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SUBCOURSE CM7112

EDITION B

SMOKE POTS

Smoke Pots Subcourse Number CM 7112 EDITION B United States rm! C"emica# Sc"oo# $ort %eonard &ood' Missouri ()*7+,-.2( Si/ Credit 0ours Subcourse O1er1ie2 This subcourse is designed to teach the purpose of smoke screen operations and the various types of smoke pots that are used at the company level. The student will also learn what effect weather and terrain have on smoke screens, smoke pots spacing requirements, and the technique used for emplacing smoke pots. The procedures for calculating the number of smoke pots required and the procedures for igniting smoke pots will also be taught. There are no prerequisites for this subcourse. This subcourse reflects the doctrine that was current at the time it was prepared. In your own work situation, always refer to the latest official publications. Unless otherwise stated, the masculine gender of singular pronouns is used to refer to both men and women. Termina# %earnin3 Ob4ecti1e ction: You will identify procedures for selecting smoke pot positions, calculating smoke pot requirements, and igniting smoke pots. Conditions: iven information about and illustrations relating to the procedures for selecting smoke pot positions, calculating smoke pot requirements, and igniting smoke pots for a company!level smoke operation. Standards: To demonstrate competency of this task, you must achieve a minimum of "# percent on the subcourse e$amination.

555 IMPO6T NT NOTICE 555 T0E P SSIN7 SCO6E $O6 %% CCP M TE6I % IS NO& 789: P%E SE DIS6E7 6D %% 6E$E6ENCES TO T0E 7)9 6E;UI6EMENT:

Tab#e o< Contents %age &ubcourse 'verview ................................................................................................................................................................ ( )esson (: &elect &moke %ot %ositions..................................................................................................................................... %art +: ,escribe the %urpose of &moke 'perations............................................................................................ %art -: ,escribe the Types of &moke %ots ......................................................................................................... %art .: ,etermine /eather and Terrain .onditions............................................................................................ %art ,: ,etermine &moke %ot &pacing 0equirements.......................................................................................... %art 2: Identify the 3ield 2$pedient 4ethods for 2mplacement of &moke %ots................................................. %ractice 2$ercise.................................................................................................................................................. )esson 8: ,etermine &moke %ot 0equirements...................................................................................................................... %ractice 2$ercise.................................................................................................................................................. )esson 6: Ignite &moke %ots.................................................................................................................................................... %ractice 2$ercise.................................................................................................................................................. * * # " 1 5 (6 (# (5 8( 86

+nswer 7ey and 3eedback................................................................................................................................... (*

+nswer 7ey and 3eedback................................................................................................................................... 89

+nswer 7ey and 3eedback................................................................................................................................... 8* +ppendi$: %ublication 2$tracts............................................................................................................................................... 8" T+ 6!8!8 &moke %ot 2mployment uide, +pril (51*. Use the above T+ card to take this subcourse. +t the time we wrote this subcourse, this was the current publication. In your own work situation, always refer to the latest publications.

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%esson 1 Se#ect Smoke Pot Positions Critica# Tasks> 8+1,)8-,2818 8+1,)8-,+8(8 O1er1ie2 %esson Descri?tion> In this lesson you will learn how to select smoke pot positions. Termina# %earnin3 Ob4ecti1e> ction: &elect smoke pot positions. Conditions: iven information about and illustrations relating to the procedures for selecting smoke pot positions including a determination of weather and terrain conditions, spacing requirement, and techniques for emplacement of smoke pots for a company!level smoke operation. Standards: ,emonstrate competency of the task skills and knowledge by responding to a multiple! choice test covering the procedures or selecting smoke pot positions. 6e<erences: The material contained in this lesson was derived from 34 6!#9 and T- .4) (99. Introduction &moke is a weapon of deception. ,eceiving the enemy helps to ensure mission success. /hen opposing forces can view and monitor friendly preparations, the ne$t move can be guessed with surprising accuracy. Therefore, every effort must be made to conceal forces, preparations, and movement. /hile camouflage and night operations support this goal to a certain e$tent, smoke provides the means of covering large areas of activity at any time of day or night. &moke can also be used to cover an unoccupied area by forcing the enemy to e$pend forces against a none$istent operation. &moke pots and mechanical smoke generators are the means by which many smoke screens are produced to provide the desired deception. , Describe t"e Pur?ose o< Smoke O?erations The deliberate use of smoke and the inadvertent or planned generation of dust on the battlefield have always been of concern to units in action. /hen used to one:s advantage, smoke can significantly reduce the enemy;s effectiveness both in daytime and at night. &moke, Part combined with suppressive fires, will provide increased opportunities for maneuver forces to deploy. This enhances the chances of mission accomplishment without catastrophic losses in the highly lethal modern battle arena. &moke, dust, and other aerosol obscurants effectively degrade smart weapon systems and visual target acquisition. &moke may be used to reduce the ability of the enemy to deliver effective fires and to hamper hostile operations. It is used to deny the enemy information on friendly forces <ships, troops, and aircraft=, positions, and maneuvers. >ence, the important concept of obscuration in support of the combat actions of military forces under contemporary conditions has been reinforced. &moke agents and smoke!producing substances under development affect e$isting systems. In a similar vein, dust, while usually inadvertent and often present when not desired, can be used to deny information to the enemy and to degrade the performance of target! acquisition devices. C"aracteristics o< Smoke Screens + smoke blanket is an area smoke seen laid in a hori?ontal plane. It is designed to obscure a large area and provide protection against aerial observation, or to blanket military positions. %roperly laid, a smoke blanket gives a uniformly dense blanket of smoke over the target area. + smoke ha?e has the same characteristics as a smoke blanket e$cept that a smoke ha?e is not as dense as a smoke blanket. + smoke curtain is a vertical screen, e$tending from the surface to a height greater than the target height. It is placed between friendly and enemy positions to prevent or degrade enemy ground observation of friendly positions. It does not prevent aerial observation. In friendly territory, a smoke generator unit can produce all three types of smoke screens. Uses o< Smoke Screens + smoke ha?e <3igure (= is used to hinder aerial and ground observation by concealing the location of

Figure 1. Smoke haze.

Figure 2. Smoke blanket. friendly units. + smoke ha?e increases the survivability of friendly forces without reducing visibility of friendly forces to such an e$tent that the mission cannot be accomplished. It is produced by smoke generators and smoke pots. + smoke blanket <3igure 8= is used primarily over friendly areas to screen them from enemy visual observation and hinder enemy aerial observation. + smoke blanket can also be used to hinder enemy visual precision bombing. + smoke blanket may restrict movement and activity within the screen, thus hampering operations of friendly troops. The smoke blanket is produced by smoke generators and smoke pots. + smoke curtain <3igure 6= is a dense vertical development of smoke rather than a hori?ontal blanket over an area. It is placed between friendly and enemy positions. It is used to obscure or restrict enemy ground observation of friendly positions and activities@ it will not prevent aerial observation. +rtillery, mortars, grenades, and rockets are used for producing hasty smoke curtains. &moke should be planned for and used during darkness and other periods of reduced visibility to further degrade enemy observation, particularly electro!optical devices not defeated by natural obscuration. &moke increases the overall effectiveness of chemical and conventional munitions <including scattering mines= by masking their employment. &imilarly, the effects of smoke on enemy operations are compounded when electronic warfare is simultaneously employed to degrade enemy command control and communications. &moke has the added effect of reducing the thermal effects of nuclear weapons. U& forces use smoke in one or more of the ways Aust discussed to! ,eny the enemy observation. 0educe effectiveness of enemy target acquisition means. 0estrict nap!of!the!earth and contour approaches for aircraft. ,isrupt enemy movement, operations, and command control. .reate conditions to surprise the enemy. ,eceive the enemy. Part B , Describe t"e T!?es o< Smoke Pots &moke pots are essentially portable steel containers filled with a smoke!producing agent. +n essential difference between land!type smoke pots and floating smoke pots lies in the ratio of total bulk of the smoke pots to bulk of smoke!producing agent. 3loating smoke pots are not completely filled with agents@ voids in the container permit the pot to float in water. The smoke pots in current use are the +-.!4# and 4*+8. -oth smoke pots can be used on land. The

Figure 3. Smoke curtain. 4*+8 can be used on water. These smoke munitions are described below. Smoke Pot' 0C' ++,Pound' BC,M) The 4# smoke pot <3igure *= is a burning type smoke pot. It is a cylindrical sheet!metal container, 1 (B8 inches in diameter by 5 (B8 inches high. This smoke pot is filled with appro$imately 69 pounds of type C.D >. smoke mi$ture and ( pound of a fast!burning smoke mi$ture. The bottom of the container is tapered to a diameter of 1 (B* inches to permit stable stacking. The pot is covered by a nonremovable outer cover with a circular tear strip connected internally by two lead wires to two electric squibs. + carrying handle is mounted on the outer cover. +n inner cover with a circular hole in its center covers the filling. + plastic cup containing a starting mi$ture is embedded in the top of the filling hole in the inner cover. + matchhead that is centered above the starter mi$ture is accessible when the tear strip is removed. + scratcher block in a paper envelope is packed between the inner and outer covers. This smoke pot is ignited by the manual matchhead or the electrical squib. -oth ignition devices are included on this smoke pot. Smoke Pot' $#oatin3' 0C' M* 2 The 4*+8 smoke pot <3igure #= is a burning!type smoke pot. It is a metal container, (8 inches in diameter by (6 inches high. The lower third of the pot contains appro$imately 8" (B8 pounds of >. smoke mi$ture. + waterproof outer cover secured to the pot by a quick! release clamp keeps moisture out and protects the fu?e. + steel carrying handle is attached to the outer cover. + dish!shaped inner cover covers the filling and provides a mounting for the fu?e adapter. Three vent holes in the inner cover are sealed with adhesive tape. + steel handle is attached to the inner cover for carrying the smoke pot after the outer cover has been removed. The starter mi$ture is in a plastic cup embedded in the smoke mi$ture. The filling is separated from the air chamber above by a plastic closure disk held in place by a metal retainer. The smoke pot fu?e tube e$tends downward from the lower end of the fu?e adapter to the starter mi$ture. This smoke pot is ignited by the

Figure 4. ABC-M5 smoke ot. (

Figure 5. M4A2 !C "loating smoke ot. 489"+( floating smoke pot fu?e only. Part C,Determine &eat"er and Terrain Conditions + smoke screen must be continuous to be effective. The success of a smoke screen depends greatly on the interpretation of meteorological data and the observation of the screen in relation to the terrain while the smoke operations are being conducted. These factors are discussed below. &ind There are many different types of wind that affect deliberate smoke operations. %revailing winds have the greatest influence. %revailing winds blow between 5 and 199 meters above the ground and tend to move smoke screens in one direction. To determine the direction and speed of prevailing winds, estimates are made at (E meters above the ground. &moke generators and other smoke sources must be employed and positioned based on the wind direction <3igure E=. .onsider the location of enemy forces before selecting or emplacing a smoke source. %lace smoke pots or generators with a tail wind in reference to the selected area. /inds in e$cess of 8E kilometers per hour carry smoke rapidly from its source, but tend to break up the smoke screen. Therefore, more smoke munitions are required to produce the desired results. /ind speeds below (* kilometers per hour change directions often. This causes smoke streamers to merge at a comparatively short distance from the source. Therefore, the smoke source must be moved closer to the obAective to get effective coverage. /ind speeds ranging from ( to (* kilometers per hour are best for the production of smoke screens. >. smoke tends to rise when the wind is less than ( kilometer per hour and is torn apart by winds faster than 8# kilometers per hour. &eat"er Conditions /eather conditions that affect smoke formation include temperature gradient, humidity, precipitation, and cloud cover. The three types of temperature gradients that affect smoke screens are inversion, neutral, and lapse. +n estimate of temperature gradient is used to predict the stability of the air. Temperature gradients are measured by subtracting the air temperature 9.# meters above the ground surface from the air temperature *.9 meters above the surface. /ith logistical limitations, smoke can be produced under any temperature gradient. In1ersion. +n inversion <stable= condition e$ists when the air temperature increases with an increase in altitude. This condition creates stable air current and

Figure #. Classi"$ing %in& &irections. 7

makes smoke linger for long periods. Under stable conditions, smoke streamers tend to travel parallel downwind for a long distance before they spread and merge into a continuous blanket of smoke. 2ven after merging, this blanket of smoke lies low to the ground and reduces visibility at ground level. &table conditions may keep the smoke from rising high enough to cover the top of buildings, or other tall obAects. Neutra#. /hen there is little change in temperature based on altitude, conditions are neutral. /hen the sky is more than "9 percent covered with clouds, neutral temperature gradients prevail. The atmosphere is moderately stable, and conditions are generally favorable for smoke. Under a neutral temperature gradient smoke streamers have a steadier direction, and there is less tendency for them to rise than when they are under unstable conditions. +lso, streamers tend to spread and rise more quickly than under stable conditions. Therefore, neutral temperature gradients are best for all smoke screens. %a?se. The lapse <unstable= temperature gradient is Aust the opposite of inversion. The air temperature decreases with an increase in altitude. Unstable conditions make smoke break up because the air is moving. In low winds, during unstable conditions, the smoke streamer may rise abruptly from the source. In higher winds, the streamer may pass only a short distance downwind before rising and becoming diffused. %ractically all smoke absorbs moisture from the air. The smoke particles absorb moisture and increase in si?e, thereby increasing their density and making the smoke more effective. 4ost smoke munitions produce a denser smoke when the humidity is high than when it is low. Therefore, high humidity is always favorable for smoke employment. )ight rains decrease visibility@ therefore, less smoke is needed for concealment. >eavy rains and snow reduce visibility to the e$tent that smoke is rarely necessary to provide concealment. Terrain &ince smoke is carried by the wind, it normally follows the contours of the earth. 'n flat or unbroken terrain and over water, smoke streamers take longer to spread out and mi$ together. 'n the other hand, trees and buildings tend to mi$ smoke streamers and increase smoke coverage. )arge hill masses and rugged terrain cause strong cross currents that disperse smoke, causing holes and unevenness. Part D,Determine Smoke Pot S?acin3 6e@uirements The spacing of smoke pots is the measured distance interval between positions necessary to produce an -

effective smoke cloud. In order to determine this interval you must first understand the basic characteristics of a smoke cloud and the terrain over which smoke will be produced. These conditions are described below. C"aracteristics o< a Smoke C#oud In combat, smoke!producing devices are used to produce smoke screens or smoke clouds of various si?es and densities. 'nce produced, the life of a smoke cloud may be described in four successive phases <3igure "=. Indi1idua# streamer. 2ach smoke device emits a steamer of smoke that travels downwind and begins to e$pand. ,epending on weather conditions, the smoke may rise into the air or stay close to the ground. The farther the smoke travels downwind, the more the streamer e$pands. Bui#du?. +bout 89 to 69 meters downwind, individual smoke streamers begin to merge. This merger point starts the buildup phase. The screen becomes thicker as several smoke streamers merge. >owever, the screen is not uniform at this point because parts of the screen have more smoke particles than others. Uni<orm. +fter the smoke travels about #9 meters, the screen density becomes uniform. The same number of smoke particles e$ists in any part of the screen. The uniform phase of the screen usually travels downwind about 8 to E kilometers. )ocal weather and terrain dictate the e$act length of the screen. Termina#. 2ventually, the smoke screen breaks up. )arge smoke particles settle on the ground, and smaller ones dissipate into the air. In this phase, the screen becomes so thin that it no longer degrades vision of electro!optical devices. Terrain Fisual observations are used to determine the type of terrain over which a smoke screen is to be used. /hen using the spacing guide <3igure 1=, only two types of terrain!waterBopen and wooded!are considered. +fter you have determined the type of terrain, the wind speed, and temperature gradient, you can determine the spacing <in meters= of smoke pots by looking at the spacing guide. 2$ample: ,etermine the spacing for +-.!4# smoke pots to produce a smoke blanket under a neutral condition in a wooded area with (6 kilometers per hour wind speed. 3irst, look on the spacing guide for the /ind &peed column to locate (6 kilometers per hour. 0ead across the ( to (* kilometers per hour line to the Temperature radient column for the neutral condition. .ontinue across the Terrain ,escription column on the wooded line. .ontinue across the %osition &pacing column for >a?e and -lanket figures. You will find that the distance between smoke pot positions for a ha?e is "9

Figure '. Four hases o" smoke clou&.

Figure (. S acing gui&e. meters and for a blanket 6# meters. Part E , Identi<! t"e $ie#d E/?edient Met"ods <or Em?#acement o< Smoke Pots & 6NIN7 3or training purposes, all flammable material <leaves, sticks, and dead grass= will be removed from the stacking area. 3ailure to do so will result in fire. In combat the enemy is likely to shoot at things that glow in the dark. &ince smoke pots produce light, they should be concealed from the enemy. + shield must be improvised that masks the glare but allows the smoke to escape freely. Concea#ment o< Smoke Pots There are two methods of concealing the glare of smoke pots. These are the drum method and the covered trench method. Use the procedures below to construct these emplacements. Drum Met"od. To use this method, follow these steps: Ste? 1. .ut a (*!inch <.6 meter= diameter hole in the

center of one end of the ##!gallon drum and a E!inch <5! centimeters= hole in the other end of the drum. The E!inch <5!centimeters= should be cut on one side of the end as shown in 3igure 5. Ste? 2. %lace the drum over the smoke pot, as pictured. Co1ered Trenc" Met"od. To use this method follow three steps: Ste? 1. ,ig a trench appro$imately 6 (B8 feet <( meter= long, ( foot <.6 meter= wide, and 6 feet <appro$imately ( meter= deep. <The issue entrenching tool is 8 feet long when unfolded.= Ste? 2. %lace the smoke pot on its side in the trench and partially cover the trench with any suitable material. .amouflage the position. Ste? +. )eave an opening on each side of the trench for the emission of the smoke. NOTE Geither the drum nor the trench method will completely screen the light from the burning smoke pots. 3urther, when a burning smoke pot is enclosed in a shield, slightly less smoke is produced than from an unshielded pot. .ompensation must be made for the reduction in smoke by the use of additional smoke pots or reducing the spacing interval. ,uring combat operation you may not have enough time to construct smoke pot emplacements. You may have to use smoke pots above ground. /hen smoke pots are used on to? o< t"e 3round, you should use flame shields around individual smoke pots to hide their glare from the enemy. .onstruct flame shields from rocks, scrap iron, or any other nonflammable e$pedient. 3igure (( shows an e$ample of using available materials to conceal the glare from smoke pots. The smoke pot is placed on the ground and the material is simply

Figure ). *rum metho&.

Figure 1+. Co,ere& trench metho&.

Figure 11. -n-to -o"-the-groun& metho&. 18

placed over it as effectively as possible. &ometimes you may need smoke for a longer period of time than would be provided by Aust one smoke pot. &ome of the smoke pots described in this lesson are designed to stack, or mate, end to end. + number of +-.!4# smoke pots can be arranged to ignite in succession, thus providing smoke for a longer period than is possible using a single pot. To accomplish chain ignition, the pots can be placed in stacks and the topmost pot in the stack ignited, or they can be laid on their sides end to end and the pot with the e$posed igniting device ignited. %rior to stacking or being on their side, the outer covers must be removed from all pots so that the igniting devices are e$posed. The +-.!4# smoke pot is especially designed for vertical stacking and because the bottom of one pot fits snugly into the top of the one below it, no support is required. /hether pots are stacked vertically or laid on their sides, the heat generated by one burning pot in a series ignites the adAacent pot. The total burning time of a series of smoke pots ignited by chain ignition is slightly less than the sum of the individual burning times because each pot

ignites shortly before the previous one burns out. To prevent starting unwanted fires, the ground around the smoke pots should be cleared of all flammables. This method of ignition is called c"ain i3nition. This chain ignition continues until all mate smoke pots have burned. 3igure (8 illustrates smoke pots stacked ready for chain ignition.

Figure 12. Stacke& smoke ots.

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%esson 1 Practice E/ercise The following items will test your grasp of the material covered in this lesson. There is only one correct answer for each item. /hen you complete the e$ercise, check your answer with the answer key that follows. If you answer any item incorrectly, study again that part of the lesson that contains the portion involved. 1: 0o2 is t"e air tem?erature a<<ected 2"en an in1ersion e/istA +. Increases with an increase in altitude. -. ,ecreases with an increase in altitude. .. ,oes not change with an increase in altitude. ,. 3luctuates from one layer of air to another. 2: &"ic" tem?erature 3radients a<<ect smokeA +. Inversion, unstable, and stable. -. Geutral, stable, and inversion. .. Inversion, neutral, and lapse. ,. Unstable, neutral, and lapse. +: &"en 2i## smoke munitions ?roduce t"e densest smokeA +. )ow humidity. -. 4oderate humidity. .. >igh humidity. ,. +rid condition. *: &"ic" smoke ?ot comes e@ui??ed 2it" a manua# matc""ead and an e#ectrica# s@uib i3nitionA +. 4(1. -. 4*+8. .. 4#. ,. 4"+(. ): In 2"at condition s"ou#d t"e area be around stacked smoke ?otsA +. Undisturbed. -. .overed with nets. .. .overed with vegetation. ,. .leared of flammable material. (: &"ic" t!?e o< smoke screen increases t"e sur1i1abi#it! o< <riend#! <orces 2it"out serious#! reducin3 1isibi#it!A +. >a?e. -. -lanket. .. .urtain. ,. &treamer. 7: &"ic" <actor determines 2"ere smoke 3enerators must be ?ositionedA +. /ind speed. -. /ind direction. .. &moke munition. ,. Temperature gradient. -: &"at is t"e ?ur?ose o< a <#ame s"ie#dA +. %rovide protection from flame weapons. -. ,irect smoke operations. .. &upport stacked smoke pots. ,. >ide the glare. .: &"ic" ?"ase best describes smoke 2"en it <irst #ea1es a smoke de1iceA +. &treamer. -. -uildup. .. Uniform. ,. Terminal. 18: &"at s?acin3 is re@uired <or BC,M) smoke ?ots to ?roduce a smoke "aBe under neutra# conditions in a 2ooded area 2it" 2inds o< 12 ki#ometers ?er "ourA +. #9 metes. -. "9 meters. .. 8#9 metes. ,. 6#9 meters.

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%esson 1 Practice E/ercise ns2er Ke! and $eedback

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%esson 2 Determine Smoke Pot 6e@uirements Critica# Task> 8+1,)8-,28(( O1er1ie2 %esson Descri?tion> In this lesson you will learn how to calculate smoke pot requirements for a company!level smoke operation. Termina# %earnin3 Ob4ecti1e> ction: ,etermine smoke pot requirements. Conditions: iven information about and illustrations related to the procedures for calculating smoke pot requirement, including determinant of burning time, length of front, and number of positions required for a company!level operation. Standards: ,emonstrate competency of the task skills and knowledge by responding to the multiple! choice test covering the procedures for calculating smoke pot requirements. 6e<erences: The material contained in this lesson was derived from 34 6!#9 and T- .4) (99. Introduction The three formulas for calculating smoke pot requirements are smoke pot positions, smoke pots per position, and total smoke pots required. You must have the type of terrain, temperature gradient, wind speed, type screen <blanket or ha?e=, target width, duration of mission, and type of smoke pot to calculate smoke pot requirements. Smoke Pot Positions $ormu#a To determine how many positions are needed <%=, you divide the target width <T/= by position spacing <%&= <round up decimals of # or more= and then add one. The Hadd oneH is a constant. /hen counting from one position to the ne$t, you must include your own position. <Instead of starting with 9 you start with (.= P C DT&EPSF G 1 Smoke Pots Per Position $ormu#a To determine the number of smoke pots for each position <%B%=, you divide the mission time <4T= by the minimum burn time <-T=. <+lways round up decimals when calculating smoke pots per positions on the premise that it is better to have more smoke than not enough.= PP C MTE BT Tota# Smoke Pots 6e@uired $ormu#a To determine the total number of smoke pots required <T%=, multiply the smoke pot positions <%= by the pots per position <%B%=. TP C P / PEP E/am?#e> T"e mission is as <o##o2s> =ou must #a! smoke <rom 1888 "ours to 11+8 "ours: T!?e o< smoke ?ots to be used is BC,M): &ind s?eed is - ki#ometers ?er "our: T!?e o< co1era3e needed is a b#anket: Tar3et 2idt" is 288 meters: T"e tar3et is in an o?en area: Ste? 1. 2stimate wind speed <see 3igure (6=. You feel a slight wind on your face and leaves are rustling <E to (9 7ilometers per hour=. Ste? 2. ,etermine temperature gradient <see 3igure (*=. You must lay smoke from (999 to ((69 hours, and the sky cover is less than 69 percent <lapse=. Ste? +. ,etermine spacing between positions and distance from target <see 3igure (# on page (E=. /ind is 1 7ilometers per hour and target area you want to blanket is open. <Geed 8# meters between positions, 8#9 meters upwind of target area.= Ste? *. ,etermine how many positions are needed. <,ivide target width <T/= of 899 meters by position spacing <%&= of 8#, round up decimals of .# or more, and add (. %ositions needed equal 5.= Ste? ). ,etermine how many pots are needed in each position. <,ivide the time required for the mission <4T= of 59 minutes by the minimum burning time <-T= of (8 minutes using the +-.!4# smoke pots@ round up decimals of .# or more. %ots needed in each position equal 1= Ste? (. ,etermine the total number of pots required for the mission <T%=. <4ultiply the number of positions <%= by the number of pots per position <%B%=. 5 $ 1 I "8 smoke pots needed.

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Figure 13. .in& s ee& estimate.

Figure 14. /em erature gra&ient con&ition.

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Figure 15. Smoke ot s acing an& line0target &istance.

Figure 1#. Smoke ot characteristics.

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%esson 2 Practice E/ercise The following items will test your grasp of the material covered in this lesson. There is only one correct answer for each item. /hen you complete the e$ercise, check your answer with the answer key that follows. If you answer any item incorrectly, study again that part of the lesson that contains the portion involved. NOTE> To answer questions ( through E, refer to the situation below and the figures provided in lesson 8. &ituation: Your unit has been given the requirement to establish a smoke line using 4*+8 smoke pots in open terrain. The wind speed is (E 7ilometers per hour, and the temperature gradient is neutral. The target area is 199 meters wide, and your unit is to provide a smoke ha?e for three hours. 1: 0o2 man! smoke ?ots 2i## be re@uired <or eac" ?ositionA +. -. .. ,. (9. (1. 89. 88 smoke ?ot ?ositions 2i## be +: &"at is t"e minimum burnin3 time Din minutesF <or t"e smoke ?ot to be usedA +. -. .. ,. *: (9. (8. (#. 88.

&"at is t"e s?acin3 re@uirement in metersA +. -. .. ,. (#. 89. 69. *9.

): &"at is t"e distance to t"e near ed3e o< t"e tar3et in re#ation to t"e s?acin3 re@uirementA +. -. .. ,. (#9. 899. 8#9. 699.

(: &"at is t"e tota# number o< smoke ?ots re@uired to com?#ete t"e missionA +. -. .. ,. 6"". (19. 8"9. 6"1.

2: 0o2 man! estab#is"edA +. -. .. ,. ((. 89. 8(. 69.

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%esson 2 Practice E/ercise ns2er Ke! and $eedback

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%esson + I3nite Smoke Pots Critica# Task> 8+1,)8-,18(1 O1er1ie2 %esson Descri?tion> In this lesson you will learn how to ignite smoke pots safely. Termina# %earnin3 Ob4ecti1e> ction: Ignite smoke pots. Conditions: iven information about and illustrations related to the procedures for igniting smoke pots by manual and electrical methods. Standards: ,emonstrate competency of the task skills and knowledge by responding to the multiple! choice test covering the procedures for igniting smoke pots by manual and electrical methods. 6e<erences: The material contained in this lesson was derived from T- .4) (99. Introduction %rior to igniting any smoke pot, you must first understand the safety precautions to be observed during the handling and use of smoke pots. 7eep in mind the safety precautions listed below whenever smoke pots are required. /hen igniting a smoke pot manually, keep your head well to one side on the top of the pot and out of the way of sparks or flame. ,o G'T use the pull ring or safety pin on the fu?e for lifting or handling smoke pots. Fent a burning!type <>.= smoke pots 4*+8 and +-. 4#, for at least five minutes within 8* hours before igniting by removing adhesive tape from the two vent holes in the inside cover. 0ecover the holes with adhesive tape before firing the smoke pots. Use a *!to E!foot pole when moving a misfired pot immediately following the first ignition attempt. +fter five minutes, the misfired pot can be moved safely by hand. /hen authori?ed to destroy smoke pots to prevent enemy use, be sure that smoke from the pots does not interfere with the operations of nearby tactical units. /ear a protective mask when e$posed to a high concentration of >. smoke, when e$posed for a prolonged period to an ordinary field concentration of >., or when e$posed for a prolonged period to a high concentration of & 38. /hen training with smoke pots, take precautionary measures against accidental fires. Met"ods o< I3nitin3 Smoke Pots There are currently three methods of igniting smoke pots. These are single ignition, multiple ignition, and chain ignition. ,uring single ignition, the smoke pots are fired one at a time, either by mechanical or electrical means. 3or multiple ignition, several smoke pots or a line of smoke pots are ignited simultaneously at different locations. +n electric firing circuit is normally used to accomplish multiple ignition. .hain ignition is the igniting of smoke pots that are placed end to end either vertically or hori?ontally. Initial firing of chain!ignited smoke pots can be either mechanical or electrical. 'nce ignited, the heat generated by one burning pot will ignite the ne$t smoke pot and provide smoke for a longer period of time than is possible by using a single smoke pot. >owever, the total burning time is slightly less than the total burning time would be if the smoke pots were burned singly. This occurs because the heat from the first smoke pot ignites the ne$t smoke pot before the first smoke pot is completely burned out.

Figure 1'. Manual ignition.

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Procedures <or t"e Manua# and E#ectrica# I3nition o< Smoke Pots The procedures for igniting the 4# smoke pots manually are described in 3igure (". The procedures for igniting the 4# smoke pot electrically are described in 3igure (1. The procedures for igniting the 4*+8 floating smoke pot manually are described below. &tep (. 0emove the quick!release clamp and outer cover, e$posing the fu?e assembly. &tep 8. >old the fu?e level firmly against the fu?e body and pull the safety pin as shown in 3igure 5. &tep 6. )ift the smoke pot by the handle and drop it into the water, releasing the safety pin. & 6NIN7 The 4*+8 floating smoke pots must be vented for at least five minutes within 8* hours before firing. This is done by removing the adhesive tape from two of the three vent holes in the inside cover. 0ecover the vent holes with adhesive tape prior to firing. Gever lift the smoke pot by safety pin. Figure 1(. 2lectrical ignition.

Figure 1). 1ulling the sa"et$ in.

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%esson + Practice E/ercise The following items will test your grasp of the material covered in this lesson. There is only one correct answer for each item. /hen you complete the e$ercise, check your answer with the answer key that follows. If you answer any item incorrectly, study again that part of the lesson that contains the portion involved. 1: &"ic" smoke ?ot must be 1ented ?rior to useA +. -. .. ,. 4(. 4*+8. 4"+. 4(1. +: &"ic" smoke ?ot can be i3nited manua##! or e#ectrica##! as isA +. -. .. ,. *: 4(. 4*+8. 4#. 4"+(.

0o2 is manua# i3nition accom?#is"edA +. -. .. ,. Using the scratcher block. %ulling the tear strip. 3iring the squib. Using a -+69 battery.

2: 0o2 man! minutes must !ou 2ait be<ore attem?tin3 to mo1e a mis<ired smoke ?ot b! "andA +. -. .. ,. 89. (#. (9. #.

): &"en e#ectrica##! i3nitin3 t"e BC,M) smoke ?ot' 2"at is t"e ma/imum #en3t" o< t"e connectin3 2iresA +. -. .. ,. (99 feet. (9 meters. (9 feet. # feet.

2+

%esson + Practice E/ercise ns2er Ke! and $eedback

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