ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION
Indian Construction Industry: Construction Sector Overview Today, India is the second fastest growing economy in the world. The Indian construction industry is an integral part of the economy and a conduit for a substantial part of its development investment, is poised for growth on account of industrialization, urbanization, economic development and people's rising expectations for improved quality of living. In India, construction is the second largest economic activity after agriculture. Construction accounts for nearly ! per cent of the total investment in infrastructure and is expected to be the biggest beneficiary of the surge in infrastructure investment over the next five years. Investment in construction accounts for nearly "" per cent of India#s $ross %omestic &roduct '$%&(. )*+,. - billion is li.ely to be invested in the infrastructure sector over the next five to "/ years 0 in power, roads, bridges, city infrastructure, ports, airports, telecommunications, which would provide a huge boost to the construction industry as a whole. Investment into this sector could go up to ),+.+ billion by 12*/"/. 3ith such bullish prospects in infrastructure, affiliated industries such as cement are on a high. Cement consumption, for the first time, is set to exceed the "!/0 million tonne mar.. 4eflecting the demand for the commodity, capacity utilization rose to over "// per cent to touch "/* per cent in 5anuary *//6 with dispatches touching "7."/ million tonnes as against the production of "7 million tonnes. 8s opportunities in the sector continue to come to the fore, foreign direct investment has been moving upwards.

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The real estate and construction sectors received 1%I of )*" .!+ million in the first half of the current fiscal year. Future Challen es: The Indian economy has witnessed considerable progress in the past few decades. 9ost of the infrastructure development sectors moved forward, but not to the required extent of increasing growth rate up to the tune of - to "/ per cent. The :nion $overnment has underlined the requirements of the construction industry. 3ith the present emphasis on creating physical infrastructure, massive investment is planned in this sector. The &lanning Commission has estimated that investment requirement in infrastructure to the tune of about "7,!/,/// crore or :;<+*/ billion during the ""th 1ive 2ear &lan period. !cono"ic Overview: India#s economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries and a multitude of support services = industries. &roduction, trade, and investment reforms have provided new opportunities for Indian businesspersons. India has an estimated +!/ million middle class consumers> India is the second fastest growing economy of the world at present. India has recorded one of the highest growth rates in the ",,/s. The target of the "/ th 1ive 2ear &lan '*//*0/6( is -?. India#s services sector growth of 6.,? over the period ",,/0*//" is the second highest in the world. India is a young country with median age of population being *7. years = one0third of the population is below "7 years of age. @ong run $%& growth from mid ",,/s has now stepped up to .!? from an average of !? a decade = half ago and less than +? two decades ago.

The average annual growth rate for the next few years is expected to be 6? to 6.!?

The opportunities unfolding in India is as a result of reforms enacted from early ",,/s as well as a result of India#s increasing competitiveness = confidence

8 unique feature of the transition of the Indian economy has been high growth with stability.

7th largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity.

+!/ million middle0class consumer mar.et.

;teady economic growth over !/ years.

Increasingly transparent = open policies to access, investment, location, choice of technology, import and export. $overnment rapidly moving out of ownership A 9anagement of commercial enterprises by a process of disinvestment of existing $overnment0owned businesses.

&ositive outloo. to international investments = trade policies.

1iscal incentives = Central $overnment = ;tates support in physical = social infrastructure development.

Bery large pool of educated and trained = s.illed manpower

4apidly developing 4=%, infrastructure, technical and mar.eting services.

8gricultural self0sufficiency, rich mineral base and abundance of other natural resources. @arge, diversified and geographically well distributed manufacturing capability. %iversified infrastructure facilities available and under development.

Ad"inistration and Re ulations o# Construction Industry: Construction &roCects are subCect to a host of Central and ;tate laws simultaneously. 8dministratively and in terms of regulation, Central = ;tate $overnments have their own roles to play in Construction. Structure and Role o# Construction Ad"inistration: ;tructure and 4ole of Construction 8dministration of Central $overnment =

;tructure and 4ole of Construction 8dministration of @ocal $overnment

New $aterials% !&ui'"ent and Technolo ies:

Dew mega0proCect underta.en, involvement of international consultants, and participation of Indian consultantsAcontractors in international proCects has led to infusion of new materials, equipment and technologies in the construction practices in India. 3hile manufacturing of new materials is going on at a more aggressive pace, the manufacturing of new equipment is constrained by large capital investments and the uncertain mar.ets. Eowever, the growing mar.et for such advanced equipment will eventually push the entrepreneurs to manufacture these also. Fn the technological front, the picture is abysmally low. The country has not invested adequately into ma.ing technical human resources capable of addressing the professional services needs of the construction industry li.e litigation, training of artisans, cost indices, contracting, insurance, finance, ban.ing and taxation. Fn the engineering design front, the college education of the practicing engineers has not been adequately augmented from time to time with in0house

or distance education modules. Thus, senior engineers are often found oblivious to new technologies and tools. 8s a consequence, the country is faced with a dire need for qualified technical manpower. The following are some of the newer initiatives of the construction industry in the area of materials and construction strategies.

Facts a(out Construction Industry Trends:

Construction industry contributes a huge chun. to the world $%& amounting to "A"/th of the same. This industry has immense potential in generating huge amount of employment. It has been found out that construction industry offers employment to around 6? of the total employed wor. force around the globe.

Construction Industry is the largest sector in respect of consumption of energy. It consumes around *A!th of the total consumed energy through out the world. 4esource utilization in case of construction industry amounts to half of the total resource used all over the world.

The most significant aspect associated with the construction industry trends is increased use of the latest IT technologies for pacing up the wor.. Cutting edge technology is being adopted by world's one of the biggest industries for leveraging purposes and is mainly being used in raising the efficiency level of engineering and designing of construction industry. It has been found out that the paper oriented format of operation in the construction industry is not at all a cost effective approach because it eats around sixteen billion :; dollars in :; real estate sector only. Construction Industry Trends show that the utilization of information technology has helped the industry to save a lot of fund which could be channelized in more fruitful directions.

Fne of the latest technologies used in construction industry is Guilding Information 9odel 'GI9(. This technology helps all the factors of a proCect to wor. in a collaborative and concerted manner solely based on the platform of Information Technology. GI9

helps the different members of a proCect to communicate information among themselves which consequently leverages the productivity and at the same time minimizes the error along with cost. Construction Industry Trends can be stratified in accordance with the different segments and countries. They would mainly discuss about two countries for giving an overview of the construction industry trends)

In :;8, heavy engineering construction sector has increased at the rate of !.*? in the financial year *//,. 4esidential and commercial residential real estate sector has respectively grown at the rate of "!? and 6.!?. Gut this upbeat mood lost its shine in the fiscals *//, and */"/ especially in the residential real estate one. 8 glut can be evidenced in this segment because of fall in the sales of the homes which is expected to continue till +rd quarter of */"/.

India is seeing a boom in the construction sector mainly due to the government initiative in expansion of the developmental facilities. Hconomic upsurge has also generated enhanced generation of demand in the real estate sector 'both residential as well as commercial(. Construction Industry in India is rising at a phenomenal rate of 6 to -? p.a.

Industry Se "ents: Real !state: 4esidential 'Eousing = %evelopment( Industrial 'Industrial &ar.s, 1actories, &lants, etc.( Corporate 'Fffice, 4esearch Centres( Commercial '4etail> 9alls, ;hops, ;howroomsI EotelsI etc. (

In#rastructure: 4oads 4ailways

:rban infrastructure 'improved housing, water supply and sanitation, schools, universities, health and security, etc.( &orts 8irports &ower

Indian Real !state Sector: 4eal Hstate is a )- bn 'by revenue( Industry in India. It is proCected to grow to )+7 bn by */"/. It has witnessed a revolution, driven by the booming economy, favorable demographics and liberalized foreign direct investment '1%I( regime. $rowing at a scorching +/ per cent, it has emerged as one of the most appealing investment areas for domestic as well as foreign investors. The second largest employing sector in India 'including construction and facilities management(, real estate is lin.ed to about *!/ ancillary industries li.e cement, bric. and steel through bac.ward and forward lin.ages. Consequently, a unit increase in expenditure in this sector has a multiplier effect and the capacity to generate income as high as five times. All*round Develo'"ent: 4ising income levels of a growing middle class along with increase in nuclear families, low interest rates, modern attitudes to home ownership 'the average age of a new homeowner in *// was +* years compared with 7! years a decade ago( and a change of attitude amongst the young wor.ing population from that of 'save and buy' to 'buy and repay' have all combined to boost housing demand. 8ccording to 'Eousing ;.yline of India *//60/-', a study by research firm, Indicus 8nalytics, there will be demand for over *7.+ million new dwellings for self0living in urban India alone by */"!. Consequently, this segment is li.ely to throw huge investment opportunities. In fact, an estimated )" billion investment will be required over the next five years in urban housing, says a report by 9errill @ynch. ;imultaneously, the rapid growth of the Indian economy has had a cascading effect on demand for commercial property to help meet the needs of business, such as modern offices, warehouses, hotels and retail shopping centers.

$rowth in commercial office space requirement is led by the burgeoning outsourcing and information technology 'IT( industry and organised retail. 1or example, IT and ITH; alone is estimated to require "!/ million sqft across urban India by */"*. ;imilarly, the organized retail industry is li.ely to require an additional **/ million sqft by */"*. +lo(al $a,ors: 3ith the significant investment opportunities emerging in this industry, a large number of international real estate players have entered the country. Currently, foreign direct investment '1%I( inflows into the sector are estimated to be between )+ billion and )+.!/ billion. 5ones @ang @a;alle '5@@(, the world's leading integrated global real estate services and money management firm, plans to invest around ) 7 million in the country's burgeoning property mar.et. %ubai0based %898C &roperties would invest up to )*., billion to develop properties in India. 9errill @ynch = Co bought 7, per cent equity in seven mid0income housing proCects of India's largest real estate developer %@1 in Chennai, Gangalore, Jochi and Indore for )*7+ million. :8H0based real estate company 4a.een and Chennai0based mineral firm Trimex $roup have formed Coint venture company 0 4a.indo %evelopers 0 which would invest over )+ billion over the next five years. %ubai0based Da.heel and Eines of the :; have tied up with %@1 to develop properties in India. %@1 has also formed a Coint venture with @imitless Eolding, a part of %ubai 3orld, to develop a ), billion township proCect in Jarnata.a. $ulf 1inance Eouse '$1E( has decided to invest over ) " billion in a green field site close to Davi 9umbai.
In#rastructure:

-ower:

 Roads:

&ower generation capacity of "** $3I !,/ bn units produced '" unit K".wh(, Compound 8nnual $rowth 4ate of 7. ? over the last four years India has the fifth largest electricity generation capacity in the world

8n extensive road networ. of +.+ m .m L the second largest in the world The $olden Muadrilateral '$M0!-7 .m of 7 lane highways( Dorth0;outh = Hast 3est Corridors 'D;H306+// .m of 7 lane highways(

Railways: -orts: "* 9aCor &orts and "-! 9inor &orts along 6,!"6 .m long Indian coastline "//? 1%I under the automatic route is permitted for port development proCects &ublicL&rivate partnership is seen by the $overnment as the .ey to improve 9aCor and 9inor ports The premier transport organization of the country 0 the largest rail networ. in 8sia and the world#s second largest 6! locomotives, +6,-7/ Coaching vehicles, ***,"76 1reight wagons, -!+

;tations, +// 2ards, *+// $ood sheds, 6// 4epair shops, ".!7 m 3or. force

Air'orts: India has "*! airportsI of these, "" are designated international airports "//? 1%I is permissible for existing airportsI 1I&G approval required for 1%I beyond 67? &rivatization of the %elhi and 9umbai airports is in progress. Hxpected investment of about )*.7 billion Dew international airports 0 Gangalore = Eyderabad are being built by private consortia L total investment of about )7"" million

*! other city airports are being considered for private investment.

Ur(an Develo'"ent:

India#s total urban population on "st 9arch *//6 was *-! million. 8llowing up to "// ? foreign direct investment '1%I( under the automatic route in townships, housing, built0up infrastructure and construction0development proCect

O''ortunities: 3ith the economy surging ahead, the demand for all segments of the real estate sector is li.ely to continue to grow. The Indian real estate industry is li.ely to grow from )6 billion in *//! to )!- billion in by */"!. $iven the boom in residential housing, IT, ITe;, organized retail and hospitality industries, this industry is li.ely to see increased investment activity. 1oreign direct investment alone might see a close to six0fold Cump to )", billion over the next "/ years. There are a lot of opportunities that are sprouting up in the construction of 4oads, 4ailways, 8irports and &ower. &roCects worth )".-6* billion are coming up to develop ;pecial Hconomic Nones. India has a large and growing middle class population of +// million people, out of which a large section is need on new houses. It is estimated that there is a national housing storage of 7" million units. 4etailing is becoming the boom industry with organized retail being a mar.et of )7.7,7 billion. 3ater supply and sanitation proCects alone offer scope for annual investment of )7.*6 billion. The 9inistry of &ower has formulated a blueprint to provide reliable, affordable and quality power to all users by */"*. This calls for an investment of )!7. 6 billion in the next five years. The government of India has permitted 1%I up to "//? for development of integrated townships in India last year. India's booming infrastructure sector is fuelling demand for all .inds of construction equipment. Gefore the opening up of the Indian economy, and the entry of international maCors, much of infrastructure development and construction in the real estate sector was done manually. Gut with the infrastructure and construction sectors undergoing dramatic changes L with /0storeyed s.y0scrapers being built in cities li.e 9umbai, and thousands of .ilometers of expressways and highways being laid across the subcontinent 0 builders and contractors

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are acquiring sophisticated equipment to execute the multi0million0dollar proCects. 1or the construction equipment sector, which has adapted rapidly to the changed scenario, this is indeed good news, as it paves the way for an exciting future.

This recent economic growth is placing increasing strains on India's physical infrastructure, not only from population growth and expanding economic activities, but also structural changes in the economy. India's economy reflects a consistent decline of primary sectors, such as agriculture, forestry, and fishing, as well as rising importance of non0primary sectors, such as services and manufacturing. This shift away from primary to non0primary sectors heightens the demand for infrastructure investment. This heightened demand is exacerbated by the fact that India had a substantial infrastructure deficit in terms of capacity and efficiency of delivery prior to recent structural changes. 8dditionally, according to IE; $lobal Insight estimates, the Indian service sector has witnessed a tremendous growth, contributing about ,? to overall $%& during *//+0/6. The growth in tourism has created demand for recreational construction such as hotels and resorts. India's medical tourism is expected to grow from :;<+!/ million 'at current prices( in *// to :;<* billion in */"*O"6.!? growth. ;imilarly, the growth in information technology and outsourcing has created strong demand for office space.

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Total investment in India's infrastructure was estimated at approximately !? of $%& in *// 0/6. Eere, infrastructure is defined to include electricity 'including non0conventional energy(, telecommunications, roads and bridges, railways 'including mass rapid0transport systemO94T;(, ports, airports, irrigation 'including watershed development(, water supply and sanitation, storage, and gas0distribution sectors. To achieve a target $%& growth rate of ,? set by the &lanning Commission, gross capital formation '$C1( in infrastructure should rise to ,? of $%& by the end of */"*. This equates to an increase of $C1 from *,!,- billion rupees in *//60/- to !,67/ billion rupees in */""0"*7. If achieved, the ""th 1ive02ear &lan period '*//60"*( will result in an aggregate $C1 of */,""! billion rupees ':;<776 billion at an exchange rate of 7! rupeesA:.;. dollar(. It should be noted that India's proCection of their economic growth exceeds IE; $lobal Insight's proCections for India's $%&. 8s a result, India's proCected infrastructure investment levels may also be optimistic. Construction is an important part of the industrial sector and one of the core sectors of India's economy. 8ccording to IE; $lobal Insight, :;<"6! billion was spent on construction in India in *//, after growing "! ? since *//-. Fut of :;<"6! billion, :;<"7/ billion was spent on nonresidential, and the remaining :;<+! billion was spent on residential construction. Construction spending is expected to increase to :;<+6/ billion by the end of */"+, with residential totaling :;< + billion and nonresidential registering :;<+/6 billion. This represents a compound annual growth rate 'C8$4( of "+.+?.

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IE; $lobal Insight's nonresidential construction forecast for India, including maCor sub0 categoriesOtransportation, public health, energy, office, commercial, institutional, and industrialOis expected to rise at a C8$4 of "+.,? during *//60"+.

The construction sector is also the second largest employer in the country following agriculture, employing "- million people directly and "7 million indirectly. Hxports constitute about !? of the size of domestic mar.et and include construction materials, services, and cheap labor. The country's main international trading partners in this sector are the 9iddle Hast, 8frica, and 9alaysia. Indian companies have very limited exposure to large mar.ets such as the :nited ;tates, 5apan, and 3est Hurope. India.s Construction +rowth Relative to Asia

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The Indian construction industry is highly fragmented. This is partially due to the fact that, for most proCects, there are no long0term relationships between the contractors and clients. 1or example, government agencies such as the Dational Eighway 8uthority of India 'DE8I( do not provide any benefits to the long0term contractors that have wor.ed with them in the past. Gecause the sector lac.s economies of scale, smaller players may have better cost structures due to lower overhead costs. The industry can be broadly classified into two segmentsOorganized and unorganized. The organized segment consists of firms and independent contractors who manage their business 'design, financing, execution, etc.( on a professional basis. The organized segment operates on small, medium, and large scales. The unorganized segment primarily consists of standalone contractors that operate at a small scale. Construction activities of smaller firms in the organized segment and contractors in the unorganized segment are mainly focused on simple construction proCectsObuilding houses for individuals, repair, and maintenance for smaller buildings. Construction activities for larger firms involve complex logistics management of men, machinery, and materials. The construction industry is the second largest industry in India after agriculture. It accounts for about ""? of India $%&. It ma.es significant contribution to the national economy and provides employment to large number of people. There are mainly three segments in the construction industry li.e real estate construction which includes residential and commercial constructionI infrastructure building which includes roads, railways, power etcI and industrial construction that consists of oil and gas refineries,

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pipelines, textiles etc. 8ccording to a study by 8;;FCE89, the burgeoning Indian construction industry, currently worth <6/ billion, will rise to :;<"*/ billion by */"/. Construction is an essential part of any country infrastructure and industrial development. Construction industry, with its bac.ward and forward lin.ages with various other industries li.e cement, steel bric.s etc. catalyses employment generation in the country, construction is the second largest economic activity next to agriculture. Groadly construction can be classified into + segments Infrastructure, Industrial and 4eal Hstate.

Infrastructure segments involve construction proCects in different sectors li.e roads, railways, ports, irrigation, power etc. Industrial construction is contributed by expansion proCects from various manufacturing sectors. 4eal estate construction can be sub0divided into residential, commercial, mallsAmultiplexes etc. The construction activity involved in different segments differs from segment to segment. Construction of houses and roads involves about 6!? and /? of civil construction respectively. Guilding of airports and ports has construction activity in the range of 7/0!/?. 1or industrial proCects, construction component ranges between "!0*/?. 3ithin a particular sector also construction component varies from proCect to proCect. Construction sector contributed about "".!? to the country $%& in 12 /-. Fver past few years, growth of the construction has followed the trend of economic growth rate of the country. The multiplier factor between growth rates of construction and $%& has been about ".!P0 ". P. Fver past + years, construction as a percentage of $%& has increased from -./? in 12 / to -.!? in 12 /-. Construction activity being labor intensive has generated employment for about ++ million people in the country. The construction industry in India is highly fragmented. There are number of unorganized players in the industry which wor. on the subcontracting basis. To execute more critical proCects, nowadays bids are increasing placed in consortium. Gut the profitability of the construction proCects varies across different segments. Complex technology savvy proCects can fetch higher profit margins for construction companies as compared to low technology proCects li.e road construction. Barious proCects in Construction industry are wor.ing capital intensive. 3or.ing capital requirement for any company depends on the order mix of the "!

companies. The construction industry operates on the basis of contractual agreements. Fver the years different types of contracts have been developed. It mainly depends on the magnitude and nature of wor., special design needs, and annual requirements of funds and complexities of Cob. Construction proCects can be materialized through number of smaller contracts which mainly depends upon size of the proCect and diversified nature of activities to be carried out in the proCect. 8s a result, ;ubcontracting is a common phenomenon in the construction industry

/IT!RATUR! R!0I!1

8 labor relation is the study and practice of managing unionized employment situations. In academia, labor relations is frequently a sub0area within industrial relations, though scholars from many disciplines00including economics, sociology, history, law, and political science00also study labor unions and labor movements. In practice, labor relations are frequently a sub0area within human resource management. Courses in labor relations typically cover labor history, labor law, union organizing, bargaining, contract administration, and important contemporary topics. In the :nited ;tates, labor relations in the private sector are regulated by the Dational @abor 4elations 8ct. &ublic sector labor relations are regulated by the Civil ;ervice 4eform 8ct of ",6- and various pieces of state legislation. In other countries, labor relations might be regulated by law or tradition.

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8n important professional association for :.;. labor relations scholars and practitioners is the @abor and Hmployment 4elations 8ssociation. The (irth o# the 'attern o# the la(our relationshi': %uring the first developments of modern economy in the Industrial 4evolution, the pattern of relationships between the wor.force and firm owners emerged and became rooted in labour management. 3or.ing conditions were so dramatic that compelling labour laws were necessary to correct the negative externalities of the mar.et law. 8t this stage, the individual was totally assimilated to capital. It was not the human qualities of physical persons that were needed in businesses but the QcomplementR of capital, the mean to enhance the capacity of equipment and moneyI it was then a resource li.e any other one. The means of production other than labour was what concentrated all attentions and was the nerve of the war. 1rom then on, the analysis of the wor.force was carried out similarly as technical and financial resources. The consecutives QimprovementsR regarding the wor.force management was to find out the combination to boost capital productivity. 1. 3. Taylor made substantial progress in this regard with his ;cientific 9anagement of labour. Ee established irreparably a division between the decision ma.er and executants, the line and staff. 3or.ers, under very tight control achieve watch0precise tas. where no decision at all is required. They were viewed as being extensions of industrial machinery leaving aside the nature of wor. as a social process. This approach on labour was concomitant with a certain social context at the end of the ",th century> the wor.force was abundant and hardly literate, low s.illed and needed strong management to achieve the required productivity.

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8nother step was crossed at the beginning of the */th century when Eenry 1ord integrated the principles of ;cientific 9anagement with standardised output, moving assembly lines and demand stimulation. 8fter or rather as a parallel to the mass production era, emerged the mass0customization or post0fordist times. It is a convenient and broad enough expression including the fact that demand is the driver and not production, that flexibility 'in all forms( ta.es the lead on standardization and all what is not contending with Taylorism or 1ordism. 8ll along, labour is at the service of capital, denying its specificity as a very special mean of production. It is always shaped and forced as to match machinery needs, constraining it and preventing any other development.

!##ect o# technolo y develo'"ent and decrease in trans'ortation costs on the la(our relationshi': The breach in the pattern of relationship generated by the Industrial 4evolution context stemmed from 5apan, with Toyota and its empowerment of employees iI and this happened in the 6/s0-/s. 8lso, contemporary with the ",-/s, the birth of QEuman 4esourcesR function with the ac.nowledgement of the particularity of human labour, a scarce resource. 8s early as ",*/s0",+/s, giant firms li.e $eneral 9otors, 1ord, 1irestone, Dabisco, $eneral 1oods, Eoover, ITT and Eoneywell 'all 8merican companies( widened their scope and diversified geographically their production centres under the influence of transportation technological progress '4avenhill, *//-(I this Qglobal shrin.ageR ii benefited first to companies. They carried on their development to become later maCor players in the business world by !/s. 8t this stage, the developed world was in the fourth Jondratiev long0wave " 'between late ",7/s0",,/s(. %uring this 1ordist mass production era, when it comes to transportation, it is the physical one that was still the dominant driver. Dext to it,

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transportation of information was ta.ing off at a steady pace. The current long0wave 'J!" ( is driven by computers, telecommunications, optical fibre, biotechnologyS It is during this one, that individual horizons opened up and matched transnational# scope '%ic.en, *//!(. It is where the world went QflatR '1riedman, *// ( and where the individual gained some power able to challenge TDCs one 'essentially through the Internet(. 3or.ers achieved then a certain level of .nowledge, maturity, and independence enabling some of them to have a new approach regarding labour in general. The concept of Q.nowledge wor.ersRiii '%ruc.er, ", ( is defined as Qwor.ers who have high degrees of expertise, education, or experience, and the primary purpose of their Cobs involve the creation, distribution, or application of .nowledgeR '%avenport, *//!(. 1irm structures were also impacted by ICT and progress in transportation. Eierarchies QlightenedR to allow easier flow of information and better mar.et reactivity. ICT allowed access to information to mostly each individual 'at wor. or at home( equipped with a computer and a connection. The hierarchies are being challenged from QbelowR or transforming themselves from top down structures into more horizontal and collaborative ones. This is changing the nature of the social contract and the society rights. In this context, labour mar.ets and the relation between individuals and businesses are also evolving. The individual places himself at the centre of this new era. Ee is freeing himself from nations, states or firms. 3e assist to the empowerment of individuals and companies to act globally. Hven if today, labour organisation .nows a wide diversity where still taylorist A fordist styles of organisation can be found, there is a confirming trend towards more flexibility, towards a new type of wor.ing relationship. 8fter a little more than a century, since labour began to be Qmanaged scientificallyR, it reached a certain maturity allowing firms and society to apprehend the particular nature of this resource. The same evolution occurred in wor.ers minds and attitudes, as the general educational level rose, the standards of living improved and the demands towards life matured. 3or.ers are not any more incline to sacrifice their private life on the altar of labour. The reality of this change in the nature of the lin. existing between employers and highly s.illed wor.er is quite complex to apprehend and seem to be difficult to be framed in one topic li.e Hconomics, ;ociology, Euman 4esourcesS alone.

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A(out the nature o# the conte"'orary la(our "ar2ets: In @abour Hconomics, the Institutional ;chool appears to complement more than conflict with the Deoclassical ;chool. Fn the question of the appropriate human behaviour, Institutionalists point out that human behaviour can be also influence by non0egoistic concerns. 8lso, they consider human brain as too limited or clouded by emotions to be able to ma.e the right calculations and ta.e the right decision. 1inally, they outline the interdependent feature of individual#s preferences and the fact that they are endogenous and that they are shaped and change with the economic system. These approaches describe a reality in labour mar.ets contemporary with the 6/s, -/s and some of the ,/s. 8lways with the law of supply and demand as the main driver, those mar.ets shaped and developed in different manners following a country#s economic and institutional situation. @abour mar.ets present unique features that distinguish them from other goods and services mar.ets to which they are usually assimilated to in economic theory. The QgoodR exchanged is embodied in a human being with all its contradictions, desires and passions. Hven, if it is still the case for a maCor part of global labour force, the trade between labour demanders and labour suppliers on the mar.et cannot be only determined only by prices for s.illed people and in today#s globalise context. Don0economic factors iv intervene in the individual#s decision to accept or not a position and sometimes even ta.e the lead on the price. ;o the decision to wor. for a company and the decision of firms regarding whom to hire are based on a complex pac.age of considerations. The wor.ing relationship is characterized by the continuous existence of the lin. whether it is short, medium or long0term. This differs from the instantaneous trading done between goods or services producers and purchasers. This involves the consideration of data different or complementary to prices. 3or.er might consider the quality of relations they can develop with other people in the place. 8nd firms might be sensitive to intangible factors li.e motivation and congeniality when hiring someone. 9oreover, the number of contracts an individual might have during his wor.ing life is relatively reduced. Fne study found the typical wor.er can expect to have ten Cobs between ages "-

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and !, two0thirds in the first ten years of wor. life. Guyers and seller will invest much more time and efforts in evaluating the non0pecuniary and hard0to0measure characteristics that differentiate each possible relationship. @abour mar.ets are also characterised by the multiplicity of particular submar.ets 'geographical, occupation, s.illsS( and are heavily chipped by the existence of networ.s questioning again the price as a determinant factor in the labour relation. It is the case for those sectors> finance, IT, biotechnology, science and engineeringS and even more when we deal with the top level executive. Gut whatever the limitation, economic approach of the wor.ing relationship is necessary as wages are still determined by a mar.et situation. Gesides this, Euman 4esource 9anagement brings another light and complement labour economics in this context of globalisation more than ever. 1or2ers "ana e"ent: a necessary evolution Gy the labelling E49, the necessity of considerations other than Q&ersonnel 9anagementR that refers more to ;cientific 9anagement of @abour approach was needed. Concepts li.e E49, Qhuman capital theoryR and Qhuman asset accountingR appeared in the ",6/s. E4 per se materialised at the beginning of the ",-/s where an awareness of the potential hidden behind the QhumanR nature of this labour resource was perceived '&eretti, ",- (.:ntil then, it was the Qpoor parentR in business management. The Earvard Gusiness ;chool pioneering the teaching of such a topic in its 9G8 has a humanistic approach. It sees employees as resources, human resources that have to be managed in a very different way than other resources. %uring the next decades, this function is going to evolve liaising with globalisation and the current developments on labour mar.et that are relevant. Currently, this field .nows some reconsiderations, evolutions and mutations. 1or example ;chuler and Tarique '*//6( introduce the notion of International E49 which field is about understanding, researching, applying and revising HR activities in their internal and external contexts

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as they have an impact on the processes of managing HR in organizations throughout the global environment to enhance the experience of multiple stakeholders. Euman 4esources function remained usually among the least influential in most organizations. This was reinforced by Qsubstituting labour by capital and designing hierarchical organizations that separate those ho think from those ho actually do the orkR. The attribution of this secondary role is not any more the case. Current development in ;trategic 9anagement emphasise resource0based and .nowledge0based approach of the firm. Q!ith rare exception, the economic and producing po er of the firm lies more in its intellectual and service capabilities than in its hard assets " land, plant an equipment#$irtually all public and

private enterprises " including most successful corporations " are becoming dominantly repositories and coordinators of intellect. 1urther, Euman Capital 9anagement is reinforcing this perception on the high complexity of the wor.ing relationship between highly s.illed people and firms. Hmployee s.ills, .nowledge, and abilities are among the most distinctive and renewable resources upon which a company can draw. Innovation and learning appear also as strategic areas to develop. E4 as we conceive it today goes over the edge of human capital and social capitalv. It incorporates also the development of relationships and exchanges inside and outside the organisation. There is no neat cut between different function in the firm. 8ll are interrelated and are part of E4 strategy. This QblurredR type of relations among different areas exists already in 1inance and IT sector. E4 strategy is moving away from a strictly behavioural focus. Eitt, = Earrison, = 1reeman, = ;hadur, = ;nell, = 3right '*//"(c find three dimensions of E4 strategy in today#s era they call QCompetitive potentialR> Composition of the wor.forcevi, Culture of the wor.forcevii and Competencies of the wor.forceviii. 9anagement of wor.force is the biggest challenge coming ahead for most companies.

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3e use the term employment relations pattern to denote a mix of H4 policies and institutions at the national level and institutions and practices at the industry and wor.place levels. Fur focus is to understand the logics underlying the development of these patterns. %rawing from institutional theory, we see logics of action as underlying constructs driving important decisions. 1or example, refer to logics as sense ma.ing constructs that embody conventionalized understandings about what is appropriate and reasonable, thereby shaping actors' strategies. 8ctors in H4 'government officials, employers, and wor.ers( ta.e action and Custify their decisions with reference to an underlying logic. 8n understanding of the strength of different logics in action, we argue, is necessary to understand why certain patterns of employment relations exist, and helps explain future changes in these patterns. The basic idea is that each logic results in the development of rules and institutions about employment relations. 3hen new logics are introduced, the new logic leads to new rules and changes in institutional arrangements, although the old system is rarely completely replaced. 9ore often, old institutions are reformed in terms of the new logic. 1or example, the tripartite arrangements that were created in ;ingapore to guarantee industrial peace have been used in recent years to strengthen the logic of competition. The operation of a particular logic can over time have unintended consequences that lead it to lose social relevance. %emands for change in the system are often legitimated by reference to a newer logic. Thus a crucial aspect of our argument is that the relative strength of the logics tend to vary over time within and across nations, and that the different combinations of these logics account for similarities and differences in H4 patterns and tendencies to converge or diverge. These logics of action framewor. argument can also be derived deductively from a sociological conception of capitalism that assumes conflicts of interest between capital and labor and a system stabilizing role for the state. Thus, capital see.s to maximize profits by securing maximum discretion in allocating and directing labor. 8t the level of social action, this means ta.ing initiatives in accordance with the logic of competition. @abor, on the other hand, attempts to limit employer action that adversely affected wor.ers' ability to generate a continuing stream of socially acceptable, extrinsic and intrinsic rewards. This is defined as action in accordance with the logic of employment0income protection. Tension or actual conflict between managers and wor.ers preventing either or both

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parties from attaining their goals is li.ely to lead to an imposed or negotiated solution. 8 framewor. for such initiatives may be introduced by the state. Thus, action in accordance with this tension0reducing or conflict0resolving obCective is referred to as the logic of industrial peace. Thus, the different logics of action denote strategies guided by values regarded as especially important by the dominant actors. Gelow, we discuss these logics in greater detail. The pursuit of economic development based on export0oriented industrialization 'HFI( including increased foreign direct investment and mar.et liberalization policies in many 8sian countries 'e.g. as in India and China( has led to the ascendancy of the logic of competition. This became most transparent in the ",-/s and ",,/s as globalization gathered pace. The rationale of H4 under this logic is the facilitation of enterprise efficiency, both in terms of labor mar.et flexibility and labor productivity. 8 range of policies and practices are typically associated with this logic. 1or example, competition fosters decentralized decision ma.ing aimed at tailoring wage levels to the particular economic environment of firms, rather than industries, hence decentralized wage determination. 3ith an emphasis on cost containment, many managers come to see trade unions as unnecessary impediments to efficiency, hence the adoption of practices designed to marginalize or eliminate these organizations. Hxport processing zones that are exempt from national labor legislation are often established in developing nations to achieve these goals 'e.g., &hilippines and ;ri @an.a(. $overnments may also use selective immigration as a means of ensuring an adequate and flexible supply of labor 'e.g., ;ingapore and 9alaysia(. 3here competition is based on quality and innovation rather than solely on cost, employers and governments are li.ely to stress the importance of training in order to improve wor.ers# competencies, particularly where labor shortages occur. 4apid industrialization is often accompanied by disruption of extended family support systems, increasing dependence on industrial wor., and later, demands for participation in the political system. Increasing competition, and the unrestrained, and often unpredictable, movement of capital, leads to rising Cob insecurity and unemployment.

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The employment policies of multinationals and their suppliers contrast with those in smaller, local firms who cannot afford the higher incomes and welfare provisions provided by their new competitors. These developments most often occur against the bac.drop of very limited state social welfare provision 'e.g., India(. Thus, in developing countries most exposed to globalization, there is often rapidly growing support for the logic of employment0income protection. This is manifested in demands for increased wor.er protection against lay0offs, long wor.ing hours, poor health and safety conditions, discrimination, and protection against arbitrary management power. There are also demands for a living wage, unemployment pay and pensions. This logic, promoted by employees and trade unions, and by human rights groups and Don0$overnment Frganizations intent on ensuring that large multinational firms act in a more socially responsible manner. 3ider political demands also occur, usually when industrialization has created a coherent wor.ing class. Threats to prevailing standards of living, such as the ",,60,- 8sian 1inancial crisis, can provo.e political action. Thus, a more democratic and responsive state has emerged in countries li.e Indonesia, Thailand and ;outh Jorea in recent years. This logic has also been used by governments to ta.e pre0emptive action to limit potential political instability and maintain wor.ing class support. This is especially evident where the class0consciousness and power of urban wor.ers has increased '9alaysia( or is growing rapidly 'China(. Thus, the logic of Hmployment0 income protection represents wor.ers# responses to employment instability and employer control. It aims to alleviate labor mar.et and management imposed hardship on wor.ers through rules limiting labor mar.et flexibility and employer discretion, or through the provision of social safety nets via unemployment insurance, funds for retraining, and social security. Typical protections include tripartite or bipartite agreements that promote the role of unions in collective bargaining, and regulation of substantive issues. The strength of the above three logics vary over time within each nation. 3e use our four cases to identify critical factors affecting logic strength. 3e find that five factors appear to influence the strength of the three logics. These are economic development strategies, globalization intensity, government responsiveness to wor.ers# expectations, the state of the labor mar.et, and union strength. 3e briefly discuss each factor in turn. 3here a

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government pursues an economic development strategy based on I;I, the logic of industrial peace is li.ely to be strong. The aim is to produce locally instead of importing to conserve foreign exchange, thus increasing local employment and stimulating local investment. ;uccess of I;I depends on shielding infant industries from foreign competition, through tariffs. &rotection from competition sustains highly protective labor legislation. In contrast, the adoption of an export oriented industrialization strategy, or a less comprehensive policy of opening the economy to foreign investment and trade, will be associated with a strong logic of competition. This arises from an increase in competition 00 local employers will now have to compete with foreign multinationals in the domestic economy and in international export mar.ets. The strength of different logics is also influenced by the intensity of globalization, a term that refers to a country's length and depth of exposure to foreign trade and investment. Fther things being equal, the logic of competition is li.ely to be stronger in countries that have been exposed to globalization for longer over a wider range of sectors. 8s an illustration of cross0country variance in the intensity of globalization, using four indicators, China currently receives more foreign direct investment than any other developing country and is fast approaching 9alaysia in the contribution of foreign investment to the country's economy. 9otivated by the logic of competition, intense globalization encourages large0scale industrial restructuring that causes employment insecurity, unemployment and sometimes political instability. In this way globalization may serve to increase the strength of the logic of employment0income protection and if conflict prevails, this may encourage maCor reforms of H4 institutions underpinned by the logic of industrial peace. ;outh Jorea is a case in point. Thus, the impact of globalization is li.ely to be complex and contingent, and changing over time. 8 third factor that influences the strength of different logics is government responsiveness to wor.ers# expectations. 3here governments are more responsive to the demands of capital, we can expect the logic of competition to be strong. 8 fourth factor that affects the strengths of different logics concerns the state of the labor mar.et. Tight labor mar.ets, for example, encourage governments to pursue human resource development strategies placing more emphasis on s.ill upgrading and functional flexibility within firms, as Juruvilla and Chua '",,,( show in their study of ;ingapore.

This arises because it becomes more difficult to compete on the basis of low cost, low s.illed labor where labor mar.ets are tight. $overnment policy can also encourage employers to adopt more advanced human resource policies in order to more effectively motivate and retain s.illed wor.ers who have a propensity to move between firms in search of improved pay and conditions. Thus, tight labor mar.et conditions tend to increase the strength of the logic of Hmployment0income protection. 8lthough China, India, and the &hilippines have surplus labor in most, but not all occupational categories, 9alaysia has experienced more widespread, chronic labor shortages, and a relatively sdtronger logic of employment0 income protection. ;o has India's software sector, where there is a focus on functional flexibility and favorable pay and conditions i.e. a relatively strong logic of employment0 income protection. In general, where the state is more sympathetic to unions, enabling them to engage in bargaining and political activity, we expect a stronger logic of Hmployment0income protection. In this regard, India, particularly prior to economic liberalization, was comparatively strongly unionized. This was due to the close lin. between unions and political parties. Fur three other countries lac.ed one or more of these conditions. 1or example, in 9alaysia, unions are relatively constrained by legislationI however, wor.ers# interests are ta.en seriously by the government. In the &hilippines, unions are relatively free 'although very wea. given excessive fragmentation( and the government appears much less concerned with wor.ers# interests. In China, independent unions are not permitted and despite the government ta.ing some interest in wor.ers# welfare, these government policies are not rigorously enforced. Thus, other things equal, strong unions will be associated with a strong Hmployment0income protection logic. The three logics discussed above rarely operate alone. 8t least two of the three logics tend to be present in varying degrees of strength in all industrializing societies, depending mainly on the impact of the factors discussed earlier. The relations between logics may be contradictory or reinforcing. 1or example, the logic of industrial peace may contradict the logic of competition, if union strength, facilitated by a collective bargaining framewor., is used to limit innovation and organizational change. Fn the other hand, these two logics may reinforce one another, if, by maintaining

*6

industrial stability, union strength leads to additional investment and earnings growth. ;imilarly, the logic of Hmployment0income protection is li.ely to support the logic of industrial peace since wor.ers with better wages and conditions are less li.ely to engage in disruptive collective action. !"'loy"ent Relations -atterns% Conver ence% and 3ey -ro'ositions: Ideal type H4 patterns resulting from the dominance of each of our three logics can be identified. 8c.nowledging that there is variability in the strength of each dominant logic, we offer a strong and wea. variant in each case. These ideal types provide benchmar.s against which our findings can be compared. 3here economic conflicts of interest are generally accepted 'as in liberal capitalism in contrast to fascism and communism( and the logic of industrial peace is strong, we expect an H4 pattern regulated by a tripartite or bipartite framewor.. @aws will exist to protect trade union formation and bargaining, and there will be specific institutional mechanisms exist for the resolution of various .inds of industrial disputes. There is li.ely to be little or no gap between practice and policy. 8n alternative strong industrial peace scenario is one where the state outlaws industrial conflict and independent unions and imprisons wor.ers who underta.e industrial action. Industrial conflict in such situations is li.ely to be channeled into other forms of behavior including pilferage, sabotage, a large number of grievances, and labor turnover. It is also possible strong industrial peace logic may be institutionalized in a wea. mannerSi.e. where the gap between practice and policy is wide 00 the rhetoric of tipcarts or bipartism is not supported by commitment to, and enforcement of relevant laws and agreements, and union may only have the power to bargain successfully in a limited number of sectors. 8 strong logic of competition is li.ely to be associated with an H4 pattern whose institutions and rules ma.e it difficult for trade unions to form and bargain freely, or and are li.ely to confine such activity to a limited range of issues at the enterprise level . Hmployers, on the other hand, in this pattern are given considerable freedom to pursue practices aimed at increasing numerical and wage flexibility. These practices include use of casual wor.ers and being able to lay off wor.ers relatively easily, and varying pay according to output. 8lternatively, competitive advantage might be sought through an H4

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pattern that emphasizes functional flexibility, namely a high0wage high s.ill approach. In this pattern the government may invest heavily in education and training and encourage firms to do the same. Eowever, this high s.ill0high wage option is less li.ely in developing countries whose comparative advantage lies in exploiting their low labor cost advantage. 8 wea.er variant of the logic of competition would entail less support by the government for so0called free labor mar.ets and some employee protection against arbitrary management action. 4edress is li.ely to be through the courts rather than through trade unions, which the government and employers are li.ely to discourage. 8 strong logic of Hmployment0income protection is li.ely to be associated with an H4 pattern supported by effective legislation providing for minimum wages, health and safety, hours of wor., and social welfare 0 especially unemployment benefits and pensions. Hmployees are also li.ely to receive some protection against loss of employment 'through lay0offs, dismissals or redundancy( and support for s.ill formation, consistent with favoring functional over numerical flexibility. In some variants of this pattern, government supports collective bargaining over a range of substantive matters, although governments can be expected to limit union power if unions are seen as a source of political opposition. 8 wea.er variant would be less effective in implementing relevant laws, a lower level of support for trade unionism and s.ill formation, and less comprehensive coverage of issues of concern to wor.ers. 1inally, it is important to examine how the three logics relate to the convergence and divergence of employment relations systems. The logic of industrial peace is li.ely to be a force for divergence. %ifferent combinations of policies and practices that derive from unique national institutional histories can be 'and are( used to provide industrial peace. Gy contrast, the logic of competition represents a force for convergence, as it brings with it a relatively uniform focus on flexible labor mar.ets and pursuit of best practices often promoted by global consulting firms. In developing countries that adhere to the logic of competition, the emphasis will be mainly on numerical and wage flexibility. Dote however that policies aimed at increasing flexibility may be adopted at varying speeds. The spread of adoption will be affected by institutions, rules and attitudes that retard change. In addition, supra0national, and regional regulation, as in the case of the

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Huropean :nion L can stimulate national employment systems will converge. The logic of employment0income protection is li.ely to be a force for convergence and divergence. It will be a force for convergence in terms of certain basic minimum standards, given their absence in some countries, and given the pressure of the developed world in lin.ing common labor standards to trade. Geyond core minimum standards, however, policies under this logic will cause divergence. Fur contention is that as a reaction to the negative impacts of globalization, wor.ers will tend to demand protection from the uncertainties produced by intensified competition. This is li.ely to lead to policies and practices that confer basic entitlements 00 minimum standards in relation to pay and employment conditions. 8bove these minimum provisions, there is li.ely to be cross0country as nations craft different policies to meet local demands for employment and income protection.

The D@4G did not begin asserting its Curisdiction over the construction industry until ",7-, "+ years after the enactment of the 3agner 8ct." In subsequent years, it became apparent that the 8ct#s provisions, both in the representation and the unfair labor practice areas, did not QfitR particularly well with the way employment relations were created and maintained in the construction industry. Thus, several of the ",!, amendments to the 8ct dealt specifically with the construction industry, and others have particular relevance to that industry. In addition, the Goard itself has interpreted the 8ct, including the pre0",!, provisions, and its own procedures in different ways in order to accommodate the particular circumstances of construction industry employment. This outline will briefly s.etch the way the 8ct and Goard decisions interpreting it have addressed some of the unique aspects of construction industry employment. It is divided into three parts. The first addresses the creation and maintenance of collective bargaining relationships in the construction industry, and how those so0called QrepresentationR issues differ from representation issues in the non0construction sector. The focus of the first section is on ;ection -'f( of the 8ct and the Goard#s interpretation of that provision in the %e.lewa

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decision and subsequent cases. The second section deals with the regulation of pic.eting in the construction industry, as well as the regulation of secondary pressure and Curisdictional disputes, including the prohibition of so0called Qhot0cargoR agreements under ;ection -'e(. 1inally, the last section briefly outlines the regulation of union hiring halls, which are prevalent in the construction industry. In all of these areas, the statute and Goard decisions have recognized characteristics of employment in the construction industry that are unique, and have attempted to accommodate those unique characteristics to the overriding purposes of the 8ct, to promote industrial stability through the encouragement of collective bargaining and the fostering of employee free choice with regard to the selection of a bargaining representative. These so0called QprehireR agreements became the norm in the construction industry for a number of reasons. Hmployment in the construction industry is usually not permanent, but is rather temporary and often short0term, depending on the nature of the particular construction proCect involved, so it is often Cust not practical to wait until after employees are hired to begin collective bargaining. In addition, employers obtain their Cobs by bidding, and they must .now their labor costs before they bid on a Cob, which is also before they have hired any employees. 1inally, construction employers must have an available supply of s.illed labor which is ready for quic. referral to their Cobs. 4ecognizing these unique needs, as well as the historic practice of construction employers and unions to enter into prehire agreements, Congress enacted ;ection -'f( of the 8ct in ",!,. It provides that it shall not be unfair labor practice for an employer engaged primarily in the construction industry to enter into an agreement with a union covering its construction employees, simply because the union has not established QmaCority statusR as otherwise required by ;ection , of the 8ctI the agreement requires membership in the union after the seventh day of employment 'as opposed to the thirtieth day, as authorized for non0construction industry employment by the proviso to ;ection -'a('+( of the 8ct(I the agreement provides for referral of employees from a union hiring hallI or the agreement provides for minimum training or experience requirements for employment. 8 proviso to ;ection -'f( states, however, that an agreement authorized by its terms shall not QbarR a petition for an election under ;ection , of the 8ctI thus, either

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party may petition for an election during the term of such a QprehireR agreement authorized by ;ection -'f(. ;ection -'f( thus fundamentally alters the statutory scheme as it applies to the establishment and maintenance of collective bargaining relationships in the construction industry. It allows construction industry employers and unions to enter into agreements regardless of whether it has been established that the union represents a maCority of the employees in an appropriate unitI such an agreement would otherwise subCect the employer and the union to liability under ;ections -'a('*( and -'b('"('8(. 8fter the enactment of ;ection -'f(, however, the question remained of whether the obligation to adhere to such a QprehireR agreement would be enforceable under ;ection -'a('!( of the 8ct.
!##ects o# Undeclared /a(our in the Construction Industry:

8s 'negative( consequences primarily two effects were perceived in the interviews> Hntrepreneurial unfair competition that allows extra0profits or enables less productive firms to stay in the mar.et. The @abor Inspector interviewed thin.s that in some sub0sectors of secondary contract wor. the tender prices were so low on account of the spread of undeclared labor that contractors employing in accordance with the tax and social security regulations would inevitably be out priced. Increasingly, small enterprises in these sub0sectors were about to dismantle their level of employment, as the inspector suspects, in order to concentrate on obtaining contracts and to use illegal sub0contractors or labor. 1or the 1DT& the problem posed by unfair competition was primarily due to the freedom to provide services. ;ince social insurance contributions are due in the country of origin, at least for Hast Huropean enterprises there was an important competitive advantage. Industry image. In public, undeclared labor is often associated with the construction industry. Fn the side of the employers this is seen as a problem for wor.force recruitment. In the view of the %I@TI there might potentially be a self0 reinforcing effect, consisting of the following elements> wor.force shortage L

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reinforced reverting to illegal forms of employment L negative industry image L wor.force shortage. It may be noted that the analysis of an industry specific labor force shortage was not shared by all interviewees. 1or the @abor Inspector the wor.force did exist, it only had to be declared. 1or the C$T it went without saying that, given a current unemployment rate of ,.!?, it was forbidden to spea. of a wor.force shortage. If there was a recruitment problem, this was due to the real remuneration and wor.ing conditions, as for example could be read off the high percentage rate of young people who bro.e off their training.

4U!STIONNAIR!

M". 1rom how many you have been wor.ing in your organizationT @ess than * years * to less than 7 years 7 to less than years 9ore than years M*. %oes your organization follow 9aternity Genefit 8ct, &ayment of 3ages 8ct and &ayment of 9inimum 3ages 8ctT 2es Do
M+. %o you pay equal remuneration to both male and female employeesT

2es Do
M7. %oes your Frganization ma.e deduction to all employees as per H;I 8ctT

++

2es Do
M!. %oes your Frganization 9a.e %eduction as per &1 =9Isc 8ctT

2es Do M . %o you thin. that all the rules laid down on above mentioned 8ct are employer and employee friendlyT 2es Do M6. %o you thin. that there should be only ! days wor.ing or the daily wor.ing hours should not exceed - hours or 7- hours in a wee.T 2es Do
M-. %o you provide them any extra monetary benefitsT

2es Do
M,. 8part from the salary, what other benefits you provide to your employeesT

2es Do M"/. %o you thin. that providing too many benefits to employees lead to industrial unrest hence they should .ept within certain limitT 2es Do M"". %o you allow wor.ers to wor. in your company more than ! yearsT 2es Do

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". 8ggarwal,;., '*//+(, QChallenges for Construction Industries in %eveloping Countries,R &roceedings of the th Dational Conference on Construction, "/0"" Dovember *//+, Dew %elhi, C%4F9, Technical ;ession !, &aper Do.". *. Ghattacharya,C., '*//*(, Q55 Eospital 1lyover L &recast &iers,R $ammon Gulletin, Bol."* , 8pril05une *//*. +. %as,T.J., '*//+(, Q%evelopment of Eighways and 8irports in India,R &roceedings of the th Dational Conference on Construction, "/0"" Dovember *//+, Dew %elhi, C%4F9, Technical ;ession ", &aper Do.6. 7. DataraCan,G., '*//+(, QGasic Infrastructure and Control of 9ega0&roCects,R &roceedings of the th Dational Conference on Construction, "/0"" Dovember *//+, Dew %elhi, C%4F9 , Technical ;ession ", &aper Do.+. !. D3%8, '*//+(, QThe Dational &erspective &lan for Interlin.ing Indian 4iversR, 4eport of the Dational 3ater %evelopment 8gency, &roceedings of the Dational 3or.shop on %nterlinking of %ndian Rivers, IIT Janpur, + ;eptember *//+. . 4eddy,9.;. '*//*(, QInter0Gasin 3ater Transfer Dational 3atergrid L The 4eality,R ;ouvenir of %r. J.@.4ao Centenary Celebrations, *//*, Bisa.hapatnam, pp * 0!7. 6. ;aha,;., '*//+(, Q9anagement of &roCect Contracts0 8reas of Concern,R &roceedings of the th Dational Conference on Construction, "/0"" Dovember *//+, Dew %elhi, C%4F9, Technical ;ession ", &aper Do."/. -. ;inha, 4., '*//+a(, Closed ;tructurals Gulletin, Issue "+, Tata &ipes. ,. ;inha,D.J., '*//+b(, Q1inancing of Eighway &roCects in India,R &roceedings of the th Dational Conference on Construction, "/0"" Dovember *//+, Dew %elhi, C%4F9, Technical ;ession 7, &aper Do.*. "/. ;warup,&.4. and 9ahaCan,;., '*//"(, QCountry 4eport on Indian Construction Industry,R ;ouvenir of &he 'eventh (sia )onstruct )onference * +xhibition , +0 Fctober *//", Dew %elhi. "". www.delhimetrorail.comI " 5anuary

5ust0in0time philosophy %ic.en %i.en, &. '*//6(. The $lobal shift '!th ed.(. Ch.+. ;age &ublications iii Hxpression owed to &eter %ruc.er, QThe effective executiveR, ", iv I.e.> the quality of the wor.ing environment, prestige of the Cob, ris. of inCury, management#s behaviourS v Dahapit and $hoshal '",,-(, ;ocial capital represents the value of Qresources embedded within, available through, and derived from the networ. of relationshipsR vi Contributions of cohorts in different modes, mix of internalAexternal employment, employment flexibility, customized E4 configurations vii &sychological contracts of different cohorts, mix of employment relationships, internalAexternal, stabilityAflexibility sub0 cultures viii Combination of s.ills across modes, lin.age to core processes and technologies, recombination of .nowledge as learning, internalAexternal .nowledge exchanges
ii