INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNA ANDF WAVE PROPAGATION: An antenna is an electromagnetic radiator, a sensor, a transducer and an impedance matching device with

extensive applications in communications, Radar & in Bio-Medical systems. DEFINITIONS OF ANTENNA: Antenna is also known as Aerial An Antenna may be apiece of conducting material in form of a wire or rod or any other shape. An antenna is a source or radiator of electromagnetic waves. An Antenna is a sensor of EMW An Antenna is a transducer

FUNCTIONS OF ANTENNA As transducer It converts electrical energy at transmitting end and it converts EM energy back into electrical energy at the receiving end. As Impedance Matching DeviceIt Matches/Couples the transmitter & free space on transmitting side & it matches/couples the free space on the receiving side. It is used to direct radiated energy in desired directions to suppress it in unwanted directions.

REVIEW OF NETWORK THEOREMS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Thevenins Theorems Superposition Theorem Max Power Transfer Theorem Compensation theorem Reciprocity Theorem Reaction Theorem

PROPERTIES OF ANTENNA: Equality of Impedance Equality of Directional Patterns Equality of Effective Lengths.

ANTENNA RELATED TO WAVE PROPAGATION: Antenna Converts Radio Frequency electrical current into an electromagnetic wave of the same frequency.

It Produces electric and magnetic fields ,which constitute an electromagnetic field.

TO STUDY WAVE PROPAGATION IT IS NECESSARY TO KNOW ABOUT ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY: REVIEW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY: 1.Vector Potential approach 2.Solution of Wave Equation 3.Solution Procedure. MAXWELLS EQUATION AND ELCTROMAGNETIC WAVES: Maxwells Equations are popularly known as electromagnetic fields equations due to its importance. EM waves in free space constitute uniform plane waves whose characteristics and properties along with the Maxwells equations are discussed.

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EQUATIONS: Cartesian Co-ordinates system Cylindrical Co-ordinate system Spherical Co-Ordinate system

MAXWELLS EQUATION FOR TIME VARYING FIELDS: Maxwells equation in differential form Maxwells equation in Integral form

MAXWELLS EQUATION FOR FREE SPACE MAXWELLS EQUATIONS IN PHASOR FORM CONDITIONS AT A BOUNDARY SURFACE APPLICATIONS OF EM WAVES: Wave equations in Free Space Wave Equations For a conducting medium General Solutions of a uniform plane wave equation Relation between E and H in a uniform plane wave

PROPAGATION OF EM WAVES IN FREE SPACE

T.B-T2(1-9) ,R2(2-2.75) Applications: communications- Cell-phone antenna ,Wireless LAN antenna , FM radio antenna Satellite dish antenna,Radar & in Bio-Medical systems Outcome: Realize the function of antenna its properties and applications Review Maxwells equations related to wave propagation Reinforment aids: to show basic antenna and also its images Science-Physics-Electromagnetism Evaluation tools:Questions related to electromagnetic theory Inter:ECE-EMF,EEE-EMT

Observation: whether the students have the prior knowledge about electromagnetic theory.

2. REVIEW OF ELECTROMAGENTIC RADIATION: VECTOR POTENTIAL APPROACH: This method can solve the problem of determining the E and H fields due to the current distribution of antenna which satisfies all for Maxwells equation. First step-Potential Function due tot the current distribution Second Step-E and H computed from the potential function. In the analysis the relationship between the vector potential and the current distribution as well as E and H fields are derived.

ANALYSIS INCLUDES: Magnetic vector potential function related to the magnetic flux density B. Maxwells First Equation is incorporated. Relate E field to the potential functions. To satisfy Maxwells Second Equation substitutes the expression for the E and H in terms of potential functions.

Lorentz Condition is written.

SOLUTION OF WAVE EQUATION: Consider spherically symmetric charge distribution of finite volume centered to the origin. Aim to compute scalar potential due to this source which is the solution of the inhomogeneous wave equation. Since charge is spherically symmetric wave equation is solved in spherical co-ordinates system.

CALCULATION: Electric field Magnetic field Retarded vector potential

SOLUTION PROCEDURE: Procedure for computing the fields of an antenna requires determining the current distribution of the antenna structure and then computing the vector potential. Expression written for E and H-Fields.

T.B T2(11-19) Science-Physics-Electromagnetism-E and H fields Application: In all Antennas Outcome: Able to derive the expression E and H fields in vector potential approach. Able to derive the expression E and H fields in wave equation.

Rein-Assignment-To calculate the fields.

Inter:ECE-EMF,EEE-EMT Evalu: For a spherically symmetric charge distribution of finite volume V solve the wave equation in spherical co-ordinate system. Observation: whether the students a have prior knowledge of E and H fields.

3.Hertzian Dipole-Electric and Magnetic Field: A Hertzian dipole is an elementary source consisting of a time-harmonic electric current of a specified direction and infinitesimal length. Hertzian dipole is the most basic antenna element and starting point of antenna analysis. Consider an infinitesimal time-harmonic current element kept at the origin with current flow directed along the z direction . Relationship between current distribution and vector potential is written. SPHERICAL CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM: In spherical co-ordinate system the components of vector potential on the surface of sphere of radius r,due to z-component kept at the origin. Relate the z-component of the vector potential to the components in the spherical co-ordinates. Curl of A is taken in spherical co-ordinates. Similarly H field of a Hertzian dipole is written in spherical co-ordinates. After performing mathematical calculationsimpified electric field components of a Hertzian dipole in spherical co-ordinate system is obtained. RECTANGULAR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM: Expression for the fields are written in rectangular co-ordinate system.

TRANSFORMATION FROM RECTANGULAR TO SPHERICAL COORDINATE CAN BE REPRESENTED IN MATRIX FORM Equate rectangular and spherical co-ordinate representation. Expression written for power Expression written for Radiation Resistance.

T.B T2(19-28) Inter: ECE-EMF,EEE-EMT Application: Radio And Telecommunications Outcome :realize the function of Hertzian Dipole antenna Calculate Electric and Magnetic Fields of Hertzian Dipole antenna Reinforcement Aid:Image common type Dipole Antennas Evaluation Tool:Derive the E & H fields of Hertzian Dipole Antenna.

Physics-Electromagentism-E & H fields

4.Antenna Characteristics-Radiation Pattern,. An antenna acts as an interface between a guided wave and a free-space wave. One of the important characteristics of an antenna is its directional property. Antenna Characteristics classified into two main categories. a) Radiation Characteristics b) Input Characteristics

RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDE: i. ii. iii. iv. v. Radiation Pattern Gain Directivity Effective aperture Polarization

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDE: i. ii. iii. iv. Input impedance Bandwidth Reflection co-efficient Voltage standing wave ratio.

Antenna Characteristics are explained using an infinitesimal current element radiator. RADIATION PATTERN: Consider the fields of an infinitesimal Hertzian electric dipole of length dl. In spherical co-ordinate system the expression of E and H fields are written. Far Field or Fraunhofer region-Region Far away from antenna. Fresnel or radiating near field-Region Close to antenna. The ratio of two field components is same as the intrinsic impedance. Expression is written for time-averaged power density or pointing vector for a Hertzian dipole.

POWER PATTERN OR RADIATION INTENSITY: Radiation Intensity of an antenna is the angular distribution of the power per unit solid angle. Normalized power pattern is obtained by normalizing the radiation intensity.

Normalized power is a dimensionless quantity.

FIELD PATTERN:

A plot of the far-field electric or magnetic field intensity as a function of the direction at a constant distance from antenna is known as electric field pattern or magnetic field pattern,

ANTENNA PATTERN: Antenna Pattern or radiation pattern defined as spatial distribution of a quantity that characterizes the electromagnetic field generated by an antenna. Term Radiation pattern is used without specifying the quantity, the radiation intensity or field amplitude is implied.

NORMALIZED E & H-PATTERN OF HERTZIAN DIPOLE ANTENNA NORMALIZED POWER PATTERN OF HERTZIAN DIPOLE ANTENNA POLAR PLOT OF RADIATION PATTERN RECTANGULAR PLOT OF THE RADIATION PATTERN.

T.B:T2(31-40) Science-Physics-Electromagnetism-Radiation Application-All Antennas Outcome:Draw to 2D radiation pattern of dipole antenna. Compare the radiation pattern of various antennas.

Reinforcemnt aid:Draw the polar plot of radiation pattern Eva:Problems to plot power pattern on a rectangular graph

Inter: ECE-EMF,EEE-EMT Application: Radio And Telecommunications

5.Antenna Characteristic-Beam Solid angle, Directivity ,Gain Total power radiated by an antenna is obtained by integrating the pointing vector over the entire area of the sphere. Expression is written for (1) Total power Radiated (2) Beam Solid Angle. (3) Maximum Radiation Intensity (4) Half power Beam width in two principal planes. (5) Average Radiation Intensity DIRECTIVITY: Directivity is defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity in that direction to the average radiation intensity. For a pencil beam pattern the maximum directivity can also be expressed in terms of half- power beam widths in two primcipal planes