Name: _______________________________________________ Date: ___________ Period # ______ Study Guide: Light, Forces, Scientific Method Reflection s Refraction o Light

reflects, or bounces, off of smooth and shiny objects o Light reflects off of mirrors or other smooth and shiny surfaces o Everything that we see reflects some light o The l in reflection is to remind you of a pogo stick that !ounces up and down. o Light refracts, or bends, when it goes though most transparent or translucent objects o The r in refraction can remind you of !end because you have to !end your finger in order to make an r. o Light refracts, or bends, when it goes through water It makes objects in W TE! appear to be in a one place when they are really in another. "E#$ fish in water% pencil appears bent, or broken, in water because the light is being refracted. o Light refracts, or bends, when it goes through lenses &" lens !ends' E#$ cameras, glasses, telescopes, microscopes, prisms
Light that is absorbed

#larity o $rans%arent$ Light goes through clearly o E#$ (iploc bag, window, clear glass, lenses o $ranslucent$ Light goes partially through it. o E#$ clouds, plastic grocery bags, o &%a'ue$ light cannot go though it at all. o E#$ door, wood, metal, floor, ceiling, ball, Forces and Motion Forces force is a %ush or a %ull that causes and object to move, stop, or change directions. Magnetism is a %ulling force of a magnet to iron, nickel and cobalt. Gra(ity is a %ulling force towards the object that has the greatest mass. o E#. The earth)s gravity pulls us to the ground. Friction is a force caused from ru!!ing objects together. o E#$ There is friction between the wheels of a tire and the ground

Light that is transmitted

*The greater the mass of an object, the more gravity it will have. E#$ The sun has more gravity than the earth because it has more mass *The greater the mass of an object, the more force re+uired to move it. It will take more force to move something that is ,--g than to move something that is .-g. *The more friction an object has the less distance it will go/ The less friction an object has, the farther it will go. E#$ smooth surface has less friction, so an object will go farther Scientific Method Pro!lem)*uestion: What you are trying to find out by doing an e#periment. +y%othesis: n educated guess based on previous observations and 0or research aria!le: The one thing in the e#periment that you change. It is that is being tested. o 1or e#ample, if you are trying to test which surface will cause the most friction, then the variable will be the type of surfaces. #ontrol: Everything in an e#periment that stays the same. o 1or e#ample, if you are trying to test which surface will cause the most friction, then the controls will be the height of the ramp, the object going down the ramp, the procedure for measuring the distance rolled, etc. Data: Information that is collected during an e#periment. #onclusion: What you learn based on your results

2ame$333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 4ate$3333333333333333 5eriod 63333333 Soil) ,-D Study Guide Soil

Soil is made of sediments, humus, air, water, worms and insects. +umus is decomposed plant and animal remains and animal waste. Grains are the individual pieces of soil. Pores are the spaces between each grain that allow the water to go through. Drain means to flow out. "When you pour water in soil, the water that flows through the pours of the soil and out of the bottom is the water that is drained% Retain means to hold or keep in. "When water is poured in soil, the water that stays inside the soil is the water that is retained.% o :lay retains a lot of water because it has smaller grains and, conse+uently, smaller pores so it will not let water drain through it as easily. ;and retains little water because its grain si7e and pore si7e are larger so more water can drain through it.

!etained

4rained

<enerally, soil that is rich in humus and has loose grains that allow air and water to enter and room for plant roots

To find out how much water is retained in the soil, you need to measure how much water was drained out and subtract that number from how much was poured in initially. 1or e#ample, if you poured ,--mL of water into some soil and =>mL of water drained out, then the amount that was retained will be ,--mL ? =>mL@ A>mL. A>mL of water was retained in the soil.

,.-.D. ,eathering, -rosion, De%osition

,eathering is the breaking down of rock into tiny pieces called sediments. o There are several agents, or causes, of weathering Temperature changes "hot temperatures cause rock to e#pand, and cooler temperatures cause rock to
contract. The e#panding and contracting of rock eventually causes it to break%

Water free7ing in cracks0 frost action 5lant roots0root wedging cid rain "chemically breaks down limestone8many caves are weathered and formed by acid rain% 9oving water "rivers, streams, waterfalls, waves, etc%

Wind <laciers, rivers of ice, grind and crush the rocks beneath it or in its path. nimal burrowing <ravity

-rosion is the movement of sediments by wind, moving water, and ice "glaciers%. De%osition is when the sediment is dropped down into a new location. It occurs when the sediment stops moving and gravity pulls it down, causing it to pile up.

Slo/ #hanges to the -arth0s Surface

9any landforms are created as a result of weathering, erosion, and deposition over a LB2< period of time. "Bften thousands and millions of years% 12sha%ed (alleys are formed by weathering and erosion from glaciers. These rivers of ice move very slowly, grinding and crushing the rocks in its path. Deltas are triangular shaped landforms that are formed by deposition at the mouth of a ri(er "where the river opens up into the ocean%. The river erodes sediment and deposits it at the mouth of a river. #anyons are valleys with very steep sides and are formed as ri(ers weather and erode the rock beneath it. Wind also helps weather the sides of the canyon.

Sand Dunes are hills of sand formed by /ind erosion and deposition.

3eaches are formed by the deposition of sand after /a(e erosion.

Desert arches are formed by weathering and erosion from wind.

Sea arches are formed by weathering and erosion from waves.

#onstructi(e forces build up the land. "4eposition is a constructive force% Destructi(e forces tear down the land. "Weathering is a destructive force%.

*uic4 #hanges to the -arth0s Surface

-arth'ua4es can change the surface of the land suddenly. They are the violent shaking of the Earth)s crust and occur as a result of the shifting of tectonic plates along a fault line. The EarthCs crust is like a huge jigsaw pu77le with pieces of different shapes and si7es fitting into each other perfectly. These pieces are called tectonic plates. The movement of the tectonic plates is of two main types ? con(ergent "towards each other% and di(ergent "away from each other%. Earth+uakes can cause the following$ Landslides are the collapse of part of a mountainside or cliff. "(alanche is the downhill fall of sno/ from a mountainside. $sunamis are huge destructive ocean waves caused by underwater earth+uakes. :onvergent earth+uakes can raise the land and after a long time they can form mountains.

olcanic eru%tions can also cause +uick changes to the earth)s surface. Dolcanoes are formed from an opening in the earth)s crust that allows molten rock, magma, to come through. When the magma reaches the earth)s surface is it called lava. Lava can be a constructive by hardening and forming new land, but it can also be destructive because it destroys everything it its path.

2ame$ 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 4ate$ 333333333333 5eriod 6$ 3333333

Natural Resources Study Guide

Sedimentary Roc4 and Fossils Sedimentary roc4 is formed when sediments "tiny pieces of rock% deposit in layers on top of each other over time. The weight of the layers com%ress "push down% and com%act "push together% the sediment until it becomes cemented "hardened% into rock. 9ost fossils are found in sedimentary rock. Fossils are evidence of past living organisms. 1ossils give clues about past environments and can show the history of an organism. Fossils that are found on the !ottom layers of sedimentary roc4 are older than fossils found at the to%.
Evidence that this area was once covered in water.

Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels are the remains of dead plants and animals that died and were buried under sediments millions of years ago. 1ossil fuels include coal, oil 5%etroleum6, and natural gas. 1ossil fuels are considered nonrene/a!le resources. #oal is formed by the remains of s/am%y %lants as heat and pressure from layers of sediment is e#erted on them over millions of years. &il 5%etroleum6, and natural gas are formed from the remains of sea organisms as heat and pressure from layers of sediment is e#erted on them over millions of years.

Natural Resources Natural Resources are resources that come naturally from the earth. They are 2BT man?made. 1or e#ample, paper and plastic are not natural resources because they are man made. Eowever, wood and soil are natural resources because the earth makes them. Rene/a!le resources are resources that nature produces again and again in a relati(ely short %eriod of time. o -7: %lants, animals, air, /ater, Nonrene/a!le resources are resources that nature cannot re%lace 'uic4ly enough to meet people)s needs. o -7: Fossil Fuels 5coal, oil, natural gas6, minerals, gold, metals,

"lternati(e -nergy Fecause fossil fuels are nonrenewable when they are used up, they cannot be replaced. 9ost of the energy we use comes from fossil fuels. In order to conserve these fossil fuels, or not use them all up, we will need to use alternative sources of energy that use renewable resources that will not run out. The following are various alternative energy resources that can be used8.

Solar -nergy

,ind -nergy

+ydroelectric

Geothermal

3iofuel

83io9 means life Solar Panels collect energy from the sun. "d(antages: the sun is renewable "it won)t run out%/ no pollution/ cost?free Disad(antages: less sunlight on cloudy days/ takes up a lot of space/ costly 8+ydro9 means /ater. Flo/ing /ater turns tur!ines "d(antages$ renewable, low pollution/ reliable, Disad(antages$ can destroy habitats "floods%/ costly 8Geo9 means earth and 8$hermal9 means heat +eat from inside the earth is used to turn tur!ines. "d(antages: renewable/ no pollution, Disad(antages: not available in most places/ costly
3iomass: plant and animal material such as wood, waste and leftover crops. 3iomass can !e !urned or turned into oil.

,ind turns the tur!ines "d(antages: !enewable/ no pollution Disad(antages: wind not always blowing/ can be noisy/ and may harm birds.

"d(antages:
renewable/ can come from the garbage.

Disad(antages: air
pollution/ farmland used for fuel crops rather than food crops/ cannot be used in all cars and trucks.

#onser(ation, Recycling, Dis%osal

#onser(ation is the /ise use and %rotection of natural resources. The following are a few ways that you can conserve natural resources. Gou can conserve fossil fuels by using alternative sources of energy.

Gou can conserve /ater, by turning off the water while brushing your teeth or taking +uick showers. Gou can conserve energy, by turning off lights and electronics while not in use.

Gou can conserve trees by recycling paper or planting new trees to replace ones that are chopped down.

Pro%er Dis%osal: Gou should not throw away batteries, electronics, or ha7ardous waste because their to#ic compounds are brought to landfills where they can get into soil and pollute water. Instead, they should be brought a proper recycling center.

Recycling is use again or to reuse waste material by converting it into something new. 5aper, plastics, and metals can be recycled instead of thrown away.

Name: __________________________________________ Date: __________________ Period #: ________ Study Guide

Weather

,eather is the condition of the atmos%here outside at a %articular time. Weather may consist of high and low temperatures, amount of precipitation, wind speed and direction, and sky conditions. +igh air %ressure is cooler, more dense, air. Bn a weather map, the + is blue to represent cooler air. o reas with high air pressure will have a sunny sky because cooler areas have less evaporation and, conse+uently, less condensation to form clouds. Lo/ air %ressure is warmer, less dense, air. Bn a weather map, the L is red to represent /arm air. o reas with low pressure will be cloudy because the warmer temperature will cause more evaporation and, conse+uently, more condensation to form clouds. ,ind, moving air, is created because air masses move from areas of warmer, high pressure to areas of cooler, low pressure. ":aused by the uneven heating of the earth)s atmosphere% +umidity is the amount of /ater (a%or in the air. o The water vapor enters the air by evaporation. Therefore, warmer areas that have water, such as the coast, will be more humid than areas that are cooler or that do not have much water, such as the desert.

This shows the weather because it specifies the conditions of the atmosphere on particular days.

cold front is a warm?cold air boundary with the colder air replacing the warmer. /arm front is the boundary between warm and cool "or cold% air when the warm air is replacing the cold air. Each of the fronts point in the direction that they are going in. The warm front and L"low pressure% are red. The cold front and E"high pressure% are blue.

#limate #limate is the a(erage /eather in an area o(er a long %eriod of time.

This data table is an e#ample of climate because it shows the a(erage weather over a long period of time. It does not show weather on any specific days. E#amples of :limate8..

The sun is the main source of energy that drives the water cycle. The sun heats up the water and causes the li+uid water to turn into a gas in the process of e(a%oration. Water can also evaporate from plants or trees in the process called trans%iration. When the water vapor rises into the air and gets colder it turns back into a li+uid and forms clouds. When water vapor "gas% turns back onto a li+uid it is called condensation. When the water in the clouds gets too heavy, gravity pulls it down in a process called %reci%itation. It can either be a solid or a li+uid in the form of rain, sleet, sno/ or hail. ;nfiltration is when water goes through the ground and into the ground/ater, which is water under the ground. Runoff is the water that flows into a larger body of water. "ccumulation is a collection of water such as a lake, river, or ocean.

,ater #ycle

2ame$ 333333333333333333333333333333333 4ate$ 333333333333333333333 5eriod 6$ 333333333 &rganisms and -n(ironments Study Guide oca!ulary
;ndi(idual$ one organism, by itself. Po%ulation: all the organisms that live in the same place at the same time. #ommunity: 5opulations that live in the same place at the same time -cosystem: all the living and nonliving elements that interact with each other in an environment. 3iome$ a very large area with a certain kind of climate and certain kinds of organisms living there. 3ios%here$ the thin, life?bearing, outer layer of the Earth)s surface that contains all the biomes. -cology$ the study of how living and nonliving things interact. -n(ironment: an organism)s surroundings. +a!itat: the environment where an organism lives &rganism$ Living things "plants, animals, bacteria, fungi% Niche: n organism)s role or job "E#$ bee)s niche is to make honey or pollinate flowers% Producer: an organism that makes its own food "plants% #onsumer$ organism that eats other things "animals% Primary #onsumer: an animal that eats producers. "E#$ herbivores% Secondary #onsumer$ animals that eat primary consumers "E#$ carnivores% +er!i(ore$ nimals that eat only plants "E#$ rabbits, cows, horses, etc% #arni(ore$ nimals that eat only meat or other animals "E#$ sharks, lions, fo#es% &mni(ore$ nimals that eat both plants and animals "E#$ humans and bears% Gra<ers: animals that eat grass "E#$ cows, horses, 7ebras, etc% Prey $ animals that are being hunted "E#$ rabbits are prey to fo#es% Predators$ animals that are hunting prey. "E#$ ;harks are predators of smaller fish% Decom%oser: organism that breaks down dead plant or animal matter. "E#$ fungi, bacteria, mushrooms% Sca(enger: animal that eats dead or decaying matter "E#$ vultures% Perish: die or suffer complete destruction. "E#$ The rabbit population in the forest perished after the forest fire% #om%etition: two or more organisms competing "fighting% against each other "E#$ grass and trees compete for sunlight/ cows and horses compete for grass% System: a group of parts that work together to perform a common function Relationshi%: a connection between two or more organisms and their involvement with one another.

Ecological Levels
Biosphere Biome

Ecosystem

Community

Population

Individual

Deciduous Forest
H H H H H H :old winters/ warm, wet summers Froadleaf trees like maple and oak Trees lose their leaves in the fall 4eer, raccoons, small birds 9any animals have small bodies so they can move easily through the brush Frown soil H H H H H H

$y%es of 3iomes $ro%ical Rainforest

Eeavy rainfall :limbing vines :olorful birds, monkeys, snakes Tree frogs have long toes with sticky tips to help them climb wet trees 2ear e+uator 1erns and palms H H H H H H

Desert
E#tremely dry ;parse grasses :actus 5lants store water in thick leaves. !eptiles have tough, scaly skin that prevents water loss. 5lants re+uire little water.

$aiga
H H H H H H :old winters/ short growing season Evergreen trees Fears, moose, ducks wa#y covering protects tree needles from the cold and limits water loss. !ains in the summer cidic soil H H H H

$undra
E#tremely cold, dry rctic fo#es, polar bears, migratory birds Low shrubs, lichens, no trees rctic fo#es and other animals grow thick white coats to blend into the snowy landscape. 9eans &marshy' H H H H

Grassland
Temperate climate <rasses, both annual and perennial ntelope, bison, elephants, prairie dogs and jack rabbits !oots grow just below the surface of the soil and spread out to take in as much rain as possible.

There are many things that can cause changes in ecosystems. Bften these changes are caused by humans. ;uch changes may include the building of highways, prevention of wild fires, pollution, and building of various manmade structures. ;f an animal0s %o%ulation decreases then the population of that animal)s predators will also decrease because they will not have enough food. Eowever, the population of what that animal eats will increase because there will not be as many animals eating it. ;f an animal0s %o%ulation increases then the population of the predators of that organism will also increase because they will have more food to eat. Eowever, the population of in the-cosystems food that the animals consumes will decrease because there will #hanges be more animals eating it. ;f the %o%ulation of a %roducer increases then the population the primary consumers that eat them will increase as well because there will be plenty of food, and the population of secondary consumers that eat those primary consumers will also increase because they will be more primary consumers for them to eat. ;f the %o%ulation of a %roducer decreases then the population of their consumers will also decrease because they will not have enough food, and the secondary consumers that eat those primary consumers will also decrease.

#ar!on Dio7ide) &7ygen #ycle

5lants and animals depend on each other for survival. Plants release o7ygen which animals need to survive, and animals e7hale car!on dio7ide which plants need during the process of photosynthesis to create their own food. The burning of fossil fuels and other wastes also e#pels carbon dio#ide in the air. "E#$ factory pollution% 5lants use water, sunlight and carbon dio#ide
during photosynthesis to create their own food. "They take in carbon dio#ide and release o#ygen.%

Food #hains)Food ,e!s

"ll food chains and food /e!s !egin /ith energy from the sun. 5roducers use the sun)s energy in the process of photosynthesis. The arro/s re%resent the direction of the flo/ of energy. They always point to what is eating them. Fecause producers get their energy from the sun, then the arrow will point from the sun to the producer because the energy is flowing from the sun to the producer. Bnce the primary consumer or herbivore eats the producer, then the energy from the producer is then transferred to the primary consumer. The arrow will be pointed from the producer to the primary consumer. When the primary consumer eats the secondary consumer, the energy from the secondary consumer is then transferred to the primary consumer. Therefore, the arrow will be pointing from the primary consumer to the secondary consumer because the energy flows from the primary to the secondary consumer. 4ecomposers can break down the dead plants and animals and can be found at any part of the food chain or food web.

1rom the food chain above you can see that the energy originates from the sun.

In the food chain above you can see that decomposers break down the dead hawk causing the soil to receive more nutrients which help producers grow.

Fy looking at a food web, you can determine which animals eat what and which animals compete for the same foods. !emember that all food webs and food chains start with energy from the sun, even if it is not shown in the diagram.

1rom the food web above, you can determine that mice, grasshoppers, and rabbits all compete for grass. ;piders, toads, and garter snakes and mice all compete for grasshoppers. Eawks eat hognose snakes, garter snakes, rabbits and sparrows. Eawks are at the top of this food web because nothing eats them.