Q. 1. State the number of elements in Period 1, Period 2 and Period 3 of the Periodic Table.

Ans : - There are 2 elements in Period 1 and 8 elements in each of Period 2 and Period 3.

Q. 2. Name the elements in Period 1.

Ans : - Hydrogen and Helium.

Q. 3. What happens to atomic size of elements on moving from left to right in a period?

Ans : - The atomic size of elements on moving from left to right in a period decreases.

Q. 4. What is the common feature of the electronic configuration of the elements at the end of Period 2 and Period 3?

Ans : - The atoms of the elements at the end of Period 2 and Period 3 has 8 electrons in their outermost shell.

Q. 5. If an element is in group 7 (or group 7A), is it likely to be metallic or non- metallic in character?

Ans.: - Non-metallic.

Q. 6. Supply the missing word from those in brackets: If an element has one electron in its outermost energy level, then it is likely to be ________ (metallic/non-metallic).

Ans : - Metallic.

Q. 7. Complete the following sentences using the correct word.

(i) The properties of the elements are a periodic function of their ___________ (atomic number, mass number, relative atomic mass). (ii) Moving across a ___________ of the Periodic Table, the elements show increasing ___________ character (group, period, metallic, non-metallic). (iii) The elements at the bottom of a group would be expected to show __________ metallic character than the element at the top (less, more). (iv) The similarities in the properties of a group of elements is because they have the same __________ (atomic number, electronic configuration, number outer electrons).

Ans : - (i) atomic number (ii) period, non-metallic (iii) more (iv) number of outer electrons.

Q. 8. What is meant by a Group in the Periodic Table?

Ans : - The vertical column in a periodic table are called group.

Q. 9. Within a group where would you expect to find the element with: (a) the greatest metallic character? (b) the largest atomic size?

Ans : - (a) At the bottom of the group. (b) At the bottom of the group.

Q.10. State whether the ionization potential increases or decreases on going down a Group. Ans : - Decreases. Q.11. How many elements are there in Period 2? Ans.: - Eight.

Q.12. The following table represent The first three periods of the modern periodic table. Study the table and answer the questions that follow: IA l H 3 LI II 4 Be 12 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 2A 1B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8 8 8 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 0 2 He 10 Ne

13 14 15 16 17 18 Al SI P S Cl Ar

Na Mg 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

(i) Write the formula of the sulphate of the element with atomic number 13. (ii) What type of bonding will be present in the oxide of the element with atomic number 1? (iii) Which features of the atomic structure accounts for the similarities in the chemical properties of the elements in group 7A of the periodic table? (iv) Name the elements which has the highest ionization potential. (v) How many electrons are present in the valency shell of the element with the atomic number 18? (vi) What is the name given to the energy released when an atom in its isolated gaseous state accepts an electron to form an anion? (vii) What is the electronic configuration of the element in the third period which gains one electron to change into an anion? (viii) Fill in the blanks : The atomic size ________ as we move from left to right across the period, because the __________ increases but the __________ remains the same. Ans : - (i) Al2(SO4)3 (ii) Covalent (iii) All the elements of the group 7A contain 7 valence electrons in their outermost shell. All of them require one electron to complete their octet. (iv) Helium (v) 8 electron (vi) Electron affinity (vii) 2, 8, 8 (viii) decreases, nuclear charge, number of shells.

Q. 13. The electro-negativities (according to Pauling) of the elements in period 3 of the Periodic Table are as follows with the elements arranged in alphabetical order:

Al 1.5

Cl 3.0

Mg 1.2

Na 0.9

P 2.1

S 2.5

Si 1.8

(i) Arrange the elements in the order in which they occur in the Periodic Table from left to right. (The group 1 element first, followed by the group 2 element and so on, up to group 7.) (ii) Choose the word or phrase from the brackets which correctly completes each of the following statements: (a) The element below sodium in the same group would be expected to have a ______ (lower/higher) electro-negativity than sodium and the element above chlorine would be expected to have a _________ (lower/higher) ionization potential than chlorine. (b) On moving from left to right in a given period, the number of shells (remains the same/increases/decreases). (c) On moving down a group, the number of valence electrons (remains the same/increases/decreases). Ans : - (i) Na, Mg, Al, Si, P ,S, Cl (ii) (a) lower, higher (b) remains the same (c) remains the same. Q. 14. Parts (i) to (v) refer to changes in the properties of elements on moving left to right across a period of the Periodic Table. For each property, choose the letter corresponding to the correct answer from the choices a, b, c and d. (i) The non-metallic character of the elements: (a) decreases (b) increases (c) remains the same (d) depends on the period. (ii) The electro-negativity: (a) depends on the number of valence electrons (b) decreases (c) remains the same (d) increases. (iii) The ionization potential: (a) goes up and down (b) decreases (c) increases (d) remains the same. (iv) The atomic size: (a) decreases (b) increases (c) remains the same (d) sometimes increases and sometimes decreases. (v) The electron affinity of the elements in group 1 to 7: (a) goes up and then down (b) decreases and then increases (c) increases (d) decreases. Ans : - (i) (b) increases (ii) (d) increases (iii) (c) increases (iv)(a) decreases (v) (a) goes up and then down. Q. 15. The elements of one short period of the Periodic Table are given below in order from left to right. Li Be B C O F Ne (i) To which period do these elements belong? (ii) One element of this period is missing. Which is the missing element and where should it be placed? (iii) Which one of the elements in this period shows the property of catenation? (iv) Place the three elements fluorine, beryllium and nitrogen in the order of increasing electro-

negativity. (v) Which one of the above elements belongs to the halogen series? Ans : - (i) second period (ii) nitrogen (N) is missing. This element should be placed between carbon and oxygen (iii) carbon (C) shows the property of catenation (iv) beryllium, nitrogen and fluorine (v) fluorine (F). Q. 16. A group of elements in the Periodic Table are given below (Boron is the first member of the group and Thallium is the last): Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, Thallium. Answer the following questions in relation to the above group of elements :(i) Which element has the most metallic character? (ii) Which element would be expected to have the highest electro-negativity? (iii) If the electronic configuration of Aluminium is 2, 8, 3 how many electrons are there in the outer shell of Thallium? (iv) The atomic number of boron is 5. Write the chemical formula of the compound formed when Boron reacts with Chlorine. (v) Will the elements in the group to the right of this Boron group be more metallic or less metallic in character? Justify your answer. Ans : - (i) Thallium (ii) Boron (iii) 3 (iv) BCl3 (v) Less metallic due to increase in ionization energy. Q. 17. With reference to the variation of properties in the Periodic Table, which of the following is generally true. A Atomic size increases from left to right across a period. B Ionization potential increases from left to right across a period. C Electron affinity increases going down a group. D. Electronegativity increases going down a group. Ans : - (A) F (B) T (C) F (D) F. Q. 18. (i) Name the first and last element in period 2. (ii) What happens to the atomic size of elements on moving from top to bottom of a group. (iii) Which of the elements has the greatest electron affinity among the halogens. (iv) What is the common feature of the electronic configurations of the elements in group 7. Ans : - (i) Lithium, Neon. (ii) Increases. (iii) Fluorine. (iv) Outermost shell has 7 electrons. Q.19. (i) If an element has a low ionization energy then it is likely to be ----- [metallic/non-metallic]. (ii)If an element has seven electrons in its outermost shell then it is likely to have the -----------[largest/smallest] atomic size among all the elements in the same period.

Ans : - (i) Metallic. (ii) Smallest. Q. 20. (i) The metal of Group 2 from top to bottom are : Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba. Which of these metals will form ions most readily and why. (ii) What property of an element is measured by electronegativity. Ans : - (i) Mg. (ii) Electronegativity indicates the net result of the tendency of elements to attract the bond forming electron pair. Electrolysis Q. 1. During the electrolysis of molten lead bromide, which of the following takes place : A : Bromine is released at the cathode. B: Lead is deposited at the anode. C : Bromine ions gain electrons. D: Lead is deposited at the cathode. Ans : - D. Q. 2. Here is an electrode reaction : Cu Cu2+ + 2e-. [i.e. Cu- 2e- Cu2+]. At which electrode(anode or cathode) would such a reaction take place. Is this an example of oxidation or reduction. Ans : - At anode. Oxidation. Q. 3. A solution contains magnesium ions(Mg2+), iron (II) ions (Fe2+) and copper ions (Cu2+). On passing an electric current through this solution which ions will be the first to be discharged at the cathode. Write the equation for the cathode reaction. Ans.: - Mg2+ Q.4. An electrode A is connected to the positive terminal of a battery and electrode B to the negative terminal. (i) Give the names of the electrodes A & B. (ii) Which electrode is the oxidizing electrode. Ans : - (i) A Anode, B Cathode. (ii) A. Q. 5. State the appropriate term used for : A liquid or solution, which conducts electricity with accompanying chemical change. Ans.: - Electrolytes. Q.6. Electrons are getting added to an element Y. (i) Is Y getting oxidized or reduced? (ii) What charge will Y have after the addition of electrons? (iii) Which electrode will Y migrate to during electrolysis? Ans : - (i) Reduced (ii) Negative (iii) Anode Q. 7. Explain how electrolysis is an example of redox reaction.

Ans.: - A redox reaction is one in which reduction and oxidation occurs simultaneously. (i) Cathode (Reducing electrode) : At cathode, the cations gain electrons to form neutral atoms. As electrons are gained, the ion is said to be reduced. (ii) Anode (Oxidizing electrode) : At anode, the anions lose electrons to form neutral atoms. As electrons are lost, the ion is said to be oxidized. Q. 8. What kind of particles will be found in a liquid compound which is a non-electrolyte? Ans.: - Molecules. Q.9. Complete the sentence by choosing the correct words Electrolysis is the passage of [electricity / electrons] through a liquid or a solution accompanied by a . *physical / chemical+ change. Ans.: - Electricity, Chemical. Q.10. Name a liquid which is a non-electrolyte. Ans.: - Alcohol. Q.11. Name one substance which contains : (i) ions only (ii) molecules only (iii) both ions and molecules. Ans.: - (i) NaOH (ii) Alcohol (iii) NaCO3. Q. 12. (i) What is meant by the term electrolyte. (ii) What are the particles present in a compound which is non-electrolyte? (iii) If an electrolyte is described as a strong electrolyte, what does this mean. Ans : - (i) Chemical compounds which conduct electricity either in a fused or in aq. solution state and undergo chemical decomposition due to the flow of current through it are called electrolytes. (ii) Molecules only. (iii) (a) They are electrolytes which allow a large amount of electricity to flow through them and hence are good conductors of electricity. (b) Are almost completely dissociated in fused or aqueous solution state. (c) The solution contains almost only free mobile ions. Q. 13. Explain why (i) solid sodium chloride does not allow electricity to pass through. (ii) copper, though a good conductor of electricity , is a non-electrolyte. Ans : - (i) In sodium chloride, Na+ and Cl - ions are not free to carry the electric current. (ii) Copper metal is solid and has no mobile ions whereas an electrolyte should dissociate into oppositely charged ions to conduct the electric current. Q. 14. Classify the following substances under three headings: (i) Strong Electrolytes (ii) Weak Electrolytes (iii) Non Electrolytes Acetic acid, ammonium chloride, ammonium hydroxide, carbon tetrachloride, dilute hydrochloric acid, sodium acetate, dilute sulphuric acid. Ans : - (i) Strong Electrolytes Ammonium chloride, dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sulphuric acid. (ii) Weak Electrolytes Ammonium hydroxide, acetic acid. (iii) non Electrolytes Carbon tetrachloride.

Q. 15. Fill in the blanks : (i) As we descend the electrochemical series containing cations, the tendency of the cations to get _________ [oxidized / reduced] at the cathode increases. (ii) The [higher / lower] _________ the concentration of an ion in a solution, the greater is the probability of its being discharged at its appropriate electrode. Ans : - (i) reduced (ii) higher. Q.16. (i) Name a solid which undergoes electrolysis when molten. (ii) What should be the physical state of lead bromide if it is to conduct electricity? (iii) What particles are present in pure lead bromide? Write the equations for the reactions which take place at the electrodes during the electrolysis of lead bromide. (iv) Supply the word [or words] that will make the sentence into a correct statement which is to be written down again completely : - The electrolysis of lead bromide liberates lead and bromine. Ans : - (i) Lead bromide. (ii) Molten state. (iii) Lead ions and Bromide ions. At cathode Pb2+ + 2e- Pb At anode 2Br--1 2e- 2*Br+ 2*Br+ Br2 (iv) The electrolysis of molten lead bromide liberates lead and bromine. Q. 17. If the compound formed between X [a metal with valency 2] and Y [a non-metal with valency 3] is melted and an electric current passed through the molten compound , the element X will be obtained at the ________ and Y at the _______ of the electrolytic cell. [Provide the missing words.] Ans : - Cathode, Anode. Q.18.(i) Write the equations of the reactions which take place at the cathode and anode when acidified water is electrolyzed. (ii) Name the gas released at the cathode when acidulated water is electrolyzed. (iii) Copy and complete the following sentence: With platinum electrodes hydrogen is liberated at the ________ and oxygen at the _________ during the electrolysis of acidified water. (iv) When the electrolysis of acidified water is carried out: [1] What is the ratio of the volume of hydrogen produced to the volume of oxygen. [2] Give the equation for the discharge of ions at the cathode. Ans.: - (i) At cathode 2H+ + 2e-- 2H H2. At anode 2OH- 2e- 2OH H2O + O O + O O2. (ii) Hydrogen. (iii) Cathode, Anode. (iv) [1] 2 : 1. [2] H+ + e- *H+ 2*H+ H2.

Q.19. (i) If HX is a weak acid, what particles will be present in its dilute solution apart from those of water. (ii) Write down the words or phrase from the brackets that will correctly fill in the blanks in the following: (1) Pure water consists almost entirely of ______ (ions / molecules). (2) We can expect that pure water ________ (will / will not) normally conduct electricity. (iii) To carry out the so-called electrolysis of water, sulphuric acid is added to water. How does the addition of sulphuric acid produce a conducting solution. Ans.: - (i) Non-ionized molecules : H+ and X -. (ii) Molecules, will not. (iii) Sulphuric acid ionizes to form ions. Q. 20. (i) State what is observed when copper sulphate solution is electrolyzed using a platinum anode. (ii) What ions must be present in a solution used for electroplating a particular metal. (iii) A solution of silver nitrate is a good electrolyte but it is not used for electroplating an article with silver. (iv) Choosing only words from the following list write down the appropriate word to fill in the blanks below : anions, anode, cathode, cations, electrode, electrolyte, nickel, voltameter. To electroplate an article with nickel requires an (a) ________ which must be a solution containing (b) ________ ions. The article to be plated is placed as the (c) ________ of the cell in which the plating is carried out. The (d) ________ of the cell is made from pure nickel. The ions which are attracted to the negative electrode and discharged are called (e) _______ . Ans : - (i) Blue colour of the solution disappears. (ii) Metal ions of the metal with which electroplating is done. (iii) Because electroplating is not uniform due to very fast reaction. (iv) (a) Electrolyte (b) Nickel (c) Cathode (d) Anode (e) Cations. Q. 21. (a) Select the correct compound from the list Ammonia, Copper oxide, Copper sulphate, Hydrogen chloride, Hydrogen sulphide, Lead bromide which matches with the description given below : (i) A solution of this compound is used as the electrolyte when copper is purified. (ii) When the compound is electrolyzed in the molten state, lead is obtained at the cathode. (b) Write two applications of electrolysis in which the anode diminishes in mass.

(c) Complete the following table which refers to two practical applications of electrolysis : Anode Electrolyte Silver plating of spoon Purification of copper Ans : - (a) (i) Copper sulphate (ii) Lead bromide. (b) (i) Electroplating of an article (ii) Electro-refining of metals. (c) Anode Silver plating of spoon Pure silver Electrolyte Cathode Solution of potassium argentocyanide Cathode

Solution of potassium Spoon argentocyanide Copper sulphate solution Pure strip of copper

Impure Purification block of of copper copper

Q. 22. The following questions refer to the electrolysis of copper sulphate solution with copper electrodes : (i) Compare the change in mass of the anode. (ii) What is seen to happen to the colour of the copper sulphate solution if platinum electrodes are used? Explain this observation. (iii) What is the practical application of the electrolysis of copper sulphate solution? Briefly describe one such application. Ans : - (i) Anode diminishes in mass. (ii) The colour of the solution fades since the blue Cu2+ ions which are discharged at the cathode are not replaced or added at the anode. (iii) Electro-refining of impure copper. The pure copper metal dissolves out from the copper anode [impure copper block] and the Cu2+ ions formed in solution at the anode are deposited at the cathode [the thin pure sheet of copper]. The impurity present in impure copper anode settle down as anode mud or slime which contains insoluble gold and silver. Impurities such as iron, zinc etc ionize and dissolve in the electrolytic copper sulphate solution. Q. 23. Choose A, B, C or D to match the descriptions (i) to (v) below. Some alphabets may be repeated. A. non-electrolyte. B. strong electrolyte.

C. weak electrolyte. D. metallic conductor. (i) Molten ionic compound. (ii) Carbon tetrachloride. (iii) An aluminium wire. (iv) A solution containing solvent molecules, solute molecules and ions formed by the dissociation of solute molecules. (v) A sugar solution with sugar molecules and water molecules. Ans : - (i) B (ii) A (iii) D (iv) C (v) A. Q. 24. (i) Here is an electrode reaction: Cu Cu2+ + 2e. At which electrode (anode or cathode) would such a reaction take place? Is this an example of oxidation or reduction? (ii) A solution contains magnesium ions (Mg2+) iron (II) ions (Fe2+) and copper ions (Cu2+). On passing an electric current through this solution which ions will be the first to be discharged at the cathode? Write the equation for the cathode reaction. (iii) Why is carbon tetrachloride, which is a liquid, a non-electrolyte? Ans : - (i) The reaction take place at anode. This is an example of oxidation. (ii) Mg2+. (iii) Carbon tetrachloride is a covalent compound and do not undergo chemical decomposition due to the flow of current through it.

Ammonia Q.1. Ammonia can be obtained adding water to : [select the correct word] A: Ammonium chloride B: Ammonium nitrate C: Magnesium nitride D: Magnesium nitrate. Ans :- C: Magnesium nitride. Q. 2. Name: An alkaline gas A which gives dense white fumes with hydrogen chloride. Ans : - Ammonia gas. Q.3. Write the equation for the following reaction: Aluminium nitride and water. Ans : - AlN + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + NH3 [g]

Q.4. Copy and complete the following table relating to an important industrial process. Output refers to the product of the process not the intermediate steps. Name of process Haber process Ans : Name of process Inputs Catalyst Equation for catalyzed reaction Fe N2 + 3H2 2NH2+ Output Inputs Catalyst Equation for catalyzed reaction Output

Hydrogen +

Haber process

Hydrogen +

NH3

Q. 5. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. Write an equation for solutions of ammonium chloride and sodium hydroxide are heated. Ammonium salts decompose on heating. What other property do ammonium salts have in common? Choose the correct word from the bracket and write a balanced equation for the same : Heating ammonium chloride with sodium hydroxide produces ______ [ammonia / nitrogen]. Name [formula is not acceptable] the gas produced on warming ammonium sulphate with sodium hydroxide solution. Write the equation for the preparation of NH3 from ammonium chloride and calcium hydroxide. Write the equation for the reaction when a mixture of ammonium chloride and slaked lime is heated. From the list of substances given Ammonium sulphate, Lead carbonate, Chlorine, Copper nitrate, Ferrous sulphate State : A compound which on heating with sodium hydroxide produces a gas which forms dense white fumes with hydrogen chloride.

Ans : i. ii. iii. NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + H2O + NH3. (a) Ammonium salts liberate ammonia on treatment with alkalies. (b) All ammonium salts are soluble in water. Ammonia. NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + H2O + NH3

iv. v. vi. vii.

Ammonia. 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3. 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3. Ammonium sulphate.

Q. 6. (i) How is ammonia collected? Why is ammonia not collected over water ? (ii) Which compound is normally used as a drying agent for ammonia ? (iii) Name a substance used for drying ammonia. Ans : - (i) (a) Ammonia gas is lighter than air and hence collected by the downward displacement of air. [V.D. of NH3 = 8.5, V.D. of air = 14.4] (b) Ammonia is not collected over water since it is highly soluble in water. [1 vol. of water dissolves about 702 vol. at 20 C and 1 atmos. pressure]. (ii) Quicklime [CaO]. (iii) Quicklime [CaO]. Q. 7. (i) The following reactions are carried out : A : Nitrogen + Metal Compound X. B : X + Water Ammonia + Another compound. C : Ammonia + Metal oxide Metal + Water + N2. (1) One metal that can be used for reaction A is magnesium. (a) Write the formula of the compound X formed. (b) Write the correctly balanced equation for reaction B where X is the compound formed. (c) What property of ammonia is demonstrated by reaction C. (ii) Write the equation for the formation of ammonia by the action of water on magnesium nitride. (iii) Write the equation for the reaction of Aluminium nitride and water. Ans : - (i) (a) Magnesium nitride. [Mg3N2] (b) Mg3N2 + 6H2O 3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3 . (c) Reducing property. (ii) Mg3N2 + 6H3O 3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3 . (iii) AlN + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + NH3 . Q. 8. i. ii. iii. iv. v. What is the purpose of Habers Process. Name the gaseous inputs of the Habers process and state the ratio by volume in which the gases are mixed. What is done to increase the rate of the reaction in the Habers Process. Give two different ways by which the product can be separated from the reactant. Write the equation for the reaction in the Habers Process that forms ammonia.

vi. vii.

State the purpose of liquefying the ammonia produced in the process. With reference to Habers Process for the preparation of ammonia, write the equation and the conditions required.

Ans : i. ii. iii. iv. Manufacture of Ammonia. Nitrogen [N2] and Hydrogen [H2] in the ratio 1:3 by volume. Temperature is kept low and pressure high. (a) Liquefaction Ammonia is easily liquefied and hence separated from nitrogen and hydrogen. (b) Dissolving in water Ammonia is highly soluble in water and hence separated from nitrogen and hydrogen. N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + . Ammonia is easily liquefied while nitrogen and hydrogen are not easily separated. Hence ammonia is separated from nitrogen and hydrogen. N2 + 3H2 2 NH3 + . Ratio of nitrogen and hydrogen is taken as 1:3. Temperature is kept 450-500C and pressure at 200 to 900 atmos. Catalyst iron with promoter molybdenum is used.

v. vi. vii.

Q. 9. (i) How soluble is ammonia in water. (ii) Give two reasons to show that the solution of ammonia in water contains hydroxide ions. (iii) Is ammonia more dense or less dense than air. Ans : - (i) Ammonia is highly soluble in water. 1 vol. of water dissolves 702 vol. of ammonia at 20 C and 1 atm. pressure. (ii) (a) Ammonia turns red litmus solution blue. (b) Ammonia reacts with acids to form salt and water. (iii) Ammonia is less dense than air. [V.D. of ammonia = 8.5 while V.D. of air = 14.4]. Q. 10. (i) Write equation for the following: (a) Burning of ammonia in oxygen (b) Catlytic oxidation of ammonia. What do you observe in (a)? Name the catalyst used in (b). In the reaction referred to in (b), the catalyst glows red hot. Why? What is the name of the industrial process which starts with the reaction referred to in (b). (ii) From the gases ammonia, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulphide, Sulphur dioxide Select the following: (a) When this gas is bubbled through copper sulphate solution, a deep blue coloured solution is formed. (b) This gas burns in oxygen with a green flame. Ans : - (i) (a) 4NH3 + 3O2 2N2 + 6H2O. Pt

(b) 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O + . 800C Observation Dry ammonia does not burn when passed through ignited tube. When ammonia is passed through ignited tube with a passage of oxygen, ammonia burns with a greenish yellow flame forming nitrogen and water. Catalyst Catalyst used is Platinum. The catalyst glows since the catalytic oxidation of ammonia is an exothermic reaction. The industrial process is known as Ostwalds Process for the manufacture of Nitric Acid. (ii) (a) When ammonia gas is passed through Copper sulphate solution, pale blue precipitate of copper hydroxide is formed. On passage of excess ammonia the pale blue precipitate turns into deep blue coloured solution due to formation of tetra amine copper(II) sulphate. CuSO4 + 2NH4OH (NH4)2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 + 2NH4OH [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 + 4H2O. (b) Ammonia.
Q.11. i. ii. iii. Name a simple method you would employ to prepare ammonium salts in your laboratory. What property of ammonia is demonstrated by the Fountain Experiment. Write the balanced equation for the reaction between ammonia and sulphuric acid. Choose the correct word from the brackets for each sentence and write a balanced equation for the same. (a) Ammonium chloride is a soluble salt prepared by ______ (precipitation, neutralization). (b) When ammonium chloride is heated, it undergoes thermal ______ (decomposition / dissociation). Name a gas whose solution in water is alkaline. Name the ion other than ammonium ion formed when ammonia dissolves in water. Select the correct compound from the list given Ammonia, Copper oxide, Copper sulphate, Hydrogen chloride, Hydrogen sulphide, Lead bromide which matches the description given below: Although this compound is not a metal hydroxide, its aqueous solution is alkaline in nature.

iv. v. vi.

Ans : i. ii. iii. Neutralization : - Ammonia in the gaseous form or in aqueous solution [NH4OH] neutralizes acids forming the respective ammonium salts. Fountain Experiment demonstrate the high solubility of ammonia gas in water. 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4. (a) neutralization. NH4OH + HCl NH4Cl + H2O (b) dissociation.

iv. v. vi.

Ammonia. Hydroxyl ion [OH ] Ammonia.

Q.12. (i) How would you distinguish between Zn2+ ans Pb2+ using ammonium hydroxide solution. (ii) State what is observed when excess of ammonia is passed through an aq. solution of lead nitrate. Ans.: - (i) Zn2+ with NH4OH gives white precipitate of zinc hydroxide which dissolves in excess of NH4OH, ZnCl2 + 2NH4OH Zn(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl Zn(OH)2+ 2NH4OH + 2NH4Cl Zn(NH3)4Cl4 + 4H2O Aqueous solution of lead salt do not show any change on treatment with NH4OH. (ii) When ammonia is passed through an aq. solution of lead nitrate, chalky white precipitate of lead hydroxide is formed which is insoluble in excess of ammonia. Pb(NO3)2 + 2NH4OH 2NH4NO3 + Pb(OH)2 Q.13. (i) What are the products formed when ammonia is oxidized with copper oxide. (ii) From the following gases ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, Sulphur dioxide, select the gas that matches the description given below: (a) The gas [B] turns moist red litmus paper blue. What is the name of gas [B]? (b) Write the equation for the reaction that takes place when gas [B] is passed over heated CuO. (iii) Write an equation for the reaction of chlorine with excess of ammonia. (iv) Write a balanced chemical equation to illustrate the reducing nature of ammonia. Ans : - (i) Nitrogen, Copper and water. 2NH3 + 3CuO 3Cu + 3H2O + N2. (ii) (a) Ammonia. (b) 3CuO [heated] + 2NH3 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O. (iii) 8NH3 [excess] + 3Cl2 6NH4Cl + N2. (iv) 3CuO + 2NH3 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O. Q.14. (i) What do you observe when ammonia gas is bubbled through red litmus solution. (ii) State what you observe when a piece of moist red litmus paper is placed in a gas jar of ammonia. Ans : - (i) The red litmus solution becomes blue. (ii) The red litmus paper turns blue.

Analytical Chemistry (Use of NaOH and NH4OH)

Q.1. Using Sodium hydroxide solution, how would you distinguish : i. ii. iii. Ans.: i. Zinc nitrate (or sulphate) When Sodium hydroxide solution is added a white precipitate is formed which is soluble in excess of sodium hydroxide. ii. Iron (II) chloride When sodium hydroxide is added, dirty green precipitate is formed which changes to reddish brown after some time. iii. iv. Lead hydroxide When sodium hydroxide is added, lead hydroxide is dissolved in it. Magnesium hydroxide When sodium hydroxide is added, there is no visible reaction i.e. it remains insoluble. Iron (III) chloride When sodium hydroxide solution is added, a reddish brown precipitate is formed. Calcium nitrate When Sodium hydroxide solution is added a white precipitate is formed which is insoluble in excess of Sodium hydroxide. Zinc nitrate (or sulphate)solution and Calcium nitrate solution? Iron (II) chloride from Iron (III) chloride? Lead hydroxide from Magnesium hydroxide?

Q.2. i. ii. Sodium hydroxide solution is added to solution A. A white precipitate is formed which is insoluble in excess of Sodium hydroxide solution. What is the metal ion present in solution A? When Ammonium hydroxide solution is added to solution B a pale blue precipitate is formed. This pale blue precipitate dissolves in excess of Ammonium hydroxide giving an inky blue solution. What is the cation present in solution B? What is the probable colour of solution B?

Ans.: i. ii. Calcium ion [Ca2+] Copper ion [Cu2++. The colour of solution B is blue.

Q.3. You are given the three white powders Calcium carbonate, Lead carbonate and Zinc carbonate. Describe the tests you would carry out in solution to identify the metal in each of the above compounds. Indicate clearly how you would prepare the solutions for the tests. Ans.: Calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate is dissolved in dilute Nitric acid and then Ammonium hydroxide is added to it. No visible reaction is seen. Lead carbonate Lead carbonate is dissolved in dilute Nitric acid and then Ammonium hydroxide is added to it. A white precipitate is formed which is insoluble in excess. Zinc carbonate Zinc carbonate is dissolved in dilute Nitric acid and then Ammonium hydroxide is added to it. A white precipitate is formed which is soluble in excess.

Q.4. Write an equation for the following reaction : Copper sulphate solution is added to Sodium hydroxide solution. Ans.: CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4. Q.5. Three test-tubes contain Calcium nitrate solution, Zinc nitrate solution and Lead nitrate solution respectively. Each solution is divided into two portions (i) and (ii). Describe the effect of : i. ii. Ans.: i. Sodium Hydroxide Small amount Calcium nitrate Zinc nitrate Lead nitrate ii. White precipitate White precipitate White precipitate In excess Insoluble Soluble Soluble Adding Sodium hydroxide to each portion in turn till it is in excess. Adding Ammonium hydroxide to each portion in turn till it is in excess.

iii.

Ammonium Hydroxide Small amount Calcium nitrate Zinc nitrate Lead nitrate No visible reaction White precipitate White precipitate In excess No change Soluble Insoluble

Q.6. State what do you observe when : Ammonium hydroxide is added to Iron (III) sulphate solution. Ans.: A reddish brown precipitate is formed. Q.7. The following table shows the tests a student performed two aqueous solutions A and B. Write down the observations (i) and (ii) that were made. Test (i) To solution A, Sodium hydroxide solution was added. (ii) To solution B, Ammonium hydroxide solution was added slowly till in excess. Ans.: i. ii. Reddish brown coloured precipitate is appeared. A pale blue or bluish white precipitate is formed which dissolves in excess of Ammonium hydroxide and give deep blue / intense blue / inky blue solution. Observation Conclusion (i) A contains Fe3+ ions

(ii)

B contains Cu3+ ions

Q.8. How would you distinguish between Zn2+ and Pb2+ using ammonium hydroxide solution? Ans.: Zn2+ On adding NH4OH drop by drop to a solution of Zinc salt a white precipitate is formed which is soluble in excess of NH4OH. Pb2+ On adding NH4OH drop by drop to a solution of lead salt a white precipitate is formed which is insoluble in excess of NH4OH.

Q.9. Write observations and balanced equations for the following reactions. i. ii. iii. Sodium hydroxide is added drop wise till in excess to a solution of Zinc sulphate. Ammonium hydroxide is added first in a small quantity and then in excess to a solution of copper sulphate. Excess of Ammonium hydroxide is added to a substance obtained by adding hydrochloric acid in silver nitrate solution.

Ans.: When sodium hydroxide solution is added drop by drop to zinc sulphate solution a white precipitate is formed which is soluble in excess of sodium hydroxide. ZnSO4 + 2NaOH Zn(OH)2 + Na2SO4 Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O. i. When NH4OH solution is added drop by drop to copper sulphate solution a pale blue / bluish white precipitate is formed which is soluble in excess of NH4OH and deep blue / inky blue solution is formed. CuSO4 + 2NH4OH Cu(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 Cu(OH)2 + 4NH4OH Cu(NH3)4(OH)2 + 4H2O. When hydrochloric acid is added to silver nitrate solution a white precipitate is obtained which is soluble in excess of Ammonium hydroxide solution. AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3 AgCl + 2NH4OH *Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O.

ii.

Q.10. Sodium hydroxide solution is added first in a small quantity, then in excess to the aqueous salt solution of copper (II) sulphate, zinc nitrate, lead nitrate, calcium chloride and iron (III) sulphate. Copy the following table and write the colour of the precipitate in (i) to (v) and the nature of the precipitate (soluble or insoluble) in (vi) to (x). Aqueous salt solution. Colour of precipitate when Nature of precipitate NaOH is added in a small (soluble or insoluble) quantity. when NaOH is added in excess. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)

Copper (II) sulphate Zinc nitrate Lead nitrate Calcium chloride Iron (II) sulphate

Ans.: Aqueous salt solution. Colour of precipitate when NaOH is added in a small quantity. Nature of precipitate (soluble or insoluble) when NaOH is added in excess.

Copper (II) sulphate Zinc nitrate Lead nitrate Calcium chloride Iron (II) sulphate

(i) Light Blue

(vi) Insoluble

(ii) White (iii) White (iv) White

(vii) Soluble (viii) Soluble (ix) Insoluble

(v) Dirty green

(x) Insoluble

Q.11. The questions i. to (v) refer to the following salt solutions listed A to F: (A) Copper nitrate (B) Iron (II) sulphate (C) Iron (III) chloride (D) Lead nitrate (E) Magnesium sulphate (F) Zinc chloride. (i) Which two solutions will give a white precipitate when treated with dilute hydrochloric acid followed by barium chloride solution? Which two solutions will give a white precipitate when treated with dilute nitric acid followed by silver nitrate solution? Which solution will give a white precipitate when either dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute sulphuric acid is added to it? Which solution becomes a deep/inky blue colour when excess of ammonium hydroxide is added to it? Which solution gives a white precipitate with excess ammonium hydroxide solution?

ii. iii. iv. v. Ans.: i. ii. iii. iv.

B {iron (II) sulphate} and E [magnesium sulphate] C [iron (III) chloride] and F [zinc chloride] D [lead nitrate] A [copper nitrate]

v.

D [lead nitrate].

Q.12. From the list of substances given Ammonium sulphate, Lead carbonate, chlorine, Copper nitrate, Ferrous sulphate State a solution of the compound which gives a dirty green precipitate with sodium hydroxide. Ans.: Ferrous sulphate. Q.13. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between aluminium oxideand sodium hydroxide solution. Ans.: Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O. Q.14. Give one test to distinguish between the following : - Iron (III) chloride solution and copper chloride solution. Ans.:

Iron (III) chloride solution When NaOH solution is added a dirty green precipitate of iron (III) hydroxide is formed.

Copper chloride solution When NaOH solution is added a bluish precipitate of copper (II) hydroxide is formed.

Q.15. The salt which in solution gives a pale green precipitate with NaOH solution and a white precipitate with BaCl2 solution : (a) Iron (III) sulphate (b) Iron (II) sulphate (c) Iron (II) chloride (d) Iron (III) chloride. Ans.: (b) Iron (II) sulphate..