9.

VO 12 December 2006 core lecture handout discourse analysis: difference between language as a code and what people do with language, what does the speaker mean and what do the listeners understand, pragmatic meaning My mother took hers off at a garden party in front of the vicar. without context this sentences is not possible to comprehend its context-dependent, as soon as you try to imagine what the speakers means you are into discourse (difference to text) handout Nr. 1: A: Thats the telephone. B: Im in the bath. A: OK. A and B are interacting. Beyond the words there is meaning. That are utterances with certain functions. Its not a statement, its a request, then the answer is an excuse, A accepts the excuse. A lot of collaboration and interpretation is going on. Nr. 3 cohesion reference substitution ellipsis conjunction lexical cohesion

standard book: Halliday&Hasan 1976

Its about links across sentences. That is a taxonomy of what kind of links exist. Nr. 4 The system The Usage What is semantically and grammatically possible Depends on context, what is appropriate Text Discourse Sentence Utterance Cohesion (cohesive ties) Coherence Nr. 5 Hymess speaking model speech events With the use of language we want to achieve something. S P E A Setting time, place, and other physical conditions surrounding the speech act Scene psychological counterpart to setting Participants speaker or sender, the addresser, the hearer, the audience, the receiver Ends purpose, goals Act Sequence form and content of message

K Keys tone of conversation (serious or mocking) I Instrumentalities channels, mediums how to convey a message N Norms norms of interaction, interpretation, internalised rules of interpretation G Genres fairy tale, advertisement, etc. Meaning in a text has to be activated, and that only works with context. Nr. 6 Extract from Doris Lessings Golden Notebook reactions to the book and the three types of reactions. Its either only a reference in regard to sex, or only politics, or only mental illness. Different readers derive different discourses from one text. Thats because all the readers are different. So readers arent passive recipients, they derive discourses. One text is read/ understood differently by different people. There is not one and only meaning. Nr. 7 Reference Proposition/locution

Force illocution

Effect perlocution

Austin: How to do things with words. Searle They are talking about that language is not only used, there is a purpose, why language is used. Illocutionary Acts: Forecast Foretell Predict Promise Threaten Warn Apologize Confess Name/baptize

Trespassers will be prosecuted. ! referred to a particular context Keep off the grass. ! warning, also dependant on context Schemas are activated by texts, which are quite strong. It is also adjusted when previous schema doesnt work any more.