Assignment

Properties of ferromagnetic materials

Classical Electrodynamics II
Instructor Dr. Amir Shahzad Department of physics GC university Faisalabad

By Sajid Rehman 2244

BS Physics 6th semester Morning

Contents:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. !. #. $. 1%. 11. 12. Introduction to magnetic materials Magnetic domain Atomic Theory of Magnetism Types of magnetic materials Ferromagnetic materials rystal structure of ferromagnetic materials "lectrical properties of ferromagnetics Magnetic properties of ferromagnetics "ffect of temperature &ysteresis loop Measurement of magnetic strength 'arious Applications of Ferromagnetic materials

Introduction to Magnetic Materials

(ome materials ha)e property that they can attract or repel the metals* this property is +ell,-no+n .y name of Magnetism. All magnetic phenomena are due to electric charges in motion* and in fact* if +e e/amine a piece of magnetic material on an atomic scale you +ould find tiny currents* electrons or.iting around nuclei and electrons spinning a.out their a/es. For macroscopic purposes* these current loops are so small that +e may treat them as magnetic dipoles. 0rdinarily* they cancel each other out .ecause of the random orientation of the atoms. 1ut +hen a magnetic field is applied* a net alignment of these magnetic dipoles occurs* and the medium .ecomes magnetically polari2ed* or magneti2ed.

Magnetic domain
A magnetic domain is a region +ithin a magnetic material +hich has uniform magneti2ation. This means that the indi)idual magnetic moments of the atoms are aligned +ith one another and they point in the same direction. 3hen cooled .elo+ a temperature called the urie temperature* the magneti2ation of a piece of ferromagnetic material spontaneously di)ides into many small regions called magnetic domains. The magneti2ation +ithin each domain points in a uniform direction* .ut the magneti2ation of different domains may point in different directions. Magnetic domain structure is responsi.le for the magnetic .eha)ior of ferromagnetic materials li-e iron* nic-el* co.alt and their alloys* ferrites etc. such as the formation of permanent magnets. The regions separating magnetic domains are called domain +alls* +here the magneti2ation rotates coherently from the direction in one domain to that in the ne/t domain.

Atomic heory of Magnetism

The atomic theory of magnetism +as gi)en .y 3e.er and modified .y "+ing. According to this theory* "ach and e)ery molecule of a magnetic su.stance is a complete magnet in itself* ha)ing a north pole and a south pole of e4ual strength. In an unmagneti2ed su.stance* the molecular magnets are randomly oriented such that they form closed chains. 3hen the su.stance is magneti2ed* the molecular magnets are realigned so that north poles of all molecular magnets point in one direction and south poles of all molecular magnets point in the opposite direction. 3hen all the molecular magnets are fully aligned* the su.stance is said to .e saturated +ith magnetism. 5uring heating the magneti2ed specimen* molecular magnets ac4uire some -inetic energy. (ome of the molecules may get .ac- to the closed chain arrangement. That is +hy magnetism of the specimen +ould reduce on heating.

ypes of magnetic materials

6nli-e electric polari2ation* +hich is almost al+ays in the same direction as "* some materials ac4uire a magneti2ation parallel to magnetic field 7paramagnets8 and some opposite to magnetic field 75iamagnetic8. 5iamagnetic property is the result of an induced magnetic moment. This arise +hen an atom is placed in a magnetic field. 5iamagnetic has a tendency to repel magnetic lines of force due to an e/ternal applied field. A superconductor +hich repel all the line of force* is an e/ample of a perfect 5iamagnetic. 5iamagnetic su.stances are inert gases 7helium* argon* etc8 metals 7.ismuth* copper* gold* sil)er and etc8. A fe+ su.stances 7called ferromagnet in deference to the most common e/ample* iron8

retain their magneti2ation e)en after the e/ternal field has .een remo)ed for these the magneti2ation is not determined .y the present field .ut .y the +hole magnetic 9history9 of the o.:ect. ;ermanent magnets made of iron are the most familiar e/amples of ferromagnetics.

!erromagnets
(ome su.stances that ha)e permanent magnetic dipole moments e)en in the a.sence of e/ternal magnetic fields. These su.stances are called Ferromagnets 7analogy +ith the ferroelectric effect8 e/hi.ited .y a num.er of su.stances such as iron and <ic-el* is an e/ample of a ferromagnet material= it e/hi.its permanent 7spontaneous polari2ation8 In a linear medium the alignment of atomic dipoles is maintained .y a magnetic field imposed from the outside. Ferromagnetism* +hich are emphatically not linear* re4uire no e/ternal fields to sustain the magneti2ation= the alignment is 9fro2en in.9 >i-e paramagnetism* Ferromagnetism in)ol)es the magnetic dipoles associated +ith the spins of unpaired electrons. The ne+ feature* +hich ma-es Ferromagnetism so different from paramagnetism* is the interaction .et+een near.y dipoles.. If +e could someho+ magnify a piece of iron and 9see9 the indi)idual dipoles as tiny arro+s* it +ould loo- something li-e Fig. +ith all the spins pointing the same +ay. Ferromagnetic materials are paramagnetic .ut* .ecause of inter, actions .et+een atoms* sho+ drastically different .eha)ior. 1elo+ the urie temperature 74% ? for Fe* 63% ? for <i8 ferromagnetic su.stances sho+ spontaneous magneti2ation= that is* all the magnetic moments in a microscopically large region called a domain are aligned. The application of an e/ternal field tends to cause the domains to change and the moments in different domains to line up together* leading to the saturation of the .ul- magneti2ation. @emo)al of the field lea)es a considera.le fraction of the moments still aligned* gi)ing a permanent magneti2ation.

Crystal Structure
In ferromagnetic materials the dipoles are align in straight lines. ")en if +e ha)e no magnetic field surrounding the atoms of su.stance. In a Ferromagnet* each dipole 9li-es9 to point in the same direction as its neigh.ors. The reason for this preference is essentially 4uantum mechanical* and I shall not endea)or to e/plain it here= it is enough to -no+ that the correlation is so strong as to align )irtually 1%%A of the unpaired electron spins. Ferromagnetism is a property not :ust of the chemical ma-e,up of a material* .ut of its crystalline structure and microscopic organi2ation. There are ferromagnetic metal alloys +hose constituents are not themsel)es ferromagnetic* called &eusler alloys* named after Frit2 &eusler. on)ersely there are non,magnetic alloys* such as types of stainless steel* composed almost e/clusi)ely of ferromagnetic metals.

"lectrical properties
Ferromagnetic material attract electric lines of forces* according to FaradayBs la+s of electromagnetism if any conductor cuts the magnetic lines 7produce from any type of magnetic8 )oltage induce into the conductor. Faraday gi)e relation C D E< FGHFt +here GD 1 . A cos7theta8 BBABB is area of conductors perpendicular to magnetic lines. BB1BB is the strength of magnetic Field.

The si2e of the induced "MF depends on ho+ 4uic-ly the flu/ through the coil is changing. If an electric current flo+s through a conductor in a magnetic field* the magnetic field e/erts a trans)erse force on the mo)ing charge carriers +hich tends to push them to one side of the conductor. Its called &all effect.

Magnetic Properties of !erromagnetic Materials:

Assuming that 1 and & are parallel. For high,permea.ility su.stances* 7&8 can .e as high as 1%6. Most untreated ferromagnetic materials ha)e a linear relation "4.1 .et+een 1 and & for )ery small fields. 1 D I & ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "4,1 3here I is a constant characteristic of the material called the permea.ility. This simple result does hold for materials other than the ferromagnetic su.stances. 1ut for these nonmagnetic materials* generally differs from unity .y only a fe+ parts in 1%5 7fi J1 for paramagnetic su.stances* & K 1 for diamagnetic su.stances8. Typical )alues of initial permea.ility range from 1% to 1%4. The complicated relationship .et+een 1 and & in ferromagnetic materials ma-es analysis of magnetic .oundary,)alue pro.lems inherently more difficult than that of similar electrostatic pro.lems. 1ut the )ery large )alues of permea.ility sometimes allo+ simplifying assumptions on the .oundary conditions.

"ffect of temperature:
The urie temperature is the critical point +here intrinsic magnetic moments change directions. Magnetic moments are permanent dipole moments +ithin the atom +hich are made up from electrons angular momentum and spin. Materials ha)e different structures of intrinsic magnetic moments that depend on temperature. It is at a materialBs specific urie temperature +here they change directions. For e/ample the urie temperature of is FeD 1%43L. A.o)e this temperature it is an ordinary material or .ecome paramagnetic.

#ysteresis loop:
3hen a ferromagnetic material is magneti2ed in one direction* it +ill not rela/ .ac- to 2ero magneti2ation +hen the imposed magneti2ing field is remo)ed. It must .e dri)en .ac- to 2ero .y a field in the opposite direction. If an alternating magnetic field is applied to the material* its magneti2ation +ill trace out a loop called a hysteresis loop. The lac- of retracea.ility of the magneti2ation cur)e is the property called hysteresis and it is related to the e/istence of magnetic domains in the material. 0nce the magnetic domains are reoriented* it ta-es some energy to turn them .ac- again. This property of ferromagnetic materials is useful as a magnetic 9memory9. (ome compositions of ferromagnetic materials +ill retain an imposed magneti2ation indefinitely and are useful as 9permanent magnets9. The magnetic memory aspects of iron and chromium o/ides ma-e them useful in audio tape recording and for the magnetic storage of data on computer dis-s. Measurement of magnetic field: A @o+land ring* +hich can .e used to perform such a measurement. The iron specimen is made in the form of a ring +hose radius r is made much larger than its thic-ness t. A toroidal coil is then +ound around it* +ith < 1 turns per unit length. The e/ternal field 1o is produced .y setting up a current in the primary coil* +hich in the a.sence of the iron core is e4ual to MIo

< Il M. The magnetic field 1 is measured in terms of current in secondary coil +ith help of gal)anometer as sho+n in fig.

Rowland ring for the measurement of the magnetization Magneti2ation cur)e of iron sho+ing the relation .et+een &and 1 measured using the @o+land ring. (tarting from the unmagneti2ed state7that is* from point %8* 1 increases +ith increasing & along cur)e 1. The initial increase is )ery steep= ho+e)er* at higher )alues of &* the iron saturates* and the result is a le)eling off of the magneti2ation 7saturation magneti2ation MN In this high,& regime .eyond &9 the increase in 1 is only due to the increase in &* since M is not increasing any further.

number of minor hysteresis loops, along with the major loop of a ferromagnetic

Applications of ferromagnetic materials

Magnetic Core of machines

Ferromagnetic materials use in machines as core* they pro)ide a lo+ resistance path for magnetic flu/. Mostly Iron or <ic-el use as magnetic core. Magnetic core is also use in transformers for same purpose. Transformer is a static machine. There is no mo)ing part in transformers* transformer can step up and do+n Ac )oltage +hile po+er remain constant. If magnetic core not use in transformer the po+er loss increase.

Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI)

Magnetic resonance imaging 7M@I8* nuclear magnetic resonance imaging 7<M@I8* or magnetic resonance tomography 7M@T8 is a medical imaging techni4ue used in radiology to )isuali2e internal structures of the .ody in detail. M@I ma-es use of the property of nuclear magnetic resonance7<M@8 to image nuclei of atoms inside the .ody. M@I can create more detailed images of the human .ody than possi.le +ith O,rays. An M@I scanner is a de)ice in +hich the patient lies +ithin a large* po+erful magnet +here the magnetic field is used to align the magneti2ation of some atomic nuclei in the .ody* and radio fre4uency magnetic fields are applied to systematically alter the alignment of this magneti2ation. This causes the nuclei to produce a rotating magnetic field detecta.le .y the scannerPand this information is recorded to construct an image of the scanned area of the .ody

Nano-wires in porous alumina arrays for magnetic force generatorwith magnetic chromatograph
The magnetic chromatograph is a techni4ue that uses magnetic force to separate small particles. The magnetic chromatography 7M 8 is a )ery useful system for an ion andHor fine magnetic particle separation due to its strong magnetic field gradients in a )ery small flo+ channel. 3e ha)e not only de)eloped the M system to separate the fine particles and ions* +e ha)e also de)eloped the numerical analysis computer code .ased on the fluid dynamics and electromagnetism to in)estigate the separating characteristics and to optimi2e design of magnetic column. In this paper* +e studied M technology for magnetic particles and ion separations using micro,scale magnetic column +ith ferromagnetic +ires e/perimentally. The influences of the strength of magnetic gradient* flo+ )elocity and coefficient of )iscosity of sol)ent +ere studied .y the de)eloped computer code.

Switching (On Off control)

A relay is an electrically operated s+itch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a s+itching mechanism mechanically* .ut other operating principles are also used. @elays are used +here it is necessary to control a circuit .y a lo+,po+er signal 7+ith complete electrical isolation .et+een control and controlled circuits8* In relay there is a magnetic core and coil. urrent flo+ through the coil and produce

magnetic field* resulting the magnetic core attract or repall and corresponding s+itch on and off.

Transmission of data( memory de ice)

&ysteresis property of ferromagnetic materials is useful as a magnetic 9memory9. (ome compositions of ferromagnetic materials +ill retain an imposed magneti2ation indefinitely and are useful as 9permanent magnets9. The magnetic memory aspects of iron and chromium o/ides ma-e them useful in audio tape recording and for the magnetic storage of data on computer dis-s. Ferro,magnets use as data reading from recording tapes. A head attach on the top pf magnetic tape and read the alignments of dipoles and encode into electrical signals.

Some Other !eneral "pplications#

Ferromagnetic materials ha)e importance in engineering and technology .ecause they possess spontaneous magnetic moment .elo+ the urie temperature :ust as iron* co.alt* nic-el. 5ue to )ery lo+ eddy current losses* ferromagnetic materials are used as a core of coils in micro+a)e fre4uency de)ices and computer memory core elements. 5ue to relati)ely lo+ permea.ility and flu/ density compared to iron* ferrites are not suita.le for the use in high field and high po+er applications* such as motors* generators and po+er transformers* .ut they can .e used in lo+ field and lo+ po+er applications. Ferromagnetic materials are used as ferromagnetic insulators in electrical circuits. Ferromagnetic materials li-e Qn0 find lo+ fre4uency applications in timers. They are also used as s+itches in refrigerators* air conditioners* etc. Ferromagnetic materials are used as magnetic head transducer in recording. Ferromagnetic rings can .e utili2ed to effecti)ely suppress the amplitude and steepness of )ery fast transient o)er )oltages 7'FT08 generated +ithin RI( 7Ras Insulator po+er (u.station8.

References: 1. Rriffiths 5. N.* Introduction to electrodynamics 73rd ed.* ;&* 1$$$87T8 7I(1< %13#%5326O875$6s8 2. Nac-son N. 5.* lassical electrodynamics 73iley* 1$6287T87656s8 $% "ngineering electrodynamics .y 3illiam &ayt* Nohn 1uc- #th "dition 4% (olid (tate ;hysics .y M.A 3aha. 2nd "dition 5. Roogle 5ocuments and articles &% +++.ho+stuff+or-s.com '% httpSHHhyperphysics.phy,astr.gsu.eduH (% +++.+i-ipedia.org )% httpSHH+++.sciencedirect.com 1%. httpSHHdemo+e..physics.ucla.eduHnodeH254