ESc201:IntroductiontoElectronics

SinusoidalSteadystateAnalysis

Dr. K D K. V V. S Srivastava i t Dept. of Electrical Engineering IIT Kanpur

1

L o ss = i R w ire
2

p = vi
2 .2 K W = 2 .2 K V 1 A 2 .2 K W = 2 2 0V 1 0 A

Communication

20 Hz -20KHz

f (t ) =

1,3 ,5

1 n t s in ( ) n T

d ( S in x ) = C o s x = S in (9 0 x ) dx

d vc ic = C dt di v=L dt

S in x d x = C o s x =

S in ( x 9 0 )

So as a sinusoidal signal goes through a circuit, it remains a sinusoid This makes analysis easier
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VIN

VC

VL

VIN

VC

VL Voltage everywhere in the circuit is sinusoidal

Transient and Forced Response

Transient and Forced Response

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v ( t ) = V m c o s ( t + )

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VM

v ( t ) = V m c o s ( t + )

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Example-1

5 sin( 4 t 60 )
o

What is the amplitude, phase, angular frequency, time period, frequency?

v ( t ) = V m c o s( t + )

v (t ) = 5 c o s ( 4 t 6 0 o 9 0 o )
Amplitude = 5 ; Phase = -150o 150 Phase in radians: = 2 = 2 .6 1 8 o 360 360 = 2

ra d ia n s

= 4 r / s
2 = = 4 T = 0 .5 s T

1 f = = 2Hz T
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Example-2 Find the phase difference between the two currents

i1 = 4 sin(377t + 25 )
o

i2 = 5cos(377 5 (377t 40 )
o

x ( t ) = x m c o s ( t + )
i1 = 4 cos(377t + 25 90 )
o o

1 = 65

i2 = 5cos(377t 40 + 180 )
o o

2 = 140

1 2 = 205

sin(t 180o ) = sin t cos(t 180o ) = cos t sin(t 90o ) = cos t cos(t 90o ) = sin 14 t

Which signal leads and by how much?

v 2 ( t ) = v 2 m c o s ( t )

v1 ( t ) = v1 m c o s( t + 6 0 o )
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270

Voltage leads current by 90o or lags current by 270o ? Phase difference is usually considered between -180 to 180o o 16 Add or subtract 360o to bring the phase between -180 to 180

i1 = 4 cos(377t 65 )
o

i2 = 5cos(377t + 140 )
o

Does i2 lead i1 ?

1 2 = 205
o o

1 2 = 205 + 360 = 155

i1 leads l d i2 by b 155o

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Power dissipation with sinusoidal Voltage

R

v(t)

v (t ) 2 p= R

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Power dissipation with sinusoidal Voltage

v (t ) p= R

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Average X: x1, x2, x3, ,..xN

x avg

1 = N

t1

xi

If X is continuous, its average over a time t1

x avg
F periodic For i di signals i l

1 = t1
1 = T

x (t ) d t
0
T

x avg

x (t ) d t
0
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Average Power

p avg

1 = T

v (t ) dt R
2

We would like to express it like the dc power dissipated in a resistor

pavg

1 2 v(t ) dt T 0 = R
T

V p= R

V rm s =

1 T

v (t )
0

dt

p avg =

2 rm s

R
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This is true for any periodic waveform

RMS Value of a Sinusoid

V rm s =

1 T

v (t )
0
T

dt

v ( t ) = V m c o s( t + )
T

1 c o s( 2 t + 2 ) c o s ( t + ) d t = dt 2 0 0
2 T 0

1 = 0 .5 T s in ( 2 t + 2 ) 4

= 0 .5 T

V rm s =

Vm 2
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Power dissipation with sinusoidal Voltage

R

v(t) (t)

v ( t ) = V m c o s( t + )

p avg =

2 rm s

V rm s

Vm = 2

p avg

V = 2R

2 m

i ( t ) = I m c o s ( t + )
I rm s = 1 T
T

i (t ) d t
2 0

I rm s =

Im 2

p avg

1 2 = Im R 2
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Example-3

L=0.1H

R=50

v ( t ) = 2 c o s( (200t + 45)

v(t)

v R ( t ) = 1 .8 5 c o s ( 2 0 0 t + 2 3 .2 )
v L (t ) = v (t ) v R (t )

??

= 2 c o s ( 2 0 0 t + 4 5 ) 1 .8 5 c o s ( 2 0 0 t + 2 3 .2 )
Solving such circuits requires us to add/subtract sinusoids !
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Performing algebra on sinusoids by representing them as complex numbers

Strategy Sinusoidal variables Complex variables Perform Algebra on C Complex variables

Transform complex variable Back to sinusoid

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|z|

Polar form:
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Rectangular Polar form

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Rectangular Polar form:

Be careful while determining the phase angle

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To add or subtract two complex numbers, convert them first into rectangular form and then perform the operation

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v ( t ) = V m c o s( t + )
v ( t ) = R e (V m e
j ( t + )

v ( t ) = R e (V m c o s ( t + ) + jV m s in ( t + ))
v ( t ) = V m c o s( t + )

R e (V m t + ) Vm

v ( t ) = V m c o s ( t + )
Phasor

36

v ( t ) = 3 c o s ( t + 4 5 )

3 45
3 c o s( 4 5 ) + j 3 sin ( 4 5 )

v ( t ) = 5 c o s( t 6 0 )

5 60

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20 cos t 45 20 45

10 sin t + 60 = 10 cos t + 60 90 10 30

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Complex Impedances
For the purpose of sinusoidal steady state analysis analysis, inductors and capacitors can be represented as Complex Impedances

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40

I L = IM 90

VL = LIM

VL = LI M 90 + 90 VL = IM 90 L 90

VL = I L L 90 V L = I L j L VL = I L Z L

Z L = j L
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This is like ohms law relationship between phasor voltage and current

Example-4

L=0.1H

i(t)

v(t)

v (t ) = 2 c o s( 2 0 0 t + 4 5 ) V

= 2 0 0 rad/s

VL = 2 45 V

V L = I L j L I L

VL = j L

2 45 2 45 IL = = = 0 .1 4 5 A 20 90 j20

i ( t ) = 0 .1 c o s( 2 0 0 t 4 5 ) A

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L=0.1H

Z L = j L

ZL=j20

v(t)

= 2 0 0 rad/s

IL

VL = j20

Carry out analysis with phasors keeping in mind that we can always transform phasor to the sinusoidal voltage or current as the case maybe. maybe
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Resistor

v(t)

v ( t ) = V M c o s( ( t + ) i ( t ) = V M c o s( t + )
R

VR = VM
IR

VM IR = R VR = R
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Example-5

i(t)

L=0.1H

R=50

v(t)

v ( t ) = 2 c o s( 2 0 0 t + 4 5 )
j20

= 200
50

rad/s

Z L = j L
VS = 2 45
V

45

Example-5

50+j20 Zeq

VS = 2 45 V
2 45 2 45 = = 0 .0 I = 0 3 7 2 3 .2 2 A 5 0 + j 2 0 5 3 .8 5 2 1 .8

i ( t ) = 0 .0 3 7 c o s ( 2 0 0 t + 2 3 .2 )

A
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j20

50

VS = 2 45 V

50 VR = 2 45 V 50 + j20
Concept of voltage or current division can be used as before
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Capacitor

v ( t ) = V M c o s ( t + )

d vc ic = C dt
i ( t ) = C V M s in ( t + )

i ( t ) = C V M c o s ( t + + 9 0 )
o

VC = V M

IC = C VM + 90
48

In a capacitor, current leads voltage by 900

Capacitor

VC = V M

IC = C VM + 90

IC = C 90 VM I C = j C V C

VC = I C Z C

ZC

1 = = j j C C
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50

Example-6

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V V V

VS = 100 30 I = 0 .7 0 7 1 5

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Example-7

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V V

V
56

Currents

Z RC = 5 0 j 5 0

A A
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Example-8

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Example-9

60

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Example-10

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Superposition Theorem is also applicable for independent sinusoidal sources

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Example-11

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Power dissipation in RLC Circuits

For Resistance
R

v (t ) p= R
v(t)

p avg

1 = T

v (t ) 2 dt R

p avg

2 V rm s = R

V rm s

Vm = 2

2 p a v g = I rm sR

I rm s =

Im 2
69

v(t)

p avg = 0

70

v(t)

p avg = 0
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General Rule

v ( t ) = V m C o s ( t )
i ( t ) = I m C o s ( t )

1 p= T

v (t ) i (t ) d t
0

For a resistor PF = 1, while for inductor and capacitor it is 0 1 1 j L = L 9 0 ; j = 90 C C is phase difference between voltage and current
72

Find the average power drawn from the supply

Where is this power dissipated?

I R rm s =
2 R rm s

0 .1 = 0 .0 7 1 2

P = V R rm s I R rm s c o s = I

R = 0 .5W
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Average power dissipated through the inductor

V L = j1 0 0 I = 1 4 .1 4 4 5

= 45 + 135 = 90

P= 0
P = I
2 R rm s

R = 0 .5W

P = I

2 R rm s

1 R = IR 2

R
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Should a Power company charge a person even though power consumed is zero?

Power Meter

v(t)

p avg = 0
Rwire

Power Meter

v(t)

Power is dissipated and somebody has to pay for it.

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Rwire

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Q = Vrms I rms sin = I rms | Z | I rms sin = I

2 rms

X |Z | |Z |

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Maximum Power Transfer for sinusoidal input Z = R + jX

Z

VS

IL

ZL

Z L = R L + jX
P = I
2 R rm s

1 R = IR 2

V S2 1 VS PL = RL IL = 2 2 2 (R + RL ) + ( X + X L ) R + RL + j( X + X L )

For maximum load p power : XL = -X Choose RL = R to maximize load power

V S2 PL = RL 2 (R + RL )

ZL = Z

Maximum power is transferred to the load when load is 79 complex conjugate of source impedance

Maximum Power Transfer for sinusoidal input

Maximum power is transferred to the load when load is complex conjugate of source impedance

ZL = Z

Z L = 50 + j50
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Maximum Power Transfer for sinusoidal input when load is Resistive complex
Z

VS

RL

Maximum power is transferred to the load when

RL = Z =

RL = Z

5 0 2 + 5 0 2 = 7 0 .7 1

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