Solution: Part 1 1.

Fungi, Plants and Animals are considered as Eukaryotes, the plants have specialized cell

wall and fungi have cell wall, whereas the animals lack it. The protein sequence of fungi is more similar to animals than plants. Plants have chlorophyll and produces food. Fungi take food from the decayed part of plants and animals by enzymatic process. obtain food by indigestion of plant products. nimals nimal produces cholesterol whereas the structures

fungi produce ergosterol. Fungi and animals have the presence of chitin whereas plants do not have it. They all have well defined nucleus. They have defined !" like helical. Protist, eukaryotes and hence they were most probably similar. #. $bviously, the first plant progenitor on the earth can be said as algae. %t is entirely present in the water. %t absorbs o&ygen, carbon dio&ide and nutrients from water and grows. The first plant on the earth can be said as mosses and ferns based on the evolutionary traits. They are not the same, but closely associated. They grow in form of small plantlets. They frequently grow in mats of small leaves in the moist environment. They lack of &ylem and phloem, thus it absorbs water by surface tension created in it. 'ence the fertilization of angiosperms is dependendent on water. 'ence it gives an idea that how the plants evolved based on the dependency of water for its reproduction.
3. %n animals the mouth is formed first in embryo and the anus is formed later can be called

nimals, Fungi, Plants and viruses were put under the category of

as proteasome and in animals if the anus is formed first in the embryo and then the anus
can be said as deuterostome. The cleavage is spiral in the first one whereas the cleavage is radial in the second one.

(. )ymmetry can be of four types such as asymmetry, radial symmetry, *ilateral and spherical symmetry. symmetry usually occurs in simplest animals hence the have no symmetry. "o animal has )pherical symmetry. +adial symmetry and *ilateral symmetry are the two commonly occurs in animal kingdom. +adial symmetry goes through the centre from the top to bottom. *ilateral is the a&is of symmetry in the middle of the
1

animal that is from head to tail. The first derived symmetry can be said as radial symmetry, where organisms divide themselves in si& planes and it has some parts of sessile or inactive. The higher animals like humans have bilateral symmetry, the organisms divide themselves in to two equal halves. %t has all functional parts division as equally. The advantage of bilateral is having all functional parts equal division. -. *oth of them undergo se&ual reproduction. ngiosperms have roughly equivalent

structure to gymnosperm is the presence of male and female parts in the cone .)perm/Pollen and ovule0. 'ence the reason for why both of angiosperms and gymnosperms have similar parts is said as seed bearing or spermophytes. seed coat after the process of fertilization. 1. nimals like a snail, a clam and a squid, which all look very different, considered to be in the same phylum, because of all members of these phyla are said to have soft bodies, invertebrates. They may have e&ternal hard shell or some may have internal shells rather than e&ternal one. The body of these members can be divided in to three regions such as head, visceral mass and foot. ll have well developed organs and their body is not segmented. They have tongue of sorts called radula. 2. The evolutionary tree is the indication of the development of new organisms from the e&isting one. ll mollusks have evolved from common ancestor and the first formed mollusks are said as *ivalvia .clams0 and on the other hand 3astropods .snails0 and 4ephalopods .squids0. This phyolgenetic tree states based on the necessity some features might changed and thus the evolution of new organisms was created. ngiosperms produce seed without coat after fertilization, whereas gymnosperms produce fruit with

Part 2 5. The advantage of having internal gill over the e&ternal one is it cannot be easily damaged by the mechanical process and this risk is high with e&ternal gills, may be by the tide of water, hitting to the rocks etc. 4hallenges of internal gill are if the animal/ fish is e&posed

to the land it can survive more than the animals/ fish with e&ternal gill hence it stores o&ygen in its internal gill by stopping the process of evaporation. #. "ormally stress increases heart rate, *P, 4orticosteroid hormones suppress the immune system, disturbance in the digestive system. )tress indirectly affects the immune system. %t mainly affects the digestive system thereby it activates the secretion of adrenal hormone from the adrenaline gland, it may responsible for the cause of ulcers. )tress in turn either increases the blood pressure level it ultimately leads to coronary heart disease. "aturally hyperthyroidism creates increased *P levels, hence the gland responsible is thyroid gland and thus the increase in thyroid hormones in turn increase *P and creates risk of heart diseases. 6.
)permatogonium .(1 )ingle 4hromosome0

Replication (1 )ister 4hromatids Meiosis I

#6 )ister 4hromatids

#6 )ister 4hromatid s Meiosis II

#6 )ingle

#6 )ingle

#6 )ingle

#6 )ingl e

)perm

)perm

)perm

)perm
3

(. The three layer formation from the single layer of the blastula can called as gastrulation. %t is said to be a vital event hence the formation of endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderms were formed. Endoderm is said as the enlargement of the blastomeric vesicle and it is followed by the detachment of the cells from the cell mass. Those detectable cells were pushed in to the blastocoels and leads to the formation of embryonic endoderm. This cell rapidly divides itself to initiate the ne&t event .7ower most layer0. The ne&t stage of is said as the formation of the embryonic disc, where the remaining cells starts consolidation. 8esoderm is the ne&t stage whereby the marginal layers of the embryonic disc starts proliferates in increased rate, thus the increased will gets detached and gets arranged below endoderm . 8iddle layer 0. The nest stage is the formation of ectoderm, whereby the remaining cells of the embryonic disc gets arranged themselves outer to the mesoderm .$uter most layer0. -. 9hile the single blood cell travelling from the artery to the stomach it is said to be o&ygenated, while it travels the cell which require o&ygen may take it and the deo&ygenated blood is taken by the hepatic veins and present in to the inferior venacava and thus the blood will starts its another cycle again. 1. fter you had starch it will be taken in to the digestive system thereby it breaks down in to smaller compounds and reaches small intestine. The microvilli start absorbing the broken molecules that includes proteins and nutrients of starch and then it passes in to the blood stream. Transported to the place of need. 2. 8umps vaccination is a combination of 8easles, 8umps, +ubella and :aricella. The first dosage should be given at 5# ; 5- months of the child, whereas the second dosage of it is given at ( ; 1 years. The first dosage will initiates the primary immune response against mumps and whereas the second dose will initiates the secondary immune response in the person and it will produce memory * cells against 8umps. %t is stored in the patient<s body and starts fighting and keeping the person safe when he is infected

with 8umps for the ne&t time. Thus, to state the antibodies against mumps were created after the process of vaccination.

Part 3 5. The vascular plants have three basic organelles said as roots, stem and leaves. 'ence the basic morphology of the vascular plants gives us a clue on the basis of evolutionary traits and how it was made terrestrial. The vascular system of stem, root will helps in the inhabitation and getting nutrients from the two different environments. :ascular plants have two systems such as subterranean root system and aerial shoot system of the stem and leaves. Each system depend one another. The root usually does not starve sugar and other nutrients from the plant, it uses to get it from water. )tem is an organ and is interconnected with nodes and the nodes then branches as internodes and at the tip of the nodes and internodes the leaves are said to present. The shoot depends on water and minerals absorbed from the soil by roots. The &ylem and phloem are meant for the transport of food and water molecules between the stems and leafs. #. )eed coat is better than spore coats, hence the )pore coat is formed by the fusion of sperm and egg in the water and hence it requires water. )o, the spore producing plants can<t strive without water. !uring the seed production the ovule forms a coat around it, the fusion of sperm will be done to the inner side of the ovule as fertilization occurs. 'ence the seed have protective covering and required nutrients, with an aid of this the seeds of plants require less amount of water for its survival. 6. Photophosporylation or photosynthesis is the energy of sunlight is trapped by the chlorophyll molecule and is tend to pass through a series of electron acceptors, the electrons thus transfers the release of energy and that can be used for the synthesis of the TP molecule. TP can otherwise call as nature<s energy source. The plants are said to be the producers, in the presence of sunlight, chlorophyll and carbon di o&ide it traps the energy from the sun, hence we the energy from them in the form of food. Energy released in reactions like glycolysis the resulted addition of Phosphate molecule to !P molecule can be trapped and thereby the TP molecules in us.
!

!P, leads the production of

The substrate level phosphorylation can otherwise denote as the reaction whereby the intermediate, high energy phosphate molecule produced during the catabolism will be added to the !P molecule. $&idative phosphorylation is the energy released as electrons and that in turn passes through a series of electron acceptors and finally it leads to the production of o&ygen molecules and other inorganic compounds. (. The quality of soil plays an important role in the growth and development of plants. 3enerally the plants absorb water and nutrients from the soil for its growth. The te&ture of soil like clay and loose soil etc will helps in the growth of specific plants. s well the P' of the soil too plays a vital role in the development process. The soil is in turn said to have micronutrients, macronutrients and minerals etc that are essential for the growth of plants.
!. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plants, %t mainly occurs in the stomata.

'ence the opening and closing of stomata during photosynthesis by the passage of o&ygen and carbon di o&ide molecules. 4actus is the commonly given e&ample for the plant grows in very arid environments. "n order to avoid the increased rate of
transpiration they have normally reduced leaves such as horny thrones and spi#es. The stem are thic# and green, hence it retains water in it when it is available to the plant. Transpiration and respiration will be done at night times in order to reduce the water vapor in air. They have limited flowering periods, adaptations to grow in salty conditions. $. %aturally chlorophyll dies with the increase in temperature. The leaf fall can be replaced by the spring growth. &arm temperatures ma#e the chlorophyll to grow better as green and larger. "n summer the cooling temperature #ills chlorophyll molecules and naturally the leaf color changes to yellow and blac#. Finally the leaves fall. This maple tree enters into low growth dormancy until the favorable conditions. '. Acid growth hypothesis induces the plant cells by pumping hydrogen ions across the membranes. Thus, the increase in (ydrogen ion concentration ma#es the cell more acidic, potential across the cell membrane, boosting the upta#e of other ions in to the cell. "t also increases the rate at which the water diffuses in to the cell and so that the cell e)pands. *ell is acidified by "AA turning on ( + Atpase via the secondary messenger. "ncreased action of this leads to the elongation of cells in plants. $

=. Ethylene is responsible for the ripening of fruits in all plants. ripening. Reference:

single ripe banana

produces ethylene gas and that is said to be absorbed by others and thus it induces

http>//www.ehow.com/about?166@@62?differenceAbetweenAplants?AfungiAanimals?.html
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