Schools of Thought

What is in the mind? What is the minds relation to the brain? If the mind and the brain are not the same thing but are somehow related, how do we study what we cant see? What roles do biology (nature) and environment (nurture) play in human behaviour How does the mind develop and change over time?

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Psychoanalysis Behaviourism Humanism Cognitive

There are several approaches to understanding the human mind and brain and how they affect behaviour. Schools of thought are structured ways of approaching questions related to human behaviour and have underlying assumptions. All see a difference between mind and brain

Brain what is physically inside the skull. Studies

look at its functions and structures Mind the mental process. Studies to understand conscious and unconscious processes

Based on Sigmund Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory. Based on the belief that by unlocking the unconscious mind is key to understanding behaviour and relationships Focus on resolving conflict between conscious and unconscious feelings Early childhood experiences are seen as important to understanding personality, motivations and behaviours

Conscious- Things that our thinking self are aware of ie) I fear bees because they sting Unconscious - Things that are in our mind but we are not aware of ie) I fear people leaving me but I dont know why
While dont know or think about what is in our unconscious, it still strongly impacts our behaviour, motivation, personality etc.

How do peers influence one anothers actions and attitudes? How do teens use technology differently than their parents? What factors influence teen behaviour with peers? With adults? Why do teens claim to be individuals, yet wear the same clothing?

Freud put the new emphasis on the unconscious mind. If we can unlock the unconscious mind we can understand and change human behaviour and relationships This focus of Psychodynamic Theory is called Psychoanalytic Theory

Human Consciousness Has 3 Parts

Ego rational/thinking part of the mind

(run by reality) Id instinctual/urges part of the mind (run by pleasure) Super Ego works to manage the Ego and Id. It is the conscience (moral centre) of the mind Personality is based on the interaction, conflict, strength etc of these 3 pieces

According to Freud, most of our mind is part of our unconscious thoughts, memories and feelings we are not aware of. The Ego and Super Ego contain things we are aware/conscious of but the Id (pleasure principal) is completely hidden from our thinking self

Ego uses Defence Mechanisms to distort reality to avoid anxiety

Repression shoves unacceptable/painful

feelings and memories into unconscious Denial rather than dealing with an emotion they displace onto another person or thing ie) yell at your teacher because your sister upset you in the morning Both of these are done without you being aware (conscious) of you doing it
http://youtu.be/aEId8h4Z-_8

Examine Dreams and Fantasies Use Free association relax and say whatever comes to mind

http://youtu.be/uZq_U2hbnvs

Founder of Feminine Psychology Believed in Freuds basic ideas about the mind but disagreed that development was focused in childhood on sexual conflict and that his theories fit women well Social environments (family, school, workplace) develop cultural norms that can created unhealthy environments and hold people back from potential. (school?)

Believed women were pushed by society and culture to depend on men because without a husband and children they had little value in society. The toxic society held back women from fulfilling full potential. True Today?

A student of Freud who disagreed with the focus on sexual conflict in personality development Founded analytic psychology work to create balance between the conscious and unconscious mind

Believed in conscious and unconscious mind Believed in personal and collective unconscious. Personal are things unique to the individual where collective is shared by all humans and passed down through ancestors He found certain images and symbols tended to appear over and over

Believed these images and symbols, models of people, behaviours and personalities were Archetypes universal to all people from the experiences of early ancestors ie) father, trickster, hero Archetypes connect us to emotions ie) mother represents nurturing and soothing, Hero represents courageous champion

Stones, animals, circles represents self, completeness or the whole

Personality a persons pattern of thinking, feeling and behaving. How Jung categorized personality types
Introvert or Extrovert Functional Types : thinking (uses reason), feeling

(uses emotion), sensation (uses the 5 senses) and intuition (uses perception) Many personality tests today are based on these basic ideas. They can be used to determine suitable professions or how to work with others

Lets try some personality tests

Freud and Jung saw Dreams as a way to unlocked ideas in the unconscious mind to help with diagnosis and treatment Occur in R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Important in consolidating the days events

Both Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung believed in analysing dreams as a method of understanding the unconscious Freud believed that the people, situations and images in dreams represent the suppressed sexual desires of the dreamer Jung believed that dreams and the symbols within them were the unconscious mind trying to communicate with the conscious mind
Dream Analysis Activity Pbs Nova: Dreams

Believed that psychologists need empirical evidence from experimentation to understand and change human behaviour Emphasize the importance of observable behaviours as well as using scientifically proven procedures. Used Experiments to get evidence Behavioural psychology can be applied to a wide variety of individuals and mental disorders

Jigsaw Activity

Taught Dogs to have a response to a stimulus and this idea was applied to humans. Can create a conditioned response. Basically I can teach you to have a particular response to something. Classical Conditioning

http://youtu.be/CpoLxEN54ho

Applied Pavlovs idea further Can teach behaviour using stimulus and conditioned responses. Believed that behaviour was learned due to the response. Ie) you get a reward then you repeat the behaviour Operant Conditioning- creates a higher chance of repeated behaviour through positive reinforcement ie) lever=food

http://youtu.be/I_ctJqjlrHA

Developed out of the patient relationship idea of therapy Believe the client should be very involved in his/her own recovery rather than relying on therapists interpretation of the issues Use things such as : diary entries/ journaling, open ended questionnaires, and unstructured interviews and observations. Theme of humans needing to aim higher, have goals. Realize our potential.

Examined human experience by looking at things most important to us ie) love, hope, individuality etc. Key to reach the highest state and achieve your greatest potential. Individual must discover his/her true purpose and pursue it.

Specialized in suicide prevention Spent several years in a concentration camp during Holocaust How do we bear painful and devastating situations? The capacity for decisions and freedom of attitude Logotherapy healing through meaning
If we can find meaning in things then we can bear them ie)

a patient was devastated by the loss of his wife, Frankl asked how she would have managed his death? The patient now saw meaning We have to aim high in our expectations to become our best vs. aiming for ordinary which drags us down and frustrates us. Expect more of people and they will do better.

New focus on Client (person) Centred Therapy Therapists listens client talks and finds his/her own answers. Provide safe place for this. Unconditional Acceptance Of yourself and others Believed that life was not about a journey to an endpoint but the process of growth that happens until we die and for everyone this is different. We need to be open to every experience and possibility and let it shape us. We live in constant change so why aim to be one thing and stay that way? Accept things for how they are rather than holding onto ideas of how they should be

The Good life is a process we need to:

Be fully open to experience open ourselves to all emotions, even

those perceived as negative. Dont cut them off Live in the present moment Trust ourselves trust to live in the moment and feel what comes rather than what you think is expected of you Take responsibility for our choices Treat ourselves and others with unconditional positive regard believes people are by nature good and healthy and we need to accept who we are and who others are, not base on achievements

The approach taken by many therapists to help clients come to their own understanding is preferred by therapists and patients Creates a positive environment making clients more likely to feel comfortable enough to explore their own motivations and behaviours A push toward student-centred education. Students are encouraged to take responsibility for their learning

Cognitive refers to the mental processes in the brain. The functions of the brain, not the behaviour it causes. Science and Technology allowed us to finally see how the brain was acting. New focus on memory, perception, problem solving and scientific approach to emotions

Knowing is a process, an activity Sees the mind as a processor, like a computer We must actively participate and reason to gain knowledge, we dont passively absorb. The brain is active with it.

Studied how Memory works Looked at the ability to remember and use pieces for a limited amount of time We seem to focus and remember in chunks of Seven in our working memory Our working memory can put bits into chunks to put into our longer term memory. Our brain sees a relationship between the bits and chunks them together ie) phone number we remember area code as a chunk rather than 3 bits and can therefore remember the other 7 numbers (519) 744-2118

Miller saw Mnemonic devices as helping stretch what we could remember by chunking bits We have an informational bottleneck so by chunking we can get more through into memory Later studies showed about 4 chunks at a time
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xq2gon_national -geographic-test-your-brain-episode-3memory_shortfilms

http://youtu.be/coMrX17IUE8

Attention Theory How does the brain work in different amounts of info coming in ie) air traffic controllers Found that we can only deal with one message at a time The brain quickly must decide which message it should focus on but how???

His tests showed we could only listen to one message or voice at a time with any accuracy Believed most of the info comes into our short term memory where it is then filtered

We use selective attention Think of conversation with a big group of friends or family (the cocktail party problem)
We cant keep up with all the different

conversations so we have to pick one or two to follow and ignore the rest. Our brain does same. It focuses in on some and ignores the rest
Brain Games

http://youtu.be/vJG698U2Mvo

What we believe with all our hearts is not necessarily the truth Studies the flexibility and reliability of suppressed memories. These can easily be created through the power of suggestion Our memory is suggestible False memory syndrome- a person can be led to remember something that never happened or they know to be false. Implications for eye witness testimony???
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmB nLwwQV1E

http://www.ted.com/talks/elizabeth_loftus_th e_fiction_of_memory.html

Worked with Rhesus monkeys while Studying attachment, social isolation and maternal dependency First to study on primates rather than rats Found the need for affection was stronger than having physical needs met ie) food Babies that were denied attachment and comfort showed psychological problems later ie) misdirected aggression, rocking, negligent/abusive mothers
http://youtu.be/OrNBEhzjg8I