KNS 3611 Civil Engineering Laboratory 5 Faculty Civil Engineering University Malaysia Sarawak.

PROCEDURE: 1. The specimen that has been prepared from experiment J3 which is the standard specimens of asphalt concrete was weighted in air and water and the reading was recorded.

2. The specimen was then placed inside the water bath for 40 minutes.

3. The specimen was removed from the water bath and was placed in the breaking head which consist of upper and lower cylindrical segments or test heads.

KNS 3611 Civil Engineering Laboratory 5 Faculty Civil Engineering University Malaysia Sarawak.

4. The specimen that was attached together with the breaking head was then placed in the digital marshall test machine and the flow meter was adjusted to zero.

5. The machine was started and a constant strain rate of 50mm/min of load was applied to the specimen until it reached the maximum load. The reading of load and flow from the eletronic control and readout unit (ECU) was recorded.

KNS 3611 Civil Engineering Laboratory 5 Faculty Civil Engineering University Malaysia Sarawak.

RESULT: Sample % Binder Average height (mm) 73.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 Marshall stability (kN) 8.30 7.95 7.64 7.72 7.42 Flow (mm) 2.04 1.68 2.25 2.02 1.73 Height Corrected Correlation Marshall ratio Stability (kN) 0.81 6.72 0.84 6.68 0.84 6.42 0.84 6.48 0.84 6.23

1A 1B 2C 2N 1E Calculations:

4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5

The height correlation ratios are calculated by interpolating the correlation from Table J4-1, Stability Correlation Ratios.

4.5% Binder Sample 1A Average height = 73.0mm Based from Table J4-1, the height correlation ratio = 0.81 Corrected Marshall Stability (kN) = Marshall Stability = 8.30 0.81 Height of correlation ratio

= 6.72 kN

KNS 3611 Civil Engineering Laboratory 5 Faculty Civil Engineering University Malaysia Sarawak.

5.0% Binder Sample 1B Average height = 70.0mm 68.3 = 0.86 70.0 = 71.4 = 0.83 (x-0.86) / (70.0-68.3) = (0.83-0.86) / (71.4-68.3) 0.86 = - 0.0165 = 0.84 Corrected Marshall Stability (kN) = Marshall Stability = 7.95 0.84 Height of correlation ratio

= 6.68 kN 5.5% Binder Sample 2C Average height = 70.0mm 68.3 = 0.86 70.0 = 71.4 = 0.83 (x-0.86) / (70.0-68.3) = (0.83-0.86) / (71.4-68.3) 0.86 = - 0.0165 = 0.84 Corrected Marshall Stability (kN) = Marshall Stability = 7.64 0.84 Height of correlation ratio

= 6.42 kN 6.0% Binder Sample 2N Average height = 70.0mm 68.3 = 0.86

KNS 3611 Civil Engineering Laboratory 5 Faculty Civil Engineering University Malaysia Sarawak.

70.0 = 71.4 = 0.83 (x-0.86) / (70.0-68.3) = (0.83-0.86) / (71.4-68.3) 0.86 = - 0.0165 = 0.84 Corrected Marshall Stability (kN) = Marshall Stability = 7.72 0.84 Height of correlation ratio

= 6.48 kN 6.5% Binder Sample 1E Average height = 70.0mm 68.3 = 0.86 70.0 = 71.4 = 0.83 (x-0.86) / (70.0-68.3) = (0.83-0.86) / (71.4-68.3) 0.86 = - 0.0165 = 0.84 Corrected Marshall Stability (kN) = Marshall Stability = 7.42 0.84 Height of correlation ratio

= 6.23 kN Graph:

KNS 3611 Civil Engineering Laboratory 5 Faculty Civil Engineering University Malaysia Sarawak.

Graph of Marshall Stability against % Binder

6.8

Marshall Stability (kN)

6.7 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.1 6 5.9 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5

% Binder

Graph of Flow against % Binder

2.5 2

Flow (mm)

1.5 1 0.5 0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5

% Binder

Discussion: Based on the data we have collected, our Marshall flow recorded is 6.72 which is less than the range of suggested value of flow that is 8-14. Having a low Marshall flow is good to resist the deformation but if the flow is too low, it is tend to crack. So, the value is disagreed with the range of suggested value of the flow.

KNS 3611 Civil Engineering Laboratory 5 Faculty Civil Engineering University Malaysia Sarawak.

Maximum stability of the flow = 0.74 mm Deformation = 0.94 mm 0.74 + 0.94 = 1.68 mm Value of the marshall flow = ( ) mm = 6.72.

There are few causes that lead to erroneous value, (which is in this case, too low) . This is because we might open the mould from its container a bit longer than it is supposed to or when we mixed the mould together, we mixed it too long. So, the temperature is too high. Mixes with very high Marshall stability values and very low Flow values are not desirable as the pavements of such mixes may be brittle and are likely to crack under heavy traffic. Conclusion: Marshall stability test is the performance prediction measure conducted on the bituminous nix. The procedure consists of determination of properties of mix, Marshall stability and flow analysis and finally determination of optimum bitumen content. Therefore, it was developed to be simple, light, quick, and reasonably accurate for the wheel loading of the time. The biggest differentiating aspects of the Marshall method are the Marshall hammer and the Marshall stability and flow apparatus. Both are probably overly simplistic for high-end or high-load pavements but they are simple, light, portable and inexpensive. Recommendation: The experiment is to be done with precautions and maintenance. From this experiment, we can avoid from getting errors when conducting the experiment by applying stability correction. It is possible while making the specimen the thickness slightly vary from the standard specification of 63.5 mm. Therefore, measured stability values need to be corrected to those which would have been obtained if the specimens had been exactly 63.5 mm. This is done by multiplying each measured stability value by an appropriated correlation factors as given in Table below.

KNS 3611 Civil Engineering Laboratory 5 Faculty Civil Engineering University Malaysia Sarawak.

Table 1: Correction factors for Marshall stability values Volume of specimen (cm ) 457 - 470 471 - 482 483 - 495 496 - 508 509 - 522 523 - 535 536 - 546 547 - 559 560 - 573 Thickness of specimen (mm) 57.1 68.7 60.3 61.9 63.5 65.1 66.7 68.3 69.9 1.19 1.14 1.09 1.04 1.00 0.96 0.93 0.89 0.86 Correction Factor

Reference:
http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in/~kvkrao/CE%20742%20Pavement%20Systems%20Engineering/CE742LEC_ 22&23.pdf http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in/tvm/1100_LnTse/407_lnTse/plain/plain.html http://classes.engr.oregonstate.edu/cce/winter2012/ce492/Modules/05_mix_design/054_body.htm