ANSWER Question 1. a) People By in direct contact with soils such as residences.

. Plant Effect occur to agricultures lands which have certain types of soil contamination Building By chemical attack of contaminants on foundation and services installed in aggressive ground. Animal From grazing on contaminated land.

b) ILLITE - ILLITE has irregular plate shape,more plastic than kaolites. - it does not expand when exposed to water unless potassium deficiency exists. - This day is most prevalent in marine deposits. - The composition in a aluminium sheet share which between two silicasheets to form a layer.

Question 2 a) Answer i. Free ion surrounded by water molecules. ii. Insoluble species.Examples Ages. iii. Metal ligand completes. iv. Absorbed species. v. Species held on ion exchange vi. Species that differ by oxidation state

b) Answer: The garadient is: d/dl = 3m /350 m = 0.0006 Arbidarary aquifer width of 1 km, yields Q = -KA d/dl

= 40 m/d x 1 km x 20 x 0.0086 = 6880 m3 / day

The darcy velocity is given by = Ud = K d/dx = vd = Q/A Area of cross section of flow (A) = 20 m x 1 km = 20000 m2 Ud ( 6800 m3 /day/20000 = 0.344 m / day The true velocity is equal to his volume devided by five porosity X = vd/N = (0.344 m/ day) (0.3 = 1.15 m /day)

Question 3 a) Test is piezometers or wells - Permeability test can easily by made in piezometers or wells. b) Pumping tesis - Pumping tesis are the traditionl\al method for determine permeabiliry of sand gravels , or rock aquifer. c) Permeability of rock - most rock massas contain , in additional to irregular poor spaces ,complex interconnecting system of joints,Fractures,bedding planes,arel pooal zones that,collectively.

b) 1-certificates of little 2- A review of history society records. 3- The layout of current and history facilities arel site drainage plans. 4 Photographic records,including aerial photos. 5 Local authority records reviews , including land information memoranda ( LIM) and regional council databases.

Question 4 a) i) Human Health related toxicity Test - Route expouse - Duration - Characierilics of test species. - Individual characteristic. - Toxicology erel point. ii) Evaluationing and ecological hazard: Nature of ecosystem. Habitat evaluation Selection of target Species Selection of erel points.

b) Anerobic bioverting - Anaerobic biovening is useful effectively healed some chlorination compounds. - Microbes may degrade these concuinants directly via anaerobic reductive dechlorination. - Anaerobic reductives dechlorination is a biological mechanism.typically marked by sequential removes of chlorines ions from a molecule. - Microbes processing this pathway gain energy from this process. -Anaerobic bioversity may be involve both aenarobic reductive dichlolorination and aenarobic to destroy the contarminations of coneera.