Legal Medicine

is a branch of medicine which deals with the application of medical knowledge to the purposes of law and in the administration of justice. Forensic Medicine Application of medical science to elucidate legal problems. Medical Jurisprudence Knowledge of law in relation to the practice of medicine. SCOPE: Application of medical and paramedical sciences as demanded by law and administration of justice.
DIFFERENCE a) Injury/ isease point of !iew b) $%amine a patient c) 'inor injuries ORDINARY PHYSICIAN "reatment iagnose Ignored MEDICO-LE AL OFFICER #ause "estify / &ustice (ecords all / )ualify

6 Knowledge of truth is important in the administration of justice0 lies solely in the ability to e!aluate the statement gi!en by the suspect or witness. Me!"ods o$ decep!ion de!ec!ion: *. e!ices which record the psycho6physiological response: a) 9se of a polygraph or lie detector machine b) 1ord association test c) 7sychological stress e!aluator -. 9se of drugs that try to :inhibit the inhibitor; a) Administration of the truth serum b) <arcoanalysis or <arcosynthesis c) Into%ication .. +ypnotism 2. =y obser!ation 5. 3cientific interrogation 8. #onfession I* RECORDIN OF PSYCHO-PHYSIOLO ICAL RESPONSE Ner(ous con!rol a. Nervous System (NS) 6 brain and spinal cord b. Autonomic/ Regulating Nervous System (ANS) 6 Sympathetic dominant upon physical or emotional stimuli >changes in heart rate0 pulse0 =7) 6 Parasympathetic dominant upon normal conditions >calm0 rela%ed0 contented) +se o$ a Lie De!ec!or or Pol,grap" 6 "he fear of the subject when not telling the truth acti!ates the sympathetic 6 "o a series of automatic and in!oluntary physiological changes which are recorded by the instrument 6 Use of control questions ? 'ost reliable @ effecti!e /uestioning techni/ue. 6 3upplementary tests: a. Peak of tension test 6 peak of tension on rele!ant /uestions b. Guilt comple test 6 does not response to added rele!ant /uest. c. Silent ans!er test 6 subject !erbal response creates distortion in the tracing or clearing of the throat. Reason $or ad%issi&ili!, !o !"e cour! o$ !"e resul! o$ Pol,grap" e-a%: *. +a!e not recei!ed the degree of standardiAation of acceptance. -. "rier of fact is apt to gi!e almost conclusi!e weight to the e%pertBs opinion .. <o way to assure that a /ualified e%aminer administered the test. 2. 'ay wai!e right against self6incrimination. 5. It has many errors. Fac!ors responsi&le !o ./0 errors: *. <er!ousness e%perienced by a subject who is telling the truth 6 apprehension by the fact that he is a suspect.

Persons au!"ori#ed !o per$or% au!opsies: *. +ealth ,fficers -. 'edical officer of law enforcement agencies. .. 'embers of the medical staff of accredited hospitals. Au!opsies s"all &e per$or%ed in !"e $ollo'ing cases. *. (e/uired by special laws -. ,rder of competent court0 mayor0 fiscal .. 1ritten re/uest of police officers 2. 3ol4en0 fiscal disinter to determine cause of death. 5. 1ritten re/uest of nearest kin to ascertain cause of death.

Medical E(idence
6 is the means sanctioned by the rules of court of ascertaining in a judicial proceedings0 the truth respecting a matter of fact. Me!"ods o$ preser(ing e(idence) *. 7hoto0 !ideotape0 photocopy -. 3ketching .. escription 2. 'anikin method 5. In the mind of the witness 8. 3pecial methods: embalming

Decep!ion and De!ec!ion

6 o!er6an%iety to cooperate -. 7hysiological abnormalities ? =7 inc. or dec.0 #ardiac prob. .. 'ental abnormalities 2. 9nreponsi!eness in a guilty subject no fear of detection 5. Attempt to beat the machine Can a person &e co%pelled1 6 <o0 use of intelligence and other faculties. "# $or% association test& 6 "ime inter!al between the words uttered by the e%aminer and the answer of the subject is recorded. '# Psychological Stress (valuator 6 when a person is under stress/lying0 the microtremor in the !oice utterance is moderately or completely suppressed 6 degree of suppression !aries in!ersely to degree of psychological stress II* +SE OF DR+ S 2HA2 INHI3I2 2HE INHI3I2OR 6 <ot admissible in court A# A%ministration of truth serum 6 Hyocine hydrobromide gi!en hypodermically until state of delirium which the subject feels a compulsion to answer the /uestion truthfully. OJO: use of hyoscine may be argued as regards self6 incrimination "# Narcoanalysis or Narcosynthesis 6 3odium amytal or sodium penthotal '# )nto ication !ith alcohol 6 In wine there is truth III* HYPNOSIS 6 alteration of consciousness0 not all subjects can be hypnotiAed I4* O3SER4A2ION 7hysiological and psychological signs and symptoms of guilt: a) 3weating0 color change b) ryness of the mouth c) $%cessi!e acti!ity of Adams apple d) Cidgeting e) 7eculiar feeling inside f) 3wearing0 spotless past record g) Inability to look at the in!estigator 4* SCIEN2IFIC IN2ERRO A2ION 6 emotional appeal0 'utt and &eff techni/ue C+S2ODIAL IN4ES2I A2ION

6 Sec#*+, Art#- . "/R: *. right to remain silent -. right to counsel .. right to be informed of such right 6 0iran%a 1octrine: *. right to be silent -. anything said can be used against the person in a court of law .. right to consult counsel with an attorney and to ha!e an attorney present during the /uestioning 2. if he cannot afford an attorney0 one will be appointed for him prior to any /uestioning if he so desires 4I* CONFESSION 6 e%pressed acknowledgement of his guilt 6 judicial or e%trajudicial OJO: an $&# made by an accused shall not be sufficient ground for con!iction unless corroborated by e!idence of corpus %elicti >body of the crime or fact of specific loss or injury sustained) 2O5YO DECLARA2ION 6 contains guidelines to be obser!ed by physician concerning torture0 inhuman and degrading punishment.

Medico-Legal Aspec!s o$ Iden!i$ica!ion

6 determination of the indi!iduality of a person I%por!ance o$ iden!i$,ing a person) *. In the prosecution of a crime0 the identity of the offender and !ictim. -. 3ettlement of estates0 retirement0 insurance .. (esol!es an%iety of nest of kin. 2. In some transactions sales0 release of dead body Rules in personal iden!i$ica!ion) *. Daw of multiplicity of e!idence in identification greater number of similarities -. Ealue of different points of identification fingerprints 0 moles Eisual recognition of relati!es lesser !alue than fingerprints/dental .. "he longer inter!al between death the more e%perts are needed in establishing the identity. 2. "he team to act in shortest time because it is perishable. 5. <o rigid rule in the procedure of identification of the person. Me!"ods o$ iden!i$ica!ion) *. =y comparison Id found in the crime scene compared with the file. -. =y e%clusion

Iden!i$ica!ion o$ Persons
A* Ordinar, %e!"ods o$ iden!i$ica!ion *. #haracteristics which may easily be changed: a) growth of hair0 beard b) clothing

c) fre/uent place of !isit d) grade of profession e) body ornamentations -. #haracteristics that may not be easily be changed: a) mental memory b) speech c) gait d) mannerism e) handedness6left /right f) hands and feet g) comple%ion h) changes in the eyes i) facies j) degree of nutrition Poin!s o$ iden!i$ica!ion applica&le !o &o!" li(ing and dead &e$ore onse! o$ Deco%posi!ion) *. ,ccupational marks painters ha!e stains -. (ace: 'alay:brown0 flat nose round face0 (ound head0 1earing apparel .. 3tature: "ips of middle fingers of both hands e%tended laterally 2. "atoo marks 5. 1eight not good point changes from time to time 8. eformities0 injuries lea!ing permanent deformities F. =irth marks0 moles0 scar G. "ribal marks0 3e%ual organs0 blood e%am 3* Scien!i$ic %e!"ods o$ iden!i$ica!ion *. Cingerprinting -. ental identification .. handwriting 2. Identification of skeleton 5. etermination of 3e%0 Age 8. Identification of blood0 blood stains F. Identification of hair0 fibers 6* FIN ERPRIN2IN 6 most !aluable method of identification. a) <o two identical fingerprints b) <ot changeable 6 7ractical uses a) Identity of dead bodies b) 7rints reco!ered at crime scene c) 7rints on file for comparison d) (ight thumb print is substitute for signature 6 Cingerprints canBt be effaced: 6 as long as the dermis of the bulbs of the finger is not completely destroyed .* DEN2AL IDEN2IFICA2ION 6 possibility of - persons to ha!e the same is remote 6 enamel is the hardest substance of the body0 outlast other tissues in putrefaction 7* HAND8RI2IN 9* IDEN2IFICA2ION OF 2HE S5ELE2ON

:* DE2ERMINA2ION OF A E - 2egal importance& a) Aid to identification b) etermination of criminal liability c) etermination of right of suffrage d) etermination whether a person can e%ercise ci!il rights e) etermination of the capacity to marriage f) (e/uisite to certain crimes ;* IDEN2IFICA2ION OF 3LOOD< 3LOOD S2AINS - 2egal importance& a) isputed parentage b) #ircumstantial e!idence against perpetrator of a crime c) etermination of the cause of death d) etermination of the direction of the escape e) etermination of the appropriate time crime was committed f) etermination of the place of the crime g) etermination of the presence of certain diseases. =* IDEN2IFICA2ION OF HAIR AND FI3ERS

Medico-Legal Aspec!s o$ Dea!"

I%por!ance o$ Dea!" de!er%ina!ion) *. "he ci!il personality of a natural person is e%tinguished by death. -. "he property of a person is transmitted to his heirs at the time of death.

.. "he death of a partner is one of the causes of dissolution of partnership agreement. 2. "he death of either the principal or agent is a mode of e%tinguishment of agency. 5. "he criminal liability is e%tinguished by death. 8. "he ci!il case for claims which does not sur!i!e is dismissed upon death of the defendant. Dea!" > is the termination of life. 5INDS OF DEA2H) *. Somatic or clinical %eath persistence of !ital functions -. 0olecular or cellular %eath . to si% hours after cessation of life .. Apparent %eath or State of suspen%e% animation transient loss of consciousness in hysteria0 uremia0 electric shock SI NS OF DEA2H) 6* Cessa!ion o$ "ear! ac!ion and circula!ion. 6 usually the auricle contract after somatic death for a longer period than the !entricle0 last to stop so called +L2IMEN MARIENS* .* Cessa!ion o$ respira!ion - more than . H minutes 0etho%s of %etecting cessation of respiration& a) ,bser!ance of mo!ement of chest and abdomen b) 1ith the aid of stet. c) $%amination with a mirror d) $%amination with a feather or cotton fibers e) $%amination with a glass of water f) 1inslowBs test no mo!ement in the image formed by reflecting artificial light on the water in a saucer and placed in the chest if respiration is taking place. 7* Cooling o$ !"e &od, ?AL OR MOR2IS@ 6 After death the metabolic process inside the body ceases. 6 "he progressi!e fall of the body temp. is one of the most prominent signs. 6 Cirst two hours after death the cooling is rapid. 6 Call of temp. of *5 to -I degrees Cahrenheit is considered as a certain sign of death. POS2-MOR2EM CALORICI2Y is the rise of the temperature of the body after death due to rapid and early putrefacti!e changes. 9sually in the first hours. 6 seen in cholera0 li!er abscess0 tetanus0 (C0 3trynine poisoning0 7eritonitis A* Condi!ions connec!ed 'i!" !"e &od, 6 Cactors delaying the rate of cooling of the body: *. Acute pyre%ial disease -. 3udden death in good health .. ,besity of person 2. eath from asphy%ia 5. eath of the middle age 6 Cactors accelerating cooling:

*. -. .. 2.

Deaness of the body $%treme age Dong6standing illness #hronic pyre%ial disease with wasting

3* Condi!ions !"a! are connec!ed 'i!" !"e surroundings 6 Cactors delaying cooling: *. #lothings -. 1ant of access of air to the body .. 3mall room 2. 1arm surroundings 6 Cactors accelerating cooling: *. 9nclothed body -. #onditions allowing the access of air .. Darge room permitting the dissipation of heat 2. #ooling more rapid in water than in air Me!"ods o$ es!i%a!ing "o' long a person "as &een dead $ro% !"e cooling o$ !"e &od,) *. If body temperature is normal at the time of death: 6 the a!erage rate of fall of the temperature during the first - H hours is H of the difference of the body temperature and that of the air. 6 the body attains the temperature of the surrounding air from *- to *5 hours after death in tropical countries. -. #hemical 'ethod > 3chourupBs formula for the determination of the time of death of any cada!er whose #3C is e%amined for the concentrations of D.A.0 <7<0 A.A. J D.A? *5 mg to -II mg/*IIcc rapid in *st 5 hours. J <7< inc. from *5 to 2I mg/*II cc in *st *5 hours J A.A. inc. from * mg to *- mgK *st *5 hours. 9* INSENSI3ILI2Y OF 2HE 3ODY AND LOSS OF PO8ER 2O MO4E J may be seen in the li!ing with6 apople%y0 epilepsy 0 trance0 catalepsy0 hysteria /* CHAN ES IN 2HE S5IN > opacity0 flattening0 loss of elasticity :* CHAN ES IN AND A3O+2 2HE EYE a) Doss of corneal refle% seen I n li!e pts: 4.A.0 uremia0 narcotic poisoning b) #louding of cornea c) Claccidity of the eyeball d) 7upil in the position of rest. e@ 2ACHE NOIR DE LA SCLERO2IA+E > spot found in the sclera after death. ;* AC2ION OF HEA2 ON 2HE S5IN J +eat applied while ali!e produced blister with serum and redness around the area. J Collowing combinations of signs show death has occurred:

a) Doss of animal heat to a point not compatible with life b) Absence of response of muscle stimulus c) ,nset of rigor mortis.

J ? F5 degrees will produce heat stiffening b) 'oisture J rapidly but with short duration in moist air Condi!ions si%ula!ing RI OR MOR2IS) *. +eat stiffening 6 ? F5 degrees coagulates muscle proteins resulting to rigidity. J : 7ugilistic attitude; fle%ed upper and lower limb J hands clenched0 fle%or stronger than e%tensors0 burned to death -. #old stiffening J due to solidification of fats when e%posed to cold temp. .. #ada!eric spasm or Instantaneous (igor J instantaneous rigidity due to e%treme ner!ous tension0 e%haustion0 injury to the ner!ous system. J weapon in hand0 weeds RI OR MOR2IS CADA4ERIC SPASM *. "ime of appearance .68+ after death Immediately after death -. 'uscles in!ol!ed All muscles #ertain group .. ,ccurrence <atural phenomena 'ay or may not appear 2. 'edico6legal signif. Appro%imates time of death etermine nature of death RI OR MOR2IS M+SCLE CON2RAC2ION *. #ontracted muscle Dosses transparency or less transparent -. $lasticity Doss elasticity Eery elastic .. Ditmus reaction Acidic <eutral or sl. alkaline 2. #ontraction Absolute flaccidity 7ossess inherent contraction

CHAN ES IN 2HE 3ODY FOLLO8IN DEA2H

6* CHAN ES IN 2HE M+SCLE > complete rela%ation of the whole muscular system. 2"ree S!ages A$!er Dea!") a@ S!age o$ pri%ar, $laccidi!, ? POS2MOR2EM IRRI2A3ILI2Y@ J muscle rela%0 may contract0 dilated pupil0 sphincters are rela%ed J presence of molecular life J warm place: * hour and 5* minutes J chemical reaction of muscle is alkaline &@ S!age o$ pos!-%or!e% rigidi!, ? CADA4ERIC RI IDI2Y < DEA2H S2R+ LE OF M+SCLES OR RI OR MOR2IS@ J whole body is rigid due to contraction of the muscles J starts at muscle of neck0 lower jaw J (eaction is acidic due to inc. of lactic acid J de!elops . to 8 hours after death in temperate0 earlier in warm J last from - to . days in temperate0 warm: -26 2G+ cold weather *G6.8+ summer c@ S!age o$ Secondar, $laccidi!, or Co%%ence%en! o$ pu!re$ac!ion ?DECAY OF M+SCLES) J muscle are flaccid0 not respond to stimuli0 reaction is alkaline J due to dissolution of muscle proteins FAC2ORS INFL+ENCIN OF RI OR MOR2IS 2HE 2IME OF ONSE2

'ore

?6@ In!ernal Fac!ors a) 3tate of the muscles J healthy appears late J ,nset is hastened in: a.* hunted animal a.- prolonged con!ulsion/lingering illness a.. death from6 "L0 #holera0 7hthisis0 typhus b) Age J early onset aged and newborn J delayed good health0 good muscular de!elopment c) Integrity of ner!es J section of the ner!e will delay onset0 paralyAed muscle ?.@ E-!ernal $ac!ors a) "emperature J +astened by high temperature

.* CHAN ES IN 2HE 3LOOD a) #oagulation of blood J blood may remains fluid inside the blood !essels 86G+ after death. AN2E-MOR2EM CLO2 POS2-MOR2EM CLO2 *. #onsistency Cirm 3oft -. 3urface of blood !essels (aw after clots are remo!ed 3mooth0 health after

.. #lots #an be stripped off in layers

+omogenous canBt be stripped

*. 3mall bruises =elow epidermis in true skin the epidermis or cutis larger ones 6 below this -. #uticle 9nabraded Abraded by the same !iolence that produce the bruise. .. =ruise Appears at the seat or surrounding Always dependent may or may not be dependent 2. $le!ated0 inflammatory condition ele!ated0 blood in b.!. CON2+SSION ?3R+ISE@ POS2-MOR2EM HYPOS2ASIS 5. Incision shows blood outside the b.!. inside the !essels J most certain test of difference 8. color #olor !ariegated

In

b) 7ost6mortem Di!idity or #ada!eric Di!idity 0 or 7ost6mortem 3uggilation or 7ost6mortem +ypostasis or Di!or 'ortis J 3toppage of heart action and loss of tone of b.!. accumulates in dependent areas e%cept in bony areas. J capillaries coalesce ? purplish in color called Pos!-%or!e% li(idi!,. J +asten by death due to cholera0 uremia0 "yphus fe!er J appears . 8 + after death and fully de!eloped *- + after death. P",sical c"arac!eris!ics o$ Pos!-%or!e% Cada(eric Li(idi!, *. ,ccurs in the most dependent areas. -. In!ol!es the superficial layer of the skin .. oes not appear ele!ated from the rest of the skin. 2. #olor is uniform. 5. <o injury of the skin 5inds o$ Pos!-%or!e% Cada(eric Li(idi!, *. +ypostatic li!idity -. iffusion li!idity I%por!ance o$ Cada(eric li(idi!,) *. ,ne of the signs of death. -. etermines the position of the body has been changed after itBs appearance in the body. .. #olor of li!idity may indicate the cause of death. a) asphy%ia li!idity is dark b) #, poisoning pink c) +emorrhage less marked d) +ydrocyanic acid bright red e) 7hosphorus dark brown f) 7otassium chlorate coffee brown 2. etermines how long the person has been dead 5. 4i!es us an idea as to the time of death. Poin!s !o &e considered '"ic" %a, in$er !"e posi!ion o$ !"e &od, a! !"e !i%e o$ dea!": *. 7osture of the body when found. -. 7ost6mortem hypostasis or li!idity .. #ada!eric spasm

<ot

=lood

9niform

In!ernal ",pos!asis in 4isceral organs: *. Dungs -. Doops of intestine .. =rain POS2-MOR2EM LI4IDI2Y OF OR ANS SIMPLE CON ES2ION *. 7ost6mortem staining in organs Irregular0 most dependent parts 9niform0 all organs -. 'ucous membrane ull0lusterless <ot in congestion .. Inflammatory e%udate <ot seen <ot seen ,ther changes in the blood *. +ydrogen ion concentration acid p+ #,-0 D.A.0 After -2+ alkaline ammonia. -. =reakdown of li!er glycogen leads to accumulation of de%trose in the IE# and the right side of the heart. .. (ise in <7< and Cree A.A. 2. #hemical: J chloride in the plasma/(=# decrease due to e%tra!ascular diffusion0 in F- + only H of its content. J 'g increases due to diffusion from without. J K increases due to diffusion from the !ascular endothelium. 7* A+2OLY2IC OR A+2ODI ES2I4E CHAN ES AF2ER DEA2H

CON2+SSION ?3R+ISE@ POS2-MOR2EM HYPOS2ASIS

6 After death0 proteolytic0 glycolytic and lipolytic ferments of the glandular tissues continue to act which lead to the autodigestion of organs. 9* P+2REFAC2ION OF 2HE3ODY - Is the breaking down of comple% proteins into simpler components associated with the e!olution of foul smelling gasses and accompanied by the change of color of the body.

a) age : healthy adults0 <= not yet fed0 later than infants b) condition of body : full grown/obese rapid 0 3tillborn6 late c) cause of death : infection 6 rapid -. $M"$(<AD CA#",(3 a) Cree air a.* air : free air hastens decomposition a.- moderate moisture 6 accelerates a.. loaded with septic bacteria early aerobes0 later anaerobic 6 #lostridium welchiiJ decomposition b) $arth b.* dry absorbent soil 6 retards b.- moist fertile soil 6 accelerates c) (unning water6 more rapid than still water d) #lothings early it hastens but delays in the later stage. 6 tight clothings 6 delay Fac!ors in$luencing !"e c"anges in !"e &od, a$!er &urial) *. state of the body before death thin slower0 mummify -. time elapsed between death and burial and en!ironment of the body .. effect of coffin later 2. clothings and other co!erings on the body when buried pressure0 insects 5. depth at which the body was buried 6 greater the later 8. condition and type of soil F. inclusion of something in the gra!e which will hasten decomposition6food G. access of air to the body after burial N. mass gra!e rapid *I. trauma to the body !iolent death 6 slow CHRONOLO ICAL SEA+ENCE OF P+2REFAC2I4E CHAN ES OCC+RIN 2EMPERA2E RE IONS

2issue c"anges in pu!re$ac!ion: 6* C"anges in !"e color o$ !"e !issue +emolysis of blood within blood !essels ? +gb diffuses through the walls (eddish6 brown in color In the tissues ? +gb undergo chemical change 4reenish6yellow st * seen at ( Iliac fossa MAR3OLIBA2ION > prominence of the superficial !eins with reddish discoloration which de!elops on both flanks of the abdomen0 neck0 and shoulder J look like :marbled; reticule of branching !eins. .* E(olu!ion o$ gasses in !"e !issues #,-0 ammonia0 +-0 3uphurated hydrogen0 methane.J offensi!e odor $ffects of pressure of gasses of putrefaction: a) displacement of the blood bleeding in open wounds b) bloating of the body c) fluid coming out from nostrils0 mouth d) e%trusion of the fetus in a gra!id uterus e) floating of the body 7* LiCue$ac!ion o$ !"e so$! !issues 7utrefy rapidly : $yeball0 lining of trachea0 laryn% 0 brain0 stomach0 intestine0 li!er0 spleen 7utrefy late : +ighly muscular organs and tissues0 $sophagus0 diaphragm0 heart0 lungs0 kidneys0 9.=.0 uterus0 7.4.

IN

*6. AL3 AC"$( $A"+ 6 greenish discoloration o!er iliac fossa0 soft eyeballs .65 AL3 6 frothy blood from mouth0 nostrils G6*I AL3 6 abdominal distention0 nails firm *26-I AL3 6 blisters all o!er the body0 maggots -65 ',<"+3 6 skull e%posed0 orbits empty IN 2ROPICAL RE ION

Fac!ors %odi$,ing !"e RA2E o$ pu!re$ac!ion: *. I<"$(<AD CA#",(3

*- +,9(3 (igor mortis all o!er0 hypostasis0 greenish6discoloration caecum

-2 +,9(3 distention 2G + discolored F- + nails loose ,<$ 1$$K "1, 1$$K3 ,<$ ',<"+

(igor mortis absent all o!er0 abdominal ,!a of flies0 trunk bloated0 face 1hole body grossly swollen0 hairs and 3oft !iscera putrefied 3oft tissues largely gone =ody skeletoniAed

3EEN S+3MER ED IN 8A2ER CI(3" 2 ,( 5 AL3 #old water little change0 in rigor mortis C(,' 5 F AL3 3kin on hands0 feet is bleached0 face faded white * - 1$$K3 Cace swollen and red0 skin of hands and feet wrinkled 2 1$$K3 3kin wrinkled0 nail intact 8 G 1$$K3 Abdomen distended0 skin of hands/ feet come off with nails Fac!ors in$luencing !"e $loa!ing o$ !"e &od, in 'a!er) *. age fully de!eloped0 well nourished 6 rapid -. se% females floats sooner .. conditions of the body obese float /uicker 2. season of the year moist hot air putrefaction floats due to gas 5. water6 shallow and stagnant water of creeks0 higher specific gra!ity 6 sea water floats sooner than fresh water0 higher specific gra!ity 8. e%ternal influence hea!y6wearing apparel 6 slower ,nly teeth0 bones and hair remain for an indefinite time. Clat bones disintegrates faster than round bones.