INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

ARCL 2023 Investigating Egyptian Artefacts

2008/2009

UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY 2008

2023 Investigating Egyptian Artefacts

2008/2009

Year 2/3 Option (BA Egyptian Archaeology), 1.0 unit, Terms I and II Co-ordinator: David Jeffreys d.jeffreys@ucl.ac.uk Room 106 020 7679 1526

AIMS This course provides students with a thorough grounding in and familiarity with different types of ancient Egyptian artefact and issues in material culture studies. OBJECTIVES On successful completion of this course a student should: Have an detailed knowledge of the main categories of Egyptian artefact Recognize the most important archaeological problems relating the recovery and recording of artefacts Be able to present these issues and discuss them critically Be familiar with reference sources and know how to use them effectively

LEARNING OUTCOMES On successful completion of this course students should have developed: Observation and critical reflection Application of acquired knowledge An overall understanding and familiarity with the main Egyptian artefact types The ability to discuss issues and evidence from the material culture of pharaonic Egypt.

COURSE SYNOPSIS This course presents and discusses broad topics relating to pharaonic material culture, and issues concerning the Egyptian heritage.

COURSE INFORMATION This handbook contains the basic information about the content and administration of the course. The syllabus is split into four main thematic sections: recognizing and recording artefacts; Egyptian artefacts including ceramics; epigraphy; and a five-week project putting this information into effect.

TEACHING METHODS The course is taught this year by a single tutor (David Jeffreys) in twenty two-hour museum sessions, including five project-based sessions.

PREREQUISITES Successful completion of 1005 Introduction to Egyptian Archaeology is normally required to enrol for this course.

WORKLOAD There will be 40 hours of museum-based seminars/handling sessions. Students will be expected to undertake around 160 hours of reading for the course, plus 40 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of some 240 hours for the course.

METHODS OF ASSESSMENT This course is assessed by means of four pieces of course-work of c 2000 words, which contribute 100% to the final grade for the course. If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the Course Co-ordinator. The Course Co-ordinator is willing to discuss an outline of the student's approach to the assignment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date.

CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT The criteria for assessment used in this course are those agreed by the Board of Examiners in Archaeology, and are included in the Undergraduate Handbook (available on the Institute web-site: < http://www.ucl.ac.uk/silva/archaeology/course-info/ >). and indicated on the reverse of the essay coversheets. All coursework is marked by two internal examiners, and can be re-assessed by the External Examiner. Therefore, the mark given by the initial examiner (prior to return) is a provisional assessment for guidance only, and may be modified after consultation with the second internal examiner, or by the External Examiner.

EXAMINATIONS This course is assessed by a portfolio of coursework only and there are no formal examinations.

SUBMISSION OF COURSEWORK Because the assessed work contributes to the final mark for the course, the submission deadline for each piece of work is absolute. Late work will incur a penalty unless an extension has been granted in advance. If students are ill or have serious personal or family difficulties, they must complete an Extension Request Form (ERF) (copies available from room 411A) and obtain the approval and signature of the Course Co-ordinator AND either their Personal Tutor or the Year Tutor, ON OR BEFORE the submission date. ERFs should normally be accompanied by a medical certificate or other documentation justifying the circumstances (e.g. a note from their Personal Tutor). If students do not submit either the coursework or an ERF on or before the submission deadline, the maximum mark that can be awarded is a minimum Honours pass (40%). If there is an unexpected crisis on the submission day, students should telephone or (preferably) e-mail the Course Co-ordinator, and follow this up with a completed ERF. All assessed work must be handed in to the reception desk, for the Course Co-ordinator before 5:00 on the submission date specified. Allowing for vacations, every effort will be made to return assessed work within two/three weeks of the submission date. Within a fortnight of its return to students, the assessed work should be returned by students to the Course Co-ordinator, so that it is available to the Board of Examiners. Because assessed work forms part of the student's permanent academic record, it needs to be retained until well after the completion of the degree. If work is not returned to the Course Co-ordinator, the student will be deemed not to have completed the course. Students are strongly advised always to keep a copy of all work, and to make a copy for retention of all work after it has been assessed and commented upon by the first examiner, if they wish to make future reference to the comments on the work.

COURSEWORK FORMAT AND PRESENTATION Essays must be word-processed and should be printed on one side of the paper, using double-line spacing. Adequate margins should be left for written comments by the examiner. Students are encouraged to use diagrams and/or tables where appropriate. These should be clearly referred to at the appropriate point in the text, and if derived from another source, this must be clearly acknowledged. Essays should be ca. 2000 words in length. Students should adhere to word limits on essays; they are intended to help ensure equality of workloads between courses as well as to encourage the useful transferable skills of clearly structured argumentation and succinct writing. It is important that students reference their sources of information as accurately and as fully as possible. If a student summarises another person's ideas or judgements, or reproduces their figures or diagrams, a reference must be made in the text (using the Harvard convention) and all works referred to must be documented in full in a bibliography. Referencing styles are outlined in the Undergraduate Handbook and at:. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common/

PLAGIARISM All work submitted as part of the requirements for any examination (which includes all assessed work) of the University of London must be expressed in the student's own words and incorporate their own ideas and judgements. All students have received a copy of the College's rules on plagiarism; the Institute's guidelines are included in the Undergraduate Handbook and can be found at:

The examiners for this course will scrutinise all work for evidence of plagiarism or collusion between students. Plagiarism is defined as the presentation of another person's thoughts or words as though they are one's own. Plagiarism constitutes an examination offence under the University Regulations and students found to have committed plagiarism may be excluded from all further examinations of the University and/or College. ANY QUOTATION FROM THE PUBLISHED OR UNPUBLISHED WORKS OF OTHER PERSONS MUST BE IDENTIFIED AS SUCH BY PLACING THE QUOTE IN QUOTATION MARKS, AND THE SOURCE OF THE QUOTATION MUST BE REFERENCED APPROPRIATELY. The concept of plagiarism also includes self-plagiarism, which is the extensive use of the same sources and materials in more than one piece of assessed coursework, submitted for the same or for other courses taken as part of the degree. To avoid charges of collusion, students should always ensure that their work is their own, and not lend their essays or essay drafts to other students because they are likely to be penalised if the second student copies the work and submits it as their own. If students are unclear about the definition of plagiarism, they should review the notes on plagiarism and examples of good and bad practice with respect to sources, included in the Undergraduate Handbook at: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/silva/archaeology/course-info/ . or consult their Personal Tutor. SUBMISSION OF COURSEWORK TO TURNITIN In addition to submitting your coursework as described above, it is now a requirement that you submit it electronically to the Turnitin system. Students who fail to submit their coursework to Turnitin will not receive the mark for the work in question until they have done so (although they will receive written feedback in the usual way). The maximum mark for work that has not been submitted to Turnitin prior to the meeting of the Board of Examiners will be a bare pass. You will need to enter the following code to access the Turnitin system: Turnitin ID: 81307 Password: IoA0809 In advance of submitting your coursework for marking you may, if you wish, run your work through the system in order to obtain a report on the originality of the wording and then make any necessary adjustments prior to final submission. Turnitin advisors will be available to help you at specified times if you need help generating or interpreting the reports. It is important to recognise that the final decision about whether work contains plagiarism rests with academic staff. Consequently, the presence of absence of matches in a Turnitin report does not, by itself, provide a guarantee that the work in question either contains or is free from plagiarism. For more information on how to use this system, please go to: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common/

COMMUNICATION The primary channel of communication within the Institute of Archaeology is e-mail. If you wish to be contacted on your personal or work e-mail address, please arrange for e-mail sent to your UCL address to be forwarded to your other address, since staff and other students will expect to be able to reach you through your College e-mail - which they can find on the UCL web-site. Students must consult their e-mail regularly, as well as the student pigeon-holes in the Basement Common Room for written communications. Please also ensure that the Institute has an up-to-date telephone number for you, in case you need to be contacted.

ATTENDANCE It is a College regulation that attendance at lectures, seminars and practicals be monitored, and a register will be taken. A 100% minimum attendance at all scheduled sessions is required (excluding absences due to illness or other adverse circumstances, provided that these are supported by medical certificates or other documentation, as appropriate).

Attendance is reported to College and thence (if relevant) to the student's Local Education Authority. Students should also be aware that potential employers seeking references often ask about attendance and other indications of reliability.

LIBRARIES AND OTHER RESOURCES In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology, other libraries in UCL with holdings of particular relevance to this degree are: Ancient History: Main Library (Gower St site) Classics: Main Library Hebrew: Main Library Anthropology: DMSW (Natural Sciences Library; same entrance as for Petrie Museum) Geography: DMSW Library Libraries outside UCL which have holdings which may also be relevant to this degree are: Egypt Exploration Society, 3 Doughty Mews, London WC1N 2PG (Members only; student membership 20/year (patricia.spencer@ees.ac.uk ; http://www.ees.ac.uk) Senate House Library (University of London), Malet Street, WC1. Electronic resources (WWW): There are literally millions of websites dealing with ancient Egypt. A useful first destination is Nigel Strudwicks Egyptology Resources on the Newton site at Cambridge (http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/egypt/index.html), which has links to many others such as ABZU (Oriental Institute, Chicago) and CCER (Centre for Computer-aided Egyptological Research, Leiden).

FEEDBACK In trying to make this course as effective as possible, we welcome feedback from students during the course of the year. At the end of each course all students are asked to give their views on the course in an anonymous questionnaire, which will be circulated at one of the last sessions of the course. These questionnaires are taken seriously and help the Course Coordinator to develop the course. The summarised responses are considered by the Institute's Staff-Student Consultative Committee, Teaching Committee, and by the Faculty Teaching Committee. If students are concerned about any aspect of this course we hope they will feel able to talk to the Course Tutor or Co-ordinator, but if they feel this is not appropriate, they should consult their Personal Tutor, Year Tutor, the Academic Administrator (Judy Medrington), or the Chair of Teaching Committee (Sue Hamilton).

Museum sessions

Museum classes are held on Fridays, 10.00-12.00 in the Petrie Museum. These are handling sessions and cannot be repeated, so full attendance at them is expected. Please note: there will be no classes during Reading Weeks.

Course tutor: David Jeffreys

Term I

Introduction to the Petrie Museum as a research resource (DJ)

How to use the collection; museum records, provenance and distribution lists; digital Egypt; museum publications

Understanding artefacts: issues in material culture studies (BS, DJ)

Introduction to the course: starting to think about (Egyptian) artefacts (as economic, technological, and social objects)

Understanding context: Egyptian artefacts and the archaeological record (DJ)

How information value is affected by context; context bias in Egyptian archaeology; collection histories and data sources

Recording Egyptian artefacts (DJ)

Basic recording techniques; field and collections recording and publication

Egyptological collections outside the Petrie Museum (DJ)

International and national, regional and local collections of Egyptian antiquities.

Reading week

Aegyptiaca I: what makes Egyptian artefacts Egyptian? (DJ)

Egyptian production traditions; home products, exports, imports, and copies; real and fake objects (or both?)

Aegyptiaca II: familiar forms (DJ)

Shabtis; scarabs and other amulets; canopics; funerary cones; statuary

Aegyptiaca III: not so familiar forms (DJ)

Mystery objects from the collection: how we identify form and function

Egyptian ceramics (DJ)

Developments in Egyptian ceramics studies; ceramics technology and recording

10

Ceramics (continued) (DJ)

Ceramics and dating; ceramics as an evidence source

Term II

11

Egyptian epigraphy I (DJ)

Epigraphic methods of recording, past and present (eyeballing, rubbing, squeezing, moulding, copying onto a membrane, photography, digitizing)

12

Epigraphy II (DJ)
Recording inscriptions in the field and in collections

13

Epigraphy III (DJ)

Practical session

14

Epigraphy for publication (DJ)

Publishing traditions in Egyptian epigraphy: inscriptions or artefacts?

15

Looking ahead to your project (DJ)

How to approach your project: selecting an object/object group

Reading week

16

Project work I

17

Project work 2

18

Project work 3
Issue course evaluation forms

19

Project work 4
Evaluation forms

20

Project presentations and course review

Discuss evaluation forms

Reading list

Key to common periodicals abbreviations: AJA AJSL ANM Arch R Camb ASAE BASOR American Journal of Archaeology American Journal of Semitic Languages (continued as JNES) Archologie du Nil moyen Archaeological Review from Cambridge (continued as Cambridge Archaeological Journal) Annales du Service des Antiquits de lgypte Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

BFAE
BSEG BSFE CdE CRIPEL DE GM JAC JARCE JEA JESHO JNES JSSEA MDAIK PSBA RA RdE SAK VA ZAS

Bulletin of the Faculty of Arts, Cairo University

Bulletin de la Socit dgyptologie de Gnve Bulletin de la Socit Franaise dgyptologie Chronique dgypte Cahiers de recherche de lInstitut de Papyrologie at gyptologie de Lille Discussions in Egyptology Gttinger Miszellen Journal of Ancient Civilizations Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt Journal of Egyptian Archaeology Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient Journal of Near Eastern Studies (continues AJSL) Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo Proceedings of the Society for Biblical Archaeology Revue Archologique Revue dgyptologie Studien zur Altgyptischen Kultur Varia Aegyptiaca Zeitschrift fr gyptische Sprche

Background Adams W Y. Archaeological classification: theory versus practice. Antiquity 62 (1988) 40-56. IOA 581 Bourriau J and Phillips J (eds.). Invention and innovation : the social context of technological change. II, Egypt, the Aegean and the Near East, 1650-1150 BC. Oxford 2004. DBA 100 BOu Drower M S. Flinders Petrie: a life in archaeology. London 1985. EG A8 PET Hodder I. Symbols in action : ethnoarchaeological studies of material culture. Cambridge 1982. ID IOA HOD 4 (ed). The meanings of things : material culture and symbolic expression. London 1989. AH HOD Lucas A (rev Harris J R). Ancient Egyptian materials and industries. London 1962. EG S5 LUC Meskell L. Object worlds in ancient Egypt: material biographies past and present. Oxford 2004. EG B20 MES Nicholson P and Shaw I (eds). Ancient Egyptian materials and technology. Cambridge 2000. EG Qo S5 NIC Petrie W M F. Methods and aims in archaeology. London 1904. AL 14 PET

Petrie Collection Janssen R. The first hundred years: Egyptology at University College London 1892-1992. EG Qo A8 JAN Guide to the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology. London 1997 Digital Egypt: www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk

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Page A, Ancient Egyptian figured ostraca in the Petrie Collection (Warminster 1983). ID IOA PAG , Egyptian sculpture. Archaic to Saite. From the Petrie Collection (Warminster 1976). EG Qo M10 PAG Raisman V, Martin G T, Canopic equipment in the Petrie Collection (Warminster 1984). EG C10 PET Adams B, Sculptured pottery from Koptos: in the Petrie Collection (Warminster 1986). EG M10 ADA Stewart H M, Mummy-cases and inscribed funerary cones in the Petrie Collection (Warminster 1986). EG E7 STE , Egyptian stelae, reliefs and paintings from the Petrie Collection (3v Warminster 1976 83). EG Qo T30 STE

(Most titles in the next section are shelved at EG Qo E30) Petrie WMF, Objects of daily use illustrated by the Egyptian collection in University College London. London 1927/Warminster 1974. EG Qo E30 [42] . Ancient weights and measures illustrated by the Egyptian collection in University College, London. London 1926. . Glass stamps and weights. London 1926. (with Ancient weights, Warminster 1974. . Buttons and design scarabs illustrated by the Egyptian collection, University College, London. London1925. . Scarabs and cylinders with names illustrated by the Egyptian collection at University College, London. London 1917/Warminster 1974. . Tools and weapons illustrated by the Egyptian Collection, University College, London. London 1917. . Prehistoric Egypt (Corpus of prehistoric pottery and palettes). London 1920/Warminster 1974. EG Qo E30 [31] . The funeral furniture of Egypt/ Stone and metal vases. Warminster 1977. . Shabtis illustrated by the Egyptian collection, University College London. London 1935/Warminster 1974. EG Qo E30 [57] Samson J, Amarna: city of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. Key pieces from the Petrie Collection. London 1978 EG Qo C11 UNI

Egyptian representational conventions, etc Lurker M, An illustrated dictionary of the gods and symbols of ancient Egypt (London 1980). DCA 100 LUR Wilkinson RH, Symbol and magic in Egyptian art (London, New York 1994). EG M20 WIL Schfer H (ed Baines J), Principles of Egyptian art (Oxford 1986). ID IOA SCH 10

Amulets Andrews C, Amulets of ancient Egypt. London 1994. EG E7 AND , Ancient Egyptian jewellery. London 1991. EG Qo M20 AND

Shabtis Schneider HD, Shabtis: an introduction to the history of ancient Egyptian funerary statuettes (Leiden 1977). EG M10 SCH (Part 3 in Qo) Stewart HM, Egyptian shabtis. Princes Risborough 1995. EG M10 STE van Haarlem W M, Shabtis (2v Amsterdam 1990). EG Qo C422 COR

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Ceramics Hope C, Egyptian pottery (Princes Risborough 2001). EG M20 HOP Arnold D (ed), Studien zur altgyptischen Keramik (Mainz 1981). EG Qo M20 ARN , Bourriau J (eds), An introduction to ancient Egyptian pottery (Mainz 1993). EG Qo M20 ARN Jacquet-Gordon H, Pottery as an essential aid to surface survey. In Grimal N (ed), Prospection et sauvegarde des antiquits de lgypte (Cairo 1981) 13337. EG E100 PRO Hayes JW, Late Roman pottery (London 1972). YATES P40 HAY Adams WY, An introductory classification of Christian Nubian pottery. Kush 10 (1962) 245 88. IOA PERS Bachmann HG, Everts H, Hope CA, Cobalt-blue pigment on 18th Dynasty Egyptian pottery. MDAIK 36 (1980) 33. IOA PERS

Sequence dating Petrie WMF, Diospolis Parva (London 1901). EG Qo E42 [20] , Prehistoric Egypt (London 1921). Kemp BJ, Dating pharaonic cemeteries. MDAIK 31 (1975) 25991. IOA PERS , Automatic analysis of predynastic cemeteries: a new method for an old problem. JEA 68 (1982) 515. IOA PERS

Magic wands Altenmller H, Die Apotropaia und die Gtter Mittelgyptens. Munich 1965. EES? , Ein Zaubermesser des mittleren Reiches. SAK13 (1986)128. IOA PERS Legge F, The magical ivories of the Middle Empire. PSBA 27 (1905) 297 ff. IOA PERS Murray MA, The astrological character of the Egyptian magical wands. PSBA 28 (1906) 33 ff. IOA PERS Pinch, G. Magic in ancient Egypt. London 1994. EG R5 PIN

Anthropoid busts Friedman F, On the meaning of some anthropoid busts from Deir el-Medna. JEA 71 (1985) 8297. IOA PERS Keith-Bennett J. Anthropoid busts II: not from Deir el Medineh alone. BES 3 (1981) 4371. IOA PERS Boreux C, propos de quelques bustes gyptiens. In Glanville SR K (ed), StudiesF Ll Griffith (London 1932) 395401. EG Qo A6 GRI Demaree RJ, The h ikr n R stelae: on ancestor worship in ancient Egypt . Leiden 1983. EG V30 DEM

Foreign heads Petrie WMF, Meydum and Memphis (III). London 1910. EG Qo E30 [18] Gordon DH, The Buddhist origin of the Sumerian heads from Memphis. Iraq 6 (1939) 35-8 IOA PERS Harle D, The Indian terracottas from Memphis: a hitherto unknown deity? In: Jarrige C (ed), South Asian archaeology1989 (Madison 1992) 37584. DBM JAR Scheurleer RAL, Quelques terres cuites memphites. RdE 26 (1974) 83. IOA PERS

Bes figures Romano JF, The origin of the Bes image. BES 2 (1980) 3956. IOA PERS Dasen V, Dwarfs in ancient Egypt and Greece. Oxford 1993. EG B20 DAS

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Ear stelae Kayser F, Remarques sur quelques stles dites oreilles. Kmi 1 (1928) 12335. IOA PERS Jacquet J, Wall-Gordon H, Un bassin de libation du nouvel empire ddi Ptah. MDAIK 16 (1958) 161 ff. IOA PERS Giveon R, A god who hears. In van Voss H et al. (eds), Studies in Egyptian religion dedicated to Professor Jan Zandee (Leiden 1982) 3842. EG R5 VOS Blok HP, Oreilles et couronnes. propos des cultes de Canope. BIFAO 91 (1991) 207 ff. IOA PERS

Scarabs Blankenberg-van Delden C, The large commemorative scarabs of AmenhotepIII. Leiden 1969. ID IOA BLA 8 Martin GT, Egyptian administrative and private-name seals principally of the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period (Oxford 1971). EG Qo E7 MAR , Scarabs, cylinders and other ancient Egyptian seals: a checklist of publications (Warminster 1985). EG E7 MAR Matouk FS, Corpus du scarabe gyptien (2v Beirut 1976). EG E7 MAT Tufnell O, Studies on scarab seals (2v Warminster 1984). EG Qo E7 TUF

Canopic jars Dolzani C, Vasi canopici . Milan 1982. EG Qo C27 TOR Dodson A, The canopic equipment of the kings of Egypt. London 1993. EG E7 DOD Raisman V, Martin G T, Canopic equipment in the Petrie Collection (Warminster 1984). EG C10 PET

Funerary cones Davies N de G, Macadam FL, a corpus of inscribed funerary cones. vol1 Oxford 1957. EG SM FO E7 DAV Stewart HM, Mummy cases and inscribed funerary cones in the Petrie Collection. Warminster 1986. EG E7 STE Reeves CN, Ryan DP, Inscribed funerary cones in situ VA 3 (1987) 479. IOA PERS

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Assessment
This course is assessed by four pieces of coursework, each of 2000 words (+/- 10%), with each mark representing 25% of the total, and including the Project at the end of the course. There will be emphasis on the quality and appropriateness of your illustrations. Deadlines are as follows: 1. End of Term I 2. End of Reading Week, Term II 3. End of Term II 4. End of first week of Term III

Coursework 1
Either

Give an account of Petries collecting practices in the field and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of his collection at UCL, with reference to one or more object(s) in it.

or

Select an artefact or artefact group from the Petrie collection and trace its history from manufacture, life and deposition to discovery and subsequent treatment and display.

Coursework 2
Either Describe the history and assess the educational and cultural value of one Egyptological collection other than the Petrie Museum and the British Museum.

Or

Examine the phenomenon of egyptianising objects either in the ancient near east or in modern Europe.

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Coursework 3
Compare the relative merits of two or more of the following treatments of inscribed objects.

Demare, R. J. The 3 ir n Rc-stelae : on ancestor worship in ancient Egypt. Leiden 1983.EGYPT V30 DEM Murnane, W. J: The boundary stelae of Akhenaten. London ; New York 1993. EGYPT T30 MUR Stewart, H M. Egyptian stelae reliefs and paintings: from the Petrie Collection. Warminster 1976-83. EGYPT Qo T30 STE Malinine M, Vercoutter J. Paris 1968. EGYPT C24 LOU Catalogue des stles du Srapum de Memphis.

Allen, T G: Egyptian stelae in Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago 1936. EGYPT C81 CHI Grimal, Nicolas-Christophe. La stle triomphale de Pi ('Ankh)y au Musee du Caire.

Paris 1981. EGYPT Qo E25 [105

Smith H S. The Fortress of Buhen : the inscriptions. London 1976. EGYPT Q0 E42 [48]

Blankenberg-Van

Delden

C.

The

large

commemorative

scarabs

of

Amenhotep

III. Leiden1969 [1970]. ID IoA BLA 8

Habachi, Labib: The second Stela of Kamose and his struggle against the Hyksos ruler and his capital. Glckstadt 1972. EGYPT Qo B12 HAB

Darnell, John Coleman et al. Theban desert road survey in the Egyptian western desert. Chicago 2002. EGYPT Qo E100 DAR

Coursework 4 (Project)
Provide your own detailed archaeological record and assessment of one object or object group in the Petrie Museum, including any visual imagery you consider relevant, and appropriate discussion of its discovery and treatment.

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