MEC$511:$

Thermodynamics$and$Fluids$
Instructor:$Tooraj$Youse$
Oce:$EPHE312E$
Email:$tooraj.youse@ryerson.ca$
Oce$hours:$Wednesdays$and$Fridays$12$to$1$p.m.$$

MEC$511$

Department$of$Mechanical$and$Industrial$Engineering$
1$

Course$Organization:$$

Course$Evaluation:$$

3$hours$of$lecture$per$week$for$13$weeks,$in$4$sections.$
2$hours$of$lab/tutorial$alternate$weeks$for$4$labs.$
2$Teaching$Assistants.$

Midterm$test$
Group$lab$reports$($start$Jan.$22nd)$$
Final$exam$
Total$$

35%$
10%$
55%$
100%$$

Examinations:$$
Midterm$approximately$Week$7,$two$hours,$cover$uid$mechanics$($Feb.$28$,$8E10$
separate$test$or$4E6$$common$test$)$$
Final$exam,$during$exam$period,$3$hours,$covers$all$of$thermodynamics$and$some$
uid$mechanics.$
All$tests/exams$are$closed$book$(one$8.5$x$14$aid$sheet$allowed$$both$sides).$$
Student$must$complete$all$tests,$the$Exam,$and$Lab$work.$
Students$must$have$an$overall$passing$grade$in$the$combined$midterm$and$nal$
exam$in$order$to$be$awarded$lab$grades.$$
MEC$511$

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Compulsory$ Text$ 1:$ A+ Brief+ Introduction+ to+ Fluid+ Mechanics,$ 5th$ Ed.;$ D.$ F.$ Young,$ B.$ R.$
Munson,$T.$H.$Okiishi$and$W.$W.$Huebsch;$Wiley,$2011.$(Sold$as$a$custom$ebook$covering$
chapters$1J5.$Students$may$purchase$an$access$code$through$the$Ryerson$Bookstore$and$
then$download$a$PDF$le).$

Compulsory$Text$2:$$Fundamentals+of+Engineering+Thermodynamics,$7th$Edition;$M.$
J.$ Moran,$ H.$ N.$ Shapiro,$ D.$ D.$ Boettner$ and$ M.$ B.$ Bailey;$ Wiley,$ 2011.$ (Sold$ as$ a$
custom$ ebook$ covering$ chapters$ 1J5.$ Students$ may$ purchase$ an$ access$ code$
through$the$Ryerson$Bookstore$and$then$download$a$PDF$le).$

Lab$Manual:$MEC511'('Laboratory'Manual;$D.$Naylor$and$J.$Friedman.$(Ryerson$Bookstore)$

MEC$511$

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Course$Content$
Chapters$ Sections$

MEC$511$

Hours$ Fluid$MechanicsETopic,$Description$

1.1-1.6

Introduction: Dimensions and units; mass, weight, density; Ideal gas

law; viscosity.

2.1-2.9

Fluid Statics: Pressure at a point; pressure variation in a fluid at rest;

measurement of pressure; manometry; pressure measuring devices;
hydrostatic forces on plane surfaces; pressure prism.

3.1-3.2,
3.4-3.8

Fluid Dynamics: Newton's second law; static, stagnation, dynamic,

and total pressure; Bernoulli energy equation; energy and hydraulic
grade lines.

4.1,
4.2.1-4.2.3,
4.3-4.4

5.1.1-5.1.2

Fluid Kinematics: Definitions of flows in one, two, and three

dimensions; steady and unsteady flows; streamlines, streaklines, and
pathlines; the material derivative; control volumes; Reynolds transport
theorem.
Conservation of Mass The Continuity Equation: Derivation and
examples for steady and time varying flows.

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Course$Content$con.$
Chapters$ Sections$ Hours$ ThermodynamicsETopic,$Description$

MEC$511$

1.1-1.7

Introduction: Open, closed, isolated systems; property, state, and

process; extensive and intensive properties; SI and US systems of units;
pressure units; temperature measurement and units.

2.1-2.6

3.1-3.6,
3.8.1

First Law of Thermodynamics: Work, kinetic, and potential energy;

conservation of energy; power, evaluating work, polytropic processes;
energy balance; processes for closed systems; energy analysis of cycles;
power, refrigeration, and heat pump cycles.
Evaluating Properties - Vapours: Steam tables and properties; saturation
tables; superheat tables.

3.9-10,
3.12-13.1,
3.14.2, 3.15

Evaluating Properties Gases: Ideal gas law; internal energy, enthalpy,

and specific heats; ideal gas law and constant specific heats; polytropic gas
processes.

4.1-4.10

Control Volume Analysis Using Energy: conservation of mass;

conservation of energy; analyzing control volumes at steady state.

5.1-10

Second Law of Thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes;

internally reversible process; Second law and thermodynamic cycles;
power cycle, refrigeration and heat pump applications; Carnot cycle for
vapours and gases.
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Laboratory$Sessions$
Lab

MEC$511$

Title

Room

Measurement of Dynamic Viscosity.

KHE-31

The Venturi Flow Meter.

KHE-31

Steam Pressure/Temperature Relationship.

KHE27-29

Steam Quality Measurement.

KHE27-29

6$

Fluid$Mechanics$Application$
Applied$mechanics$in$engineering$

Static$

$
Biology$

MEC$511$

Dynamic$

Mechanics$of$
Material$

Deformation$
Mechanics$

$
$$$$$Aerodynamic$

Continuum$
Mechanics$

$$
$Hydrodynamic$
$$$$$Hydrostatic$

7$

Fluid$
Mechanics$

$$Electronic$Cooling$

Blood$ow$numerical$simulation$
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAzH3m9Akp0$

MEC$511$

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By:Cristiano$Malossi$

Aerodynamic$Test$
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5LQHDkGHHK8$

MEC$511$

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By:AutoMoto$Tv$

Hydrostatic$and$Hydrodynamic$
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnPEtwQtmGQ$$ By:$Robert$Woodman$

MEC$511$

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Electronic$Cooling$
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8V0vO0C20w$

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By:$Gajanand$Shinda$

Chapter$1:$$Introduction$

$
1E0$Preface$$
1.1$Some$Characteristics$of$Fluids$
1.2$Dimensions,$Dimensional$Homogeneity,$and$Units$
$$$$$$$1.2.1$Systems$of$Units$
1.3$Analysis$of$Fluid$Behavior$
1.4$Measures$of$Fluid$Mass$and$Weight$
$$$$$$1.4.1$Density$
$$$$$$1.4.2$Specic$Weight$$
$$$$$$1.4.3$Specic$Gravity$$
1.5$Ideal$Gas$Law$$
1.6$Viscosity$

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1E0$Preface$
What+is+Fluid?'

A$substance$that$has$no$xed$shape$and$yields$easily$to$$
external$pressure;$a$gas$or$(especially)$a$liquid.$

What$does$Fluid$Mechanics$talk$about?$
$Fluid$mechanics$is$the$discipline$within$the$broad$eld$of$

$applied$mechanics$that$is$concerned$with$the$behavior$of$$
liquids$and$gases$at$rest$or$in$motion.$

What$are$the$eective$parameters?$$
A$lot$of$geometrical$and$ow$characteristics,$some$of$the$$
$most$important$ones$are:$$Length$L,$Speed$V,$Pressure$P$
$
MEC$511$

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MEC$511$

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1.1$Some$Characteristics$of$Fluids$
More$accurate$denition$for$uid:$
$A$uid$$is$dened$as$a$substance$that$deforms$continuously$

when$acted$on$by$a$shearing$stress*$of$any$magnitude.$

$*A+shearing+stress+(force+per+unit+area)+is+created+whenever+a+tangential+

force+acts+on+a+surface.+
MEC$511$

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What$can$we$say$about$some$materials$like$:$$
$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$slurries,$tar,$putty,$toothpaste?$
$They$behave$as$a$solid$if$the$applied$shearing$stress$is$small,$but$

if$the$stress$exceeds$some$critical$value,$the$substance$will$ow.$
$The$study$of$such$materials$is$called$rheology.$
Macroscopic$or$Microscopic?$
Molecules$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Continuum$
$All$the$uid$characteristics$we$are$interested$in$(pressure,$

velocity,$etc.)$vary$continuously$throughout$the$uid$
MEC$511$

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1.2$Dimensions,$Dimensional$Homogeneity,$and$Units$

Fluid$Description$
Quantitative$

Qualitative$

Numerical$measure$of$
the$characteristics$

Identifying$the$nature$of$
the$ow$characteristics$

$
Requires$both$number$
and$standard$

$(length,$time,$stress,$
velocity,$et.)$$
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Primary$quantities$or$$
Basic$Dimensions:$
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$Length$$$$$$$$$L$$
$
$Time$$$$$$$$$$$T$$
=
$
Mass$$$$$$$$$$$M$
or$Force$$$$$$$$$$F$
$
Temperature$$$$$$$$$$
=

Units,$depends$$on$the$
standard$that$is$used$
SI$unit$:$
$
Length$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$m$$
$
$Time$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$s$
$
Mass$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$kg$
Force$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$N$
$
Temperature$$$$oC$

MEC$511$

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$Dimensionally+Homogeneousthat'is,'the'dimensions'of'the'left'side'of'the'equation'
must'be'the'same'as'those'on'the'right'side,'and'all'additive'separate'terms'must'have'the'
same'dimensions.'

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Examples:$$1JFind$the$dimensions$of$$velocity,$acceleration,$density,$force,$and$$pressure.$
$
Given:$ $Length$$L$$$$$$$$$$Time$$$T$$$$$$$$$$$$Mass$$$M$$or$Force$$F$$$$$$$$$Temperature$$$$$
Find:$$ Dimensions$of$dierent$parameters$
Solution:$

Displacement
L
velocity =
=! = LT 1
time
T
L
velocity
LT 1
T
acceleration =
=! =
= LT 2
time
T
T

density =

pressure =

=!

force
surface area

F
= FL2
2
L

(FLT )

MLT 2
=!
= ML1T 2 (MLT )
2
L

M
mas
=! 3 = ML3
volume L

force = mass acceleration =! MLT 2 F = MLT 2 M = F2 = FL1T 2

LT

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Example$2E$Show$that$Reynolds$number$by$the$following$denition$is$
dimensionless?$$
Re=Vd/,$where$V$is$uid$velocity,$$is$density,$d$is$length$and$$is$dynamic$
viscosity,$$
Use$the$table$1.1.$$
Given:$$

=! ML3 ( FL4T 2 )

Find:$Show$Reynolds$number$is$dimensionless$

V =! LT 1 ( LT 1 )
d =! L (L)

=! ( ML1T 1 ) ( FL2T )
1

Solution:$$

FL4T 2 LT 1 L
Re =!
FL2T
MEC$511$

ML T
ML3 LT 1 L
Re =!
=
= M 0 L0T 0 = 1
1 1
1 1
ML T
ML T

FL2T
= 2 = F 0 L0T 0 = 1
FL T
21$

Problem$1E4:$The$force,$F,$of$the$wind$blowing$against$a$building$is$given$by$
F=CDAV2/2$where$V$is$the$wind$speed,$'the$density$of$the$air,$A$the$crossJsectional$
area$of$the$building,$and$CD$is$a$constant$termed$the$drag$coecient.$Determine$the$
dimensions$of$the$drag$coecient.$
Given:$A$formula$with$the$dimensions$of$some$of$its$parameters$$
Find:$Dimensions$of$the$unknown$parameter$CD$$
Solution:$We$need$to$use$dimensionally$homogenous$concept$$$

1
1
2
3
1 2 2
F = CD V 2 A MLT =! [CD ] ML ( LT ) L
2
2
The$dimensions$of$constants$and$numbers$in$equations$usually$is$1$(dimensionless)$
unless$it$is$stated$that$they$have$dimensions.$

MLT
MEC$511$

=! [CD ] MLT

MLT 2
CD =!
= M 0 L0T 0 = 1
2
MLT
22$

1.3$Analysis$of$Fluid$Behavior$
Laws:$$Newtons$laws$of$motion,$conservation$of$mass,$and$
the$rst$and$second$laws$of$thermodynamics.$

Fluid$Statics$,$uid$is$at$rest$
Fluid$Mechanics$$$
Fluid$Dynamics,$uid$is$moving$

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MEC$511$

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1.5$Ideal$Gas$Law$
$Gases$are$highly$compressible$in$comparison$to$liquids,$changes$in$
gas$density$directly$related$to$changes$in$pressure$and$temperature$

Ideal$Gas$Law$
$
$

p
RT

p absolute pressure
density
T absolute temperature
R gas cons tan t
MEC$511$

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44.7$

30$

301$

200$

14.7$

0$

101$

0$

0$

E14.7$

0$

E101$

abs$$$$$$$$$gage$$$$$$$$$$

abs$$$$$$$$$gage$$$
P,$kPa$

P,$psi$

MEC$511$

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R$is$gas$constant$and$can$be$found$in$Tables$1.6$and$1.7$$$
and$Tables$B.3$and$B.4$$

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1.6$Viscosity$
Density$and$specic$weight$is$related$to$heaviness$
$
To$measure$the$uidity$$of$a$uid$(how$easily$it$ows)$we$
$need$another$characteristic$of$the$uid.$$

u = u ( y) u = Uy b

No$slip$condition$

Velocity$gradient$::$$$ du dy = U b
MEC$511$

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tan =

a
b

a = U t =

U t
b

Rate$of$shearing$strain$

! = lim

U du
! = =
t
b dy

t 0

P
=
A

du
!
dy

du
dy

The$proportionality$constant$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$is$called$absolute$viscosity,$
dynamic$viscosity$or$simply$viscosity.$$$
MEC$511$

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$Fluids$for$which$the$shearing$stress$is$linearly$$related$to$the$rate$

$of$shearing$strain$are$designated$as$Newtonian$uids.$

Fluids$for$which$the$shearing$stress$is$not$linearly$related$to$the$rate$of$
shearing$strain$are$designated$as$nonENewtonian$uids.$
MEC$511$

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MEC$511$

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Problem$1.52.$The$viscosity$of$liquids$can$be$measured$through$
the$use$of$a$rotating$cylinder$viscometer$of$the$type$illustrated$
in$Fig.$P1.52.$In$this$device$the$outer$cylinder$is$xed$and$the$
inner$cylinder$is$rotated$with$an$angular$velocity,$.$The$torque$
T$required$to$develop$$is$measured,$and$the$viscosity$is$
calculated$from$these$two$measurements.$Develop$an$equation$
relating$$$,$,$T,$l$,Ro$and$Ri$.$Neglect$end$eects$and$assume$
the$velocity$distribution$in$the$gap$is$linear.$

MEC$511$

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End$of$Chapter$1$

MEC$511$

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