
The aim is to generateelectricityand to usenuclearenergyand fuel for human intereit ur well."

Irrawaddy.org
http://www.irr awctddy.org/

jd:7 737
http://www.irrawaddy.org/print_page.php?art 7t7 t2007
People'sDaily Online -- Myanmar sectionof wartime Sino-Indianroad rebuilt Page1 of 1
Myanmarsectionof wartimesino-lndian
roadrebuilt
A ceremonyto celebratethe rebuildingof the Myannaf sectionof the famouswartimeStilwellRoad,also
knownas the Sino-lndianRoad,has beenheldin Kambaition the Sino-Myanmar border.

The Myanmarsectionof StilwellRoadis partof the 176-kmsectionof roadthat linksMyitkyinain Myanma

withTengchongin Yunnanin southwestChina.

Completionof the Myanmarsectionwill reducetraveltimefromTengchongto Myitkyinafromeighthours1

three,accordingto Liu Ping,deputygovernorof Yunnan,who was preseniatthe ceremony.

Accordingto Wang Caichun,chairmanof the TengchongCountyAssociation for China-ForeignExchange

the Chinesegovernment provided1.23billionyuanto financereconstruction
of the road,aOouttwo thirds
whichwas usedfor the Myanmarsection.

The StilwellRoad,or LedoRoad,was builtby Chinesetroopsand AlliedForcesin 1g4Sto transport

suppliesto the beleaguered
Chinesearmyafterthe Yunnan-Myanmar Road,a criticallifelinein bhina'swi
of resistanceagainstJqpan,was cut off by Japanesetroopsin 1g42.

it was laterrenamedStilwellRoadafterGeneralJosephStilwell,
the commanderof the AlliedForcesin
Southeast Asia,who commandedUS forcesin the China-Myanmar-lndia
theaterin WorldWar ll.

The roadbeganin Ledo,a smalltown in northeastIndia,and rolledwestwardthroughMyitkyinain Myann

to Kunmingin YunnanProvince.ln just 10 months,morethan50,000tonsof guns,bulleisand foodwere
carriedby US trucksto Chinato supportthe fightagainstJapan.Afterthe waiended, many sectionsof thr
roadrevertedto junglefootpathsdue to a lackof maintenance.

Butthe segmentin YunnanProvincewas preserved

and graduallybecamepartof China'sNo. 320 nation
highway,avita|communicationarteryinsouthwestChina

Of the 679 km of the StilwellRoadbetweenChina'sTengchong

and Kunmingcities,460 km are opento
motorvehicles.

The 61-km-sectionof the StilwellRoadin Indiais alsooperational.

Abouttwo thirdsof the 360-kmsection
betweenthe Indianborderand Myitkyinais opento traffic.

Source:Xinhua

People'sDaily Online --- http://english.people.com.cn/

http:II engIi sh.peopIe.com.cnl200704I26Iprint20070426 370026.html U4tr9B0

Irrawaddy.org Page1 of2
T*K lrrsw*ddy S*ti*e Fdt$srr

Karen SplinterGroupsrncreaseAttackson KNLA

April27,2007
By ShahPaung

The DemocraticKaren Buddhist Army launcheda mortar attack on a Karen National

Liberation Army camp in the Kyauk Ket areaThursclaynight, accordingto a KNLA
official. Recentclasheshave killed at leastfour DKBA soldiersand woundedseven
otherssinceMonday.

$vBnun,by,Burmu

f)td ?tt'.HeleHQ i

r;*urir1,y;;;,1,wn,ii;il

The Thursdaymortal attack took place in the Karen National Union Brigade 6 area,
locatedoppositePhop PhraDistrict of Tak provincein Thailand.

More than 200 villagers reportedly have fled the recentfighting, unableto return
home.

The DKBA is a splinter group of the KNU. So far, no KNLA causalitieshave been
reported.

Sinceearly March, DKBA battalionswith the supportof Burmesetroops have overrun

at leastfive KNlA-controlled areasof the 7th Brigadenear the border *ith Thailand

The southeastcommanderof the Burmesemilitary governmentorderedthe DKBA

and Burmesetroopsto seizethe KNU 7th Brig adeareaoppositeMae Hon Song
Provincein Thailand,KNLA sourcessaid.

"The information we have is that they plan to seizeour strategicmilitary basewithin

this week, and they've sentmore troops into the Brigade 7 area,"the KNLA official
http://www.irrawaddy.org/aviewer.
asp?a-7008&print-yes&c:e ll4llgg0
Irrawaddy.org page 2 of 2
said."But they had not attackedthe areauntil today."

Accordingto a FreeBurma Rangersreport last Friday,more than 130 Burmese

familieshavebeendisplacedby the most recentfighting.

Burmeserefugeesin Mae La,located about30 km from Mae Sot, and Mae La Oon,
locatedoppositethe KNL A 7th Brigadein Mae Hong Sonprovincein Thailand,are
living in fear of possibleattacksby DKBA troops,accordingto refugeecamp officials.

Irrawaddy.org
http://www. ircawaddy.org/

http://www. irrawaddy .orgl aviewer.asp?a: 7008&print:yes &c:e r t4t1980

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