Appl. sci. Res.

Vol. A2

ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETERS FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF TURBULENCE b y B. G. V A N D E R H E G G E Z I J N E N

Kollinklijke/Shell Laboratorium, Delft

Summary
A description is given of the construction of a hot-wire anemometer for the investigation of turbulence and of the method of spot welding tungsten wire to the supports of this anemometer. The welding equipment has been developed by the Royal Dutch/Shell-Laboratory at Delft. This description is preceded by a review of the requirements which have to be satisfied; the principal dimensions of the ,,Delft" anemometer: wire length, wire diameter and the dimensions of the supports follow from these requirements. I t seems that the wire length should for the present purpose not exceed 0.5 mm and that the wire diameter should be 0.005 mm or less.

1. Introduction. I n recent years extensive researches h a v e been in progress, b o t h in E u r o p e a n d in the U.S.A., into the r a n d o m , s e c o n d a r y m o t i o n a c c o m p a n y i n g t u r b u l e n t flow. T h e i r m a i n purpose is to p r o v i d e the basic i n f o r m a t i o n as to, a n d n u m e r i c a l d a t a of, the m a g n i t u d e of the various v e l o c i t y c o m p o n e n t s , their root m e a n square values (intensity of turbulence), the t u r b u l e n t shearing stresses, the dimensions of the smallest eddies responsible for dissipation, a n d the dimensions of bodily m o v i n g masses of fluid (scale of turbulence). I n v e s t i g a t i o n s of correlations b e t w e e n fluct u a t i o n s of v e l o c i t y and t e m p e r a t u r e - - or c o n c e n t r a t i o n of m a t t e r - - are required in the case o~ i n t e r c h a n g e in fields of flow w i t h heterogeneous t e m p e r a t u r e (or c o n c e n t r a t i o n of m a t t e r ) . These statistical q u a n t i t i e s h a v e to be d e t e r m i n e d in order to arrive at a full u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the m e c h a n i s m of diffusion b y turbulence. The device for m e a s u r i n g the local i n s t a n t a n e o u s v e l o c i t y in t h e t u r b u l e n t flow c e r t a i n l y is not the least i m p o r t a n t p a r t of the ex- 3 5 1 - -

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B . G . VAN DER HEGGE ZIJNEN

perimental setup, because it must yield results that come as near as possible to true point measurements. Moreover, it must be able to reproduce the velocity fluctuations accurately up to frequencies of m a n y thousands per second and cause the smallest possible distortion of the field of flow. The so-called hot-wire anemometer has proved to be an instrument that fulfills the requirements. Only a few data on the construction of hot-wire anemometers for the investigation of turbulence Call be traced in literature, and none on the way of attaching tungsten wire to the supports by welding, as is done at present in some laboratories in the U.S.A. For this reason we have drawn up the following description of the tungsten hot-wire anemometer and the equipment for spot welding fine tungsten wires, both developed in the Royal Dutch/Shell Laboratory at Delft. The method for spot welding adopted has been Suggested by H. C. R i e s (Chem. Eng. Dept., University of Delaware), who kindly furnished details of his setup.

2. Requirements imposed upon a hot-wire anemometer /or the investigation o] turbulence. In designing an anemometer the question
arises: what scale of turbulence is to be expected ? The experiments by D r y d e n and co-workers 1) on the scale of turbulence pro1,, ,,,~qx,,and 5" (with correduced by screens with a mesh of ~,~,11" sponding wire diameter) show that the scale of turbulence at a distance x of 10 times mesh downstream of the screen is roughly 5 of the mesh and increases with increasing x (compare fig. 7 of D r y d e n's report). This means for the finest screen investigated by D r y d e n and co-workers a scale of turbulence of about 2 mm at a distance x ~ 100 mm downstream of the screen. On the other hand, experiments on the distribution of the timemean velocity across turbulent jets suggests a "mixing length", or convection path, of the bodily moving fluid masses of about 1 ~-0.017 x, when x denotes the distance from the cross-section considered to the hypothetical origin of the jet. Again, with x ~ 100 mm, I turns out to be roughly 1.7 mm. It appears therefore that the part of the anemometer intended for spot-measuring the velocity must be smaller than 1.5 mm, preferably much smaller when details within the scale of turbulence are to be detected. In fact, the dimensions of the anemometer ought to be reduced to the

HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETERS

353

dimensions of the microvortices which are - - according to T a y1 o r ~) -- responsible for dissipation. These microvortices m a y have a diameter of about 0.5 m m or more for velocities below 50 m/sec. Hence, in general, the dimensions of the a n e m o m e t e r for the investigation of turbulence should not exceed about 0.5 mm. Still shorter wires come into conflict with other requirements, such as rigidity, because short wires result in a correspondingly small wire d i a m e t e r and supports, and in a delicate instrument. Corrections to the results obtained with wires longer t h a n the scale of turbulence are possible in principle. These corrections are given b y S k r a m s t a d in the report of 1) in the chapter on the m a t h e m a t i c a l t h e o r y pertaining to the correction of the measurements, b o t h in scale and intensity, for lack of complete correlation of the fluctuations over the entire length of the wire: Also F r e nk i e 1 3) studied these corrections. Besides, the t h e r m a l inertia of the v/*~ causes a distorted response of b o t h the amplitude and the pha-~ ._. she velocity fluctuations; the more so as the f r e q u e n c y is higher and the t h e r m a l inertia is greater. The condition of small t h e r m a l inertia also requires a v e r y fine wire (and a low wire t e m p e r a t u r e too). The distortion in the response of a v e r y fine wire to the velocity fluctuations, however, can be compensated to a large e x t e n t b y a suitable electrical circuit in the equipment.

3. The Wire. Prior to the m a n u f a c t u r e of v e r y fine tungsten wire the silver-coated platinum wire drawn according to the Wollaston process, was extensively used. A platinum core of suitable length is prepared b y dissolving the silver coating in a m i x t u r e of 25 cm 3 nitric acid and 50 cm 3 distilled w a t e r to which 10 gram of a m m o n i u m nitrate is added. Some experimenters prefer a weaker solution: three parts of distilled water to one part of nitric acid, because a rich solution gives wires which are under strength, possibly as the result of etching the platinum core. The acid should be free from chloride, so avoiding the possibility of etching the platin u m itself or of forming silver chloride. An electrolysing potentia ! of 2 V across the wire and the dilute acid removes the silver coating in one minute or less. Good results are also obtained when a t i n y jet of dilute acid is
Appl. sci. Res. A 2 23

354

B. G. VAN DER HEGGE ZIJNEN

made to impinge on the wire, the removal of the coating again being assisted by electrolysis. The delicate platinum wires cannot be kept straight under tension; deformation of the wires and consequent change of the calibration constants, or even breakage of the wires, results from collision with tiny solid particles in the air stream. For these reasons it is not advisable to use platinum wires of 0.0025 mm for air speeds exceeding 12 m/sec; wires of 0.00625 mm can withstand speeds of 25 m/sec. Platinum-iridium has far superior mechanical qualities. The advantage of superior mechanical strength offsets the disadvantage of a lower temperature coefficient of tile electrical resistance. This alloy, however, cannot be drawn to a smaller diameter than 0.015
mm.

W e s k e ~) pointed out that tungsten, because of its excellent mechanical strength, is very attractive for hot-wire anemometers. The temperature coefficient of the electrical resisfance is higher for tungsten than for platinum or platinum-iridiuin; this too is an advantage. Tungsten wires down to 0.003 mm and less, are at present commercially available. Tungsten wire can be kept straight under tension; breakage rarely occurs because the wire is less sensitive to collision with solid particles in tile airstream, and the anemometer is rugged enough to permit the removal of accumulated dust with a small brush, or by washing, without changing the calibration constants. The durability of the calibration constants is promoted by the low operational temperature of the wire which, for practical reasons, is restricted. According to S c h u b a u e r 5) tungsten wire can be subjected for an indefinite length of time to a temperature of about 300C without showing deterioration or weakening; above 350C, however, deterioration sets in and rupture finally occurs. Of course the average operational temperature must be kept appreciably below 300C. Because the sensitivity of a hot-wire anemometer increases with tile average wire temperature, the sensitivity of a tungsten hot-wire anemometer cannot be raised to that of a platinum hot-wire anemometer, which permits of a maximum operational temperature of about 500C. This is a drawback, but not a very serious one, since the loss of sensitivity can be made good by increasing the amplification of the voltage fluctuations across the wire. It tells, however,

HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETERS

355

when the hot-wire anemometer is applied to the measurements of fluctuations as well as of the time-mean values of the velocity in the field of turbulent flow.

4. The wire supports. The fine and short wires of anemometers intended for measurements of turbulence require the use of delicate supports. The flexural rigidity of the supports sets a lower limit to the support diameter. A lower limit is also set by the condition that the temperature of the support be equal, or nearly equal, to that of the ambient air. This is the case when the ratio of cross-sectional area of support and wire exceeds a certain value. This value depends on the kind of material used and on the absolute dimensions of wire and support. For a wire diameter of 0.005 mm this value amounts to roughly 100. This means a support diameter of 0.05 ram. Such supports are too fine for practical use. An upper limit to the support diameter is dictated by the requirement that the field of flow suffer the least possible distortion. The general practice in the U.S.A. and in Europe is to use straight supports: sewing needles, phosphor-bronze wire or other suitable metal with a uniform diameter of 0.2 to 0.3 mm or over. When tungsten wire is used, the supports must be flexible enough to keep the wire straight. When Wollaston wire is used, the silver-coated platinum often serves as support (diameter of coated wire 0.15 to 0.25 ram). Whereas the ratios of wire length to wire diameter employed by various experimenters appear to be high enough to ensure favourable operational conditions, the ratio of wire length to support diameter is sometimes astonishingly low (compare the table with data on hot-wire anemometers). A value of 2 is found for the anemometer employed by S c h u h and W i n t e r 6) (Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, England) ; the higher ratios of the anemometers of S c h u b a u e r S ) and C o r r s i n T ) are due to a wire length that is presumably too great for accurate measurements. A ratio of wire length to support diameter of about 10 should be aimed at. Indeed, it will hardly be possible, to achieve higher ratios with wires with a length of 0.5 mm. 5. Attaching the wire. Wires of platinum, or the silver-coated Wollaston wire, are soldered onto the supports with ordinary lead-

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13. G. VAN D E R H E G G E Z I J N E N

tin solder. Tungsten wire, however, cannot be soldered with ordinary lead-tin solder, at least not in a direct way. It seems that Weske first used tungsten wire which was coated over its entire length with a thin layer of a metal that could be soldered with lead-tin. Electroplating, however, increases the thermal inertia of the wire. In order to avoid the inconvenience of increasing the wire diameter b y plating, S c h u b a u e r 5) developed an ingenious technique for plating the tungsten wire only where contact is to be m a d e with the supports, leaving the part of the wire between the supports bare. It may be inferred that this method of plating requires considerable skill! Another way of attaching the tungsten wire to the supports is b y welding. This process of attaching fine wires is at present carried out in a few laboratories in the U.S.A. and also b y the Royal Dutch/ Shell Laboratory at Delft according to Ries' method. A description of this process and the equipment developed for spot welding fine tungsten wires is given in the last paragraph.

6. Pre-tension o/the wire and/undamental/requency of the support and the wire. Opinions diverge on the question whether a hot
wire should, or should not, be kept straight under tension. In the case of platinum wire this question does not arise because fine platinum wires simply cannot be kept under pretension; it does arise, however, with tungsten wire. In measuring low levels of turbulence the difficulty of the vibration of the hot-wire anemometer is encountered. In general the vibrations arise either from the mounting (wind-tunnel wall, the foundation of tile setup, etc.), the wire supports, or tile wire itself. The importance of vibrations can be demonstrated b y an example: assume a wire vibrating with an amplitude of 0.0025 mm at a frequ racy of 1000 per second; let the velocity of the flow be 30 m/sec. -Th~s v:bration produces a spurious effect equivMent to an intensity of turbulence of 0.04% ,whereas the intensity of turbulence in a windtunnel may be as low as 0.1% . It follows that the foundation, or mo,anting, of the hot-wire anemometer must be as free from vibratio-~ a~ possible; this is an external problem. In order to avoid resonance, the fundamental frequency of the supports should not coincide with the frequency of the vibrations o~ the mountlng or of the vortices shed by the support s.

HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETERS

357

The frequency for the f u n d a m e n t a l mode of vibration of a bar with uniform cross section, with one end built in and the other end free, neglecting damping, is
/1 ~-

0.56

~/

X~d2~L 4 EIg

fig

(1)

and for the second mode of vibration:

/
/2 = 3.48 when

~d2~,L4

(2)

E1
g y d L

= fiexural rigidity, = acceleration of gravity, = weight of the material per unit of volume, = diameter of bar, ---- length of bar.

(compare S. T i m o s h e n k o: Vibration problems in engineering, 2nd ed., New York 1937, p. 344). Inserting: 7 = 8 10-3 kg/cm 3 (chrome1), d = 0.02 cm, L = 1 cm, the formulae (1) and (2) yield A = 1400/sec, /2 = 8700/sec. If the value o f / i found in this way comes dangerously near to the frequency of external vibrations, it appears to be wise either to decrease the support diameter (or increase its length), or to increase d, at the same time reducing L, in order to increase/i beyond the highest frequency to be expected. SchubauerS) used an anemometer with d = 0 . 3 2 m m , ! = 14 m m (phosphor-bronze wire), yie!ding for/1 about t l40/sec. This frequency might coincide with the frequency of the vibrations generated by a wind-tunnel motor or fan. Schuh and W i n t e r 6 ) , on the other hand, use supports with an effective length of 2.5 m m and a diameter (at the top of the s u p p o r t ) of 0.25 mm. This yields for/1 about 28000/sec, well above the frequency level encountered in practice. Yet this anemometer appears to be so bulky, t h a t it inevitably causes a considerable distortion of the field of flow. Here flexural rigidity and the least possible distortion of the field of flow are sharply conflicting requirements !

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B . G . VAN DER HEGGE Z I J N E N

As for the fundamental frequency of the wire, assume it to be a string with b o t h ends built in. The frequency for the fundamental mode of vibration of a string is ]

11 =

2~

%/ga/?

(3)

where : g = acceleration of gravity, a = tension, 7 = specific weight, l = iength of string. Now, assume the wire to have a diameter of 5 10 - 4 cm and a length of 0.05 cm. A tension in the wire a of 1 kg/cm 2 results in a wire load of about 0.2 10 -a gram. W i t h y = 19 10 -3 kg/cm 3 (tungsten) formula (3) yields /1 : about 2300/sec. The assumed value of a m a y be increased m a n y times before rupture occurs. It m a y safely be assumed that in attaching the wire to the supports a sufficient wire load is generated; so no special care appears to be needed in regard to pre-tension.
7. Data on hot-wire anemometers. Only a few particulars have been communicated in the literature about the anemometers used by various experimenters for the investigation of turbulence .The following table contains the constructional data that could be traced; the data of the "Delft" tungsten-wire anemometer have been added (compare n e x t paragraph).
TABLE I

Dimensions in mm Laboratory Aeron. Res, C.

G.A.L.C.I.T. N.A,C.A. Roy, Aircr. Est. Nat. Luchtv. Lab,

Experimenter
Mat. Hall
Pt Pt Wo Pt Pt Pt Pt-Ir Wo

Wire Supp. Le/gth Diam.d diam,D

lid

lID

Ref.

1,25
2 1.76 0.5 1.0 2-4 2 0.6
/

Corrsin Schubauer Schuh and Winter Benthem

Welling v. d. Hegge

Techn, Un. Delft

Kon./SheI1 Lab.

0.0025 0.0063 0.00751 0.00251 0.005 ] 0.009 I 0.015 0.005

Zijnen
*) at top of tapered sup.port.

0.2? 500 16.251 8 0.3 ? 320 17 / 7 /5.5/ 5 0.32 0.25 200 12 16 200 4 / 6 0.25 0.3? 200-400 7-13 9 133 j ? ? 120 10 " - 0.05X 0.13 *)

HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETERS

359

8. The "Del/t" anemometer. In compliance with the requirements as to the dimensions of the hot-wire anemometer, the length selected for the wire was l = 0.6ram
and for the diameter: d = 0.005 ram, yielding a length/diameter ratio of about 120, in accordance with the requirements of good operational conditions. Because of its great tensile strength tungsten wire has been employed. The wire supports are made from chromel wire with an initial diameter of 0.3 mm; they taper from about 0.3 0.2 mm 2 at the base to about 0.12 0.05 mm 2 at the top, where the tungsten wire is attached. The length of the support is about 10 ram. In order to reduce as far as possible the distortion of the field of flow at the point where turbulence is to be measured, the tops of the supports have been bent in the form of an arch (compare fig. 1 and 2). Because the end of the support is nearly para" .... ~ the wire, this form facilitates the attachment of the wire.
TO

y~'/./~A;"J,/:~TOlY~"

8R*'DG

Fig. 1. S k e t c h of " D e l f t " h o t - w i r e a n e m o m e t e r .

Chromel is an excellent metal for supports: it is resilient, good to work on and resistant to corrosive effects. It cannot, however, be soft soldered; hence the built-in end of the support must be copperplated before soldering it to the holder. The copperplating is performed as follows: the support is soaked in a hot concentrated KOH solution, which will remove grease, and then dipped in a mixture of concentrated H2S04, HNOa and He1, in the proportions 2 : 1 : 0.015. The acid mixture, if free of water, will leave the support bright and not pitted. Then the end of the support is dipped in an acid sulphate plating bath consisting of 10 gram CuSO 4. 5aq and 10 cm 3 H;SO 4 added to 50 cm 3 distilled water. According to C a r t e r 11) this solution yields strong, dense deposits when it is operated at room temperature and a current density of 0.05 A/cm 2.

360

B. G. VAN DER HEGGE ZIJNEN

The wire holder (compare figl 1), to which the supports are attached, is made from strips of hard brass. The upper and the lower half of this holder are electrically insulated from each other by a strip of paper. The left end in fig. 1 has a slightly tapered rectangular cross section ; it serves as a plug for connecting the hot-wire anemometer to the Wheatstone-bridge arrangement in which it is inserted. This construction proved to be convenient because if the wire breaks, it is a simple matter to remove and replace the holder or substitute a new one.

9. The equipmenl/or spot welding the tungsten wire to the supports.

The author has chosen the Ries method of electrically spot welding

C 0

Fig. 4. Reel for p r e p a r i n g a piece of t u n g s t e n wire.

the tungsten wire to the supports. Because of the good results obtained with it, a description of this method and of the equipment developed by the author may follow here. The tungsten wire, with a diamater of 0.005 mm, as supplied by the Sigmund Cohn Corp. of New York, N.Y., is wound on a bobbin.

Fig. 2. "Delft" hot-wire anemometer, nearly full size

Fig. 3. Welding equipment

Fig. 7. Tungsten wire of 0.005 mm diameter spot welded to supports (15 times enlarged)

HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETERS

361

Before welding, a piece of this wire must be stretched over the top of the supports. This is a rather delicate, but not a difficult operation. The tungsten-wire bobbin A (see the photo of the equipment, fig. 3, and the diagrammatic sketch showing the preparation of a piece of tungsten wire, fig. 4) is mounted on a stand B; this stand also carries a small reel C with six horizontal spokes. Now the end of the wire is attached with wax or other suitable material to one of the spokes of the reel. By turning the reel through 1/6th of its circumference the wire is brought into contact with the next spoke; here again the wire is attached. The piece 'of tungsten wire between the two spokes, for instance 10 mm long, is attached with wax near the tops of the prongs D carried b y the stand E (in the right of the photo fig. 3, compare fig. 4 and 5). By cutting the wire between the prongs and the spokes of the reel, a short piece of straight tungsten wire remains between the prongs. + M

~WPPOI&T

Fig. 5. Position of wire during welding.

Now the stand E is moved to the left of the stand F and into a position such that the tungsten wire is just over the tops of the wire supports. The adjustment of the wire with respect to the top of the support is assisted by a screw spindle H in the stand F for horizontal displacement of the hot-wire holder I (fig. 3), and b y the screw spindle K in the stand E for vertical displacement of the piece of tungsten wire. When the wire is exactly parallel to, and just over the tops of the supports, it is lowered b y turning the knob L of the screw spindle K in the stand E in order to bring the wire into contact with the supports. When the light is good, this process of adjusting is not difficult.

362

B. G. VAN DER HEGGE ZIJNEN

The welding of the tungsten wire to the supports is done b y means of a n electrode M (a piece of red copper wire) attached to the stand N (see photo fig. 3 and the sketch fig. 5). By turning the knob 0 in the stand N t h e electrode is brought into contact with the tungsten wire and at the same time the latter is pressed against the top of the support. Contact is detected b'y an electric pocket torch P seen at the left of fig. 3. When a sufficiently strong electric current is passed through the electrode M, the wire ought to be welded firmly to the top of the support. Electric current of sufficient strength is generated in the spotwelding unit marked Q in the photo fig. 3, a circuit diagram of which is given in fig. 6. To the left is the connection to the 220 V mains (50 c.p.s. ; connection not visible in the photo fig. 3) and the main switch R. The details of this unit have been specified in the caption

io K t o watt

sa

.,,;~

,6o., ~ 2

~ x s o . = I=

* ~ too ~

,,=

R= Ua W= ~= V= 7" =

,".~.4/~

~wtrcH

CAPAC/TY-$ELfCT/H6 pM~H-~GTTOH POTEHT/O/'~ETER ADdUSTFIEIY7

m E Tt/~R

SWlT~2,=t WEL~IH5 /:O R VARy/t/d:

SO~F.-~t~. TN~

ZOO/O-F WEl_DlffG YOLTAGE CMRREHT 2 RGADABLE O f f /~Jr~WTR T

~WIrCH

0~

SNORT

CIRCU/7

WELDII'~O

Fig. 6. Circuit diagram of spot welding unit.

to fig. 6. Suffice it to say that the welding voltage is adjusted by the potentiometer S, which voltage is read off on the meter T; the capacity in the circuit is adjusted b y means of the selecting switch U. The capacity ranges - - b y steps - - from 50 to 700 # F . The resistance V serves for adjusting the short circuit current which remains after discharge of the capacity unit. Discharge ~ this is the actual welding process - - occurs when the button W is pushed. When the electrode M has been correctly adjusted, no sparks should occur at the welding spot.

HOT-WIRE

ANEMOMETERS

363

Good results have been obtained with a welding voltage o! about 30 to 40 V and a capacity of 500/,F. The photo fig. 7 shows the results obtained in this way with a tungsten wire of 0.005 mm diameter, welded to chromel supports. The wire is reproduced 15 times enlarged.
R e c e i v e d 3 0 t h A u g u s t , 1950.

REFERENCES 1) D r y d e n , H . L . , G. B. S c h u b a u e r , W.C. Mock a n d H . K. S k r a m s t a d, M e a s u r e m e n t s of i n t e n s i t y a n d scale of w i n d - t u n n e l t u r b u l e n c e a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n to t h e c r i t i c a l R e y n o l d s n u m b e r of s p h e r e s , N a t . A d v . C o m m . f. A e r o n . T e c h n . R e p . 581, 1937. 2) T a y 1 o r, G . I . , P r o c . L o n d o n m a t h e m . Soc. ~ 0 (1922) 196. 3) F r e n k i e 1, F . N . , E t u d e s t a t i s t i q u e de la t u r b u l e n c e . I. Mesure de la t u r b u l e n c e a v e e u n fil c h a u d n o n c o m p e n s 6 . I I . Influellce de la l o n g u e n r d ' u n Ill c h a u d c o m p e n s 6 s u r la m e s u r e de la t u r b u l e n c e , Off. N a t . E t u d e s et R e c h . A 6 r o n . R e p . T e e h n . 37, 1948. 4) W e s k e, J . R., M e t h o d s of m e a s u r e m e n t of h i g h air velocities b y t h e h o t - w i r e m e t h o d , N a t . A d v . C o m m . f. A e r o n . , T e c h n . N o t e 880, 1943. 5) S c h u b a u e r, G . B . a n d P . S . K 1 e b a n o f f, T h e o r y a n d a p p l i c a t i o n of h o t wire i n s t r u m e n t s in t h e i u v e s t i g a t i o n of t u r b u l e n t b o u n d a r y l a y e r s , N a t . A d v . C o m m . f. A e r o n . , W a r t i m e R e p . W. 86 ( A C R 5 K 27) 1946. 6} S e h u h , H. and K.G. Winter, R.A.E. 4It 3It experimentallow turbulence w i n d t u n n e l , R o y . Aircr. E s t a b l . R e p . A e r o 2285, 1948. 7) C o r r s i n, S., I n v e s t i g a t i o n of flow in a n a x i a l l y s y m m e t r i c a l h e a t e d j e t of air. N a t . A d v . C o m m . f. A e r o n . , W a r t i m e R e p . A C R W . 94, 1943. 8) H a 11, A. A., M e a s u r e m e n t s of t h e i n t e n s i t y a n d scale of t u r b u l e n c e , A e r o n . Res. Coune. R e p . a n d Mem. 1842, 1938. 9) B e n t h e m, J . P., O n d e r z o e k n a a r de i n v l o e d v a n g a z e u o p een g e l i j k m a t i g e e n een n i e t g e l i j k m a t i g e s t r o m i n g , N a t . L u c h t v a a r t L a b . , A m s t e r d a m , R a p . A 1168, 1949. 10) W e l l i n g , W . A . , I n g e n i e u r B l (1949) Ch. 33. 1) C a r t e r , H . J . , R e v . sci. I n s t r . 1,9 (1948) 917.