UNIVERSITY OF MONTENEGRO INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

Dr Igor Laki

ENGLISH FOR POLITICAL SCIENCE AND DIPLOMACY III

Podgorica, Sep e!"er #$%%

CONTENTS&
1

UNIT ONE& T'ENTY FIRST CENTURY AND ITS CHALLENGES Reading and speaking Vocabulary Gra!!ar re"ie#$ %resen& Si!ple and %resen& 'on&inuous UNIT T'O& THE UNITED NATIONS Reading and speaking Vocabulary Gra!!ar re"ie#$ %as& Si!ple and %as& %er+ec& UNIT THREE& SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE (I) Reading and speaking Vocabulary Gra!!ar re"ie#$ %resen& %er+ec& 'on&inuous Tense UNIT FOUR& SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE (II) Reading and speaking Vocabulary Gra!!ar re"ie#$ %as& Si!ple and %as& 'on&inuous UNIT FI*E& INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANISATIONS Reading and speaking Vocabulary Gra!!ar re"ie#$ %as& %er+ec& Si!ple and 'on&inuous APPENDI+ Mock Tes&s Final E1a! %repara&ion Tenses 2 Re"ision 3o# #ell do you kno# &4e UN5 67ui89

1 1 ( ) ) * 1, 111. 1/ ,0 ,0 ,, ,,. ,. ,/ 0 , , . ) *

UNIT %
RE:;ING :N; S%E:<ING$ =ord poli&ics pas&> presen&> +u&ure VO':?U@:RY$ Ma&c4ing> #ord +or!a&ion> colloca&ions =RITING$ =ri&ing a su!!ary RE:;ING :N; @ISTENING$ Aob ad"er&ise!en& GR:MM:R$ %resen& Si!ple and %resen& 'on&inuous
,

READING AND SPEA,ING

Di-c.-- /e 0o11o2i3g 4.e- io3- "e0ore 5o. read /e e6 1B ;o you &4ink &4a& &4e #orld 4as c4anged a lo& in &4e las& (0 years or so5 ,B I+ you &4ink &4a& &4e #orld 4as c4anged> #4a& are &4e e"en&s &4a& 4a"e c4anged &4e #orld and &4e #orld poli&ics in &4e las& (0 years5 B =4a& 4as been &4e i!pac& o+ &4e *C11 &erroris& a&&acks5 -B :re s&a&es i!por&an& no# as &4ey used &o be in &4e ,0&4 cen&ury5 (B :re &4ere any en&i&ies &4a& 4a"e reduced &4e i!por&ance o+ s&a&es5 Read /e e6 a3d co!pare 5o.r idea- 2i / /o-e e6pre--ed i3 /e e6

T'ENTY FIRST CENTURY AND ITS CHALLENGES

3o# can #e bes& unders&and &4e poli&ical con"ulsions &4a& con+ron& &4e globeDs !ore &4an si1 billion people al!os& daily5 3o# can #e an&icipa&e &4eir +u&ure signi+icance5 :nd 4o# can #e unders&and #4ic4 +ac&or and +orces !os& in+luence &4e #orldDs +u&ure5 :& &4e beginning o+ &4e &#en&yE+irs& cen&ury> #e 4a"e been engul+ed in +u&uris& &alkB =e 4a"e been +orced &o use un+a!iliar language 2 Fne# cen&uryG> Fne# !illenniu!G> Fne# #orldG 2 and &o specula&e #4a& #ill &4e ne# #orld be like> #ill i& be di++eren& or #ill &4e pa&&erns o+ &4e pas& endure5 E"ery 4is&orical period is !arked &o so!e e1&en& by c4angeB No#> 4o#e"er> &4e pace o+ c4ange see!s !ore rapid and i&s conseHuences !ore pro+ound &4an e"erB To !any obser"ers> &4e cascade o+ e"en&s a& &4e s&ar& o+ &4e ,1 s& cen&ury i!plies a re"olu&ionary res&ruc&uring o+ #orld poli&icsB T4e coun&ries o+ &4e #orld are dra#ing closer &oge&4er in co!!unica&ions> ideas and &rade> as &4e in&egra&ion o+ na&ional econo!ies 4as produced a globali8ed !arke&> +or!ing in&erdependen& bonds a!ong coun&ries and cul&uresB Globali8a&ion is c4anging &4e #ay &4e #orld #orksB @ike#ise> disin&egra&i"e &rends are s4aking &4e globe and res&ruc&uring &4e #ay i& opera&esB T4e proli+era&ion o+ con"en&ional and uncon"en&ional #eapons> global en"iron!en&al de&eriora&ion> and &4e resurgence o+ na&ionalis! and e&4nic con+lic& all por&end a res&ruc&uring !arked by disorderB T4e opposing +orces o+ in&egra&ion and disin&egra&ion poin& &o#ard a &rans+or!a&ion in #orld poli&ics as e1&ensi"e and i!por&an& as &4e sys&e!Edisrup&ing con"ulsion +ollo#ing =orld =ars I and II and &4e 'old =ar be&#een &4e Uni&ed S&a&es and &4e +or!er So"ie& Union and &4eir alliesB ;espi&e all &4a& appears radically di++eren& since &4e *C11 &erroris& a&&acks> !uc4 also re!ains &4e sa!e in #orld poli&icsB In +ac&> as poli&ical Iournalis& Rober& AB Sa!uelson no&ed on &4e +irs& anni"ersary o+ *C11> F=4a& is !os& s&riking abou& &4e pas& year is 4o# li&&le 4as c4angedBBB =4a& no one can kno# is #4e&4er Sep&e!ber 11 !arked &4e beginning o+ &4e end +or global &erroris! or #4e&4er &4ese &4eore&ical &4rea&s #ill so!eday !a&eriali8eB =e are s#a!ped #i&4 4ypo&4e&icalsB =4e&4er Sep&e!ber 11 beco!es a de+ining !o!en& in 4is&ory> or Ius& an isola&ed &ragedy depends on 4o# all &4e 4ypo&4e&icals &urn ou&BG

3o# can #e de&er!ine #4en an e1is&ing pa&&ern o+ rela&ions4ips gi"es #ay &o a co!ple&ely ne# in&erna&ional sys&e!5 Follo#ing S&anley 3o++!ann 61*.19> #e #ill proceed by assu!ing &4a& #e 4a"e a ne# in&erna&ional sys&e! #4en #e 4a"e a ne# ans#er &o one o+ &4ree Hues&ions$ 619 What are the systems basic units5 6eBgB s&a&es or suprana&ional ins&i&u&ions +or global go"ernance9J 6,9 What are the predominant foreign policy goals that these units seek with respect to one another5 6eBgB &erri&orial conHues& or !a&erial gain &4roug4 &rade9J and 6 9 What can these units do to one another with their military and economic capabilities5 T4ese cri&eria !ig4& lead us &o conclude &4a& a ne# sys&e! 4as no# e!ergedB Firs&> ne# &rade par&ners4ips 4a"e been +orged in Europe> &4e one o+ Sou&4 :!erica> Nor&4 :!erica and &4e %aci+ic Ri!> and &4ese &rading blocks !ay be4a"e as uni&ary or independen&> nons&a&e ac&ors as &4ey co!pe&e #i&4 one ano&4erB Moreo"er> in&erna&ional organi8a&ions> suc4 as &4e =orld Trade Organi8a&ion and &4e European Union no# so!e&i!es +le1 &4eir poli&ical !uscles in con&es&s #i&4 indi"idual s&a&es and &ransna&ional religious !o"e!en&s> suc4 as Isla!ic +unda!en&alis!> c4allenge &4e global sys&e! i&sel+ 2 a sys&e! &4a& in&erna&ional la# s&ill de+ines as co!posed pri!arily o+ s&a&es consis&ing o+ "arious na&ionali&y groups #4o percei"e &4e!sel"es as uni+ied by a co!!on language> cul&ure or e&4nic iden&i&yB :& &4e sa!e &i!e> so!e s&a&es 4a"e disin&egra&ed in&o s!aller uni&sB Second> &erri&orial conHues& is no longer &4e predo!inan& goal o+ !os& s&a&esD +oreign policiesB Ins&ead> &4eir e!p4asis 4as s4i+&ed +ro! &radi&ional !ili&ary !e&4ods o+ e1ercising in+luence &o econo!ic !eansB T4ird> &4e proli+era&ion o+ #eapons &ec4nology 4as pro+oundly al&ered &4e da!age &4a& s&a&es can in+lic& on one ano&4erB Grea& po#ers alone no longer con&rol &4e #orldDs !os& le&4al #eaponsB Increasingly> 4o#e"er> &4e grea& po#ersD prosperi&y depends on econo!ic circu!s&ances &4roug4ou& &4e globeB 6Fro! 'B =B <egley ArB and EB RB =i&&kop+> World Politics9

Poi3 - 0or di-c.--io3

1B ;o you agree #i&4 &4e s&a&e!en& &4a& F&4e cascade o+ e"en&s a& &4e s&ar& o+ &4e ,1 s& cen&ury i!plies a re"olu&ionary res&ruc&uring o+ #orld poli&icsG5 ,B In #4a& #ays 4a"e &4e coun&ries o+ &4e #orld beco!e closer5 B 3o# #ould you de+ine &4e globali8a&ion process5 -B ;o you agree #i&4 &4e clai! &4a& Sep&e!ber 11 !arked &4e beginning o+ &4e end +or global &erroris!5 (B ;o you agree &4a& a ne# sys&e! 4as e!erged and> i+ so> #4a& are i&s &4ree !ain c4arac&eris&ics5

*OCA7ULARY

Look i3 o /e e6 a3d 0i3d /e 2ord- /a /a8e /e 0o11o2i3g !ea3i3g-

a "iolen& social or na&ural up4ea"al KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK be a#are o+ a +u&ure e"en& and &ake ac&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK co!ple&ely surround or co"er KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK re!ain in e1is&ence KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK a +orce or +eeling &4a& uni&es people KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK be a sign or #arning KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o"er#4el! #i&4 &oo !uc4 o+ so!e&4ing KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK a large nu!ber o+ so!e&4ing KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK progressi"e #orsening KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK increase or re"i"al a+&er a period o+ li&&le ac&i"i&y> populari&y or occurrenceKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK carry on> con&inueJ begin a course o+ ac&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK accep& as &rue #i&4ou& proo+ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK produce or crea&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK beco!e a#are o+J regard as KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK con&rac& or &ense 6a !uscle9 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK cause so!e&4ing unpleasan& or pain+ul &o be su++ered by so!eone else KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK su++icien& &o cause dea&4 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK &4e ac&ion o+ &aking con&rol by !ili&ary +orce KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

'ri e /e !i--i3g 0or!NOUN KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK signi+icance KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK c4ange obser"er KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK in&egra&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK globali8a&ion de&eriora&ion &rans+or!a&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK &4rea& go"ernance KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK e!p4asis *ER7 an&icipa&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK endure KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK i!ply KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK co!pe&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK AD9ECTI*E KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK na&ional KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK di++eren& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Fi11 i3 /e "1a3k- 2i / /e appropria e 0or!- o0 /e 2ord- i3 "racke -& 1B Mos& 11Eyear olds are no& encouraged &o de"elop reading skillsJ a s!all bu& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK nu!ber are illi&era&eB 6signi+icance9 ,B T4ere are +ears &4a& &4e si&ua&ion !ig4& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK in&o a +ullEscale #arB 6de&eriora&ion9 B 3e al#ays pu&s an KKKKKKKKKKKKKK on #orld poli&ics in 4is speec4esB 6e!p4asise9 -B 3e called +or a KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ !ood in Sco&&is4 poli&icsB 6c4ange9 (B T4ere 4as been an a&!osp4ere o+ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK around 4ere +or a +e# days no#B 6an&icipa&e9 (

.B 3e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK a lo& #i&4 &4e %residen& on se"eral issuesB T4eir s&yles KKKKKKKKKKKKK as #ellB 6di++eren&9 )B T4e e1ercise #ill ob"iously i!pro"e s&reng&4 and KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKB 6endure9 /B ;elega&es also discussed 4o# &o KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK guerilla in&o a regular ar!yB 6&rans+or!a&ion9 *B 3e said cri!inals KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK &o cause rio&sB 6&4rea&9 10B T4e si&ua&ion is under KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK all &4e &i!eB 6obser"e9 P. a3 appropria e pre0i6 i3 0ro3 o0 /e 0o11o2i3g 2ord-& +a!iliar s&ruc&uring dependen& con"en&ional in&egra&ion na&ional s&a&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Crea e -e3 e3ce- o0 5o.r o23 .-i3g /e 0o11o2i3g co11oca io3-& E na&ional econo!ies E e&4nic con+lic& E &o e1ercise in+luence E grea& po#ers E le&4al #eapons E +oreign policy E !a&erial gain E econo!ic circu!s&ances

GRAMMAR RE*IE'

Pre-e3 Si!p1e a3d Pre-e3 Co3 i3.o.Pre-e3 Si!p1e =e use presen& si!ple &o &alk abou&$ 1B 4abi&ual ac&ions She usually stays at the Hilton, but it was fully booked. ,B per!anen& si&ua&ions He works in the Personnel Department of a large multinational company. B &4ings #4ic4 are generally &rue Metals e pand when heated. .

Pre-e3 Co3 i3.o.=e use &4e presen& con&inuous &o &alk abou&$ 1B ac&ions 4appening around &4e &i!e o+ speaking !ngelas in "ondon at the moment. She is staying at the Hotel #nternational. We are e panding our operations in the $ar %ast. ,B &e!porary si&ua&ions # am working in a bookshop during the summer holidays. So!e "erbs are no& nor!ally used in a con&inuous +or!B # know "ondon. &'() # am knowing* # like my +ob. &'() # am liking* T4ese are &4e soEcalled s&a&i"e "erbs$ T4ey include$ :B "erbs o+ +eeling$ ?B "erbs o+ &4inking$ 'B "erbs o+ senses$ ;B o&4er "erbs$ like, dislike, lo,e, hate, want, prefer, appreciate know, understand, think &-ha,e an opinion*, belie,e, forget, remember, recognise, realise, mean taste, smell, hear, feel belong, own, be, ha,e &- possess*, consist of, contain, include, e ist

T/i- i- a par o0 a repor /a a per-o33e1 !a3ager 2ro e a0 er i3 er8ie2i3g a ca3dida e 0or /e po-i io3 o0 Direc or o0 So0 2are De8e1op!e3 : P. /e 8er"- i3 "racke - i3 o /e pre-e3 -i!p1e or pre-e3 co3 i3.o.- e3-e& :r&icula&e and #ell presen&ed> %aul Su&4erland is an e1cellen& candida&e +or &4e pos& o+ ;irec&or o+ So+&#are ;e"elop!en&B 3e KKKKKKKKKKKK 6#an&9 &o lea"e 4is presen& e!ployer> a s!all co!pu&er co!pany> because 4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6+eel9 &4a& 4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6no& use9 4is kno#ledge o+ so+&#are engineering &o &4e +ullB 3e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6look +or9 a !ore c4allenging posi&ion #4ere 4is +ield o+ specialisa&ion can be e1ploi&ed in a !ore s&i!ula&ing en"iron!en&B 3e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6realise9 &4a& our co!pany KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6gro#9 rapidly> and &4a& 4e #ould be e1pec&ed &o con&ribu&e &o &4a& gro#&4B 3e is +a!iliar #i&4 our e1is&ing range o+ so+&#are and regularly KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6read9 our publica&ionsB :l&4oug4 a& presen& 4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6li"e9 in &4e sou&4> 4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6say9 &4a& 4e is #illing &o go #4ere"er #e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6decide9 &o send 4i!B 3e occasionally KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6&ra"el9 &o "arious European coun&ries +or &rade +airs and e14ibi&ions and KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6enIoy9 !ee&ing people o+ di++eren& na&ionali&iesB :& &4e !o!en& 4e )

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6a&&end9 a &raining course a& &4e Goe&4e Ins&i&u&e in order &o per+ec& 4is Ger!anB AB 3argrea"es %ersonnel Manager ,)&4 Aanuary ,00-

UNIT ONE ; T'ENTY FIRST CENTURY AND ITS CHALLENGES G@OSS:RY

E3g1i-/
a115 a1 er a3 icipa e a--.!e "a-ic "o3d capa"i1i 5 ca-cade c/a11e3ge circ.!- a3ce co!pe e co30ro3

Tra3-1a io3 e4.i8a1e3 6s9

sa"e8nik &pl. allies* preinaLi&i> i8!Ieni&i> pro!Ieni&i pred"idIe&i> oLeki"a&i> predu4i&ri&i s!a&ra&i> pre&pos&a"lIa&i &e!elIan> osno"ni "e8a> spona> sa"e8 !oguMnos&> sposobnos& kaskada> "alo"i& ni8> s&epenas& ni8 i8a8o"> prkoNenIe> priIe&nIa prilika> okolnos& nad!e&a&i se> &ak!iLi&i se suoLi&i se> suoLa"a&i se> ispriIeLi&i se> suLeli&i
/

co34.eco3 eco38.1-io3 de0i3i3g de eriora io3 di-i3 egra e di-order di-r.p dra2 c1o-er eco3o!5 e3d.ra3ce e3d.re e3g.10 e6erci-e e6 e3-i8e 01e6 0o11o2i3g 0orge gai3 go8er3 go8er3a3ce /5po /e ica1 i!p15 i301ic 1e /a1 !ark !arked !a eria1i<e 3o e o8er2/e1! pace Paci0ic Ri! pa er3 percei8e por e3d predo!i3a3

os"aIanIe borba> &ak!iLenIe pol. &r8a"ica> ne!ir> pre"iranIe> po&res> nered odluLuIuMi> odsudan pogorNanIe> pogorNa"anIe ras&a"i&i> raspas&i se> ra8niIe&i raskol> rasulo> !e&eO uniIe&i ra8dor> ra8bi&i> raskoli&i pribliOa"a&i se pri"reda> ekono!iIa is&raInos&> i8drOlIi"os& ops&a&i> is&raIa&i obu8e&i> prepla"i&i "rNi&i> pri!IenIi"a&i obi!an> opseOan s&egnu&i> 8a&egnu&i po8i"aIuMi se na> ugledaIuMi se na sklopi&i> sko"a&i dobi& upra"lIa&i> "odi&i upra"lIanIe> "oPenIe> "las& pre&pos&a"ka> nagaPanIe podra8u!iIe"a&i> 8naLi&i> nago"IeN&a"a&i nanIe&i> 8ada&i s!r&onosan obilIeOi&i> o8naLi&i obilIeOen> o8neLen os&"ari&i pri!Ie&i&i> 8abilIeOi&i prepla"i&i> obu8e&i &e!po> ri&a!> br8ina oblas& %aci+ika> Obod %aci+ika obra8ac> Nablon "idIe&i> opaOa&i nago"IeN&a"a&i> predska8a&i> slu&i&i na> bi&i pred8nak pro"laPuIuMi
*

proceed pro0o.3d pro0o.3d15 pro1i0era io3 pro-peri 5 re- r.c .ri3g re-.rge3ce -eek -/ake -/i0 -ig3i05 -pec.1a e - riki3g -.pra3a io3a1 -2a!p /rea .r3 o. .30a!i1iar .3i0ied .3i ar5 .p/ea8a1 2i / re-pec o

nas&a"i&i> produOi&i> iMi napriIed dubok> in&e8i"an bi&no> 8na&no> 8naLaIno obilIe> s"e "eMi broI 6neLega9> proli+eraciIa proc"a&> napredak pres&ruk&uriranIe> rekons&rukciIa> reorgani8aciIa pono"no i8biIanIe> preporod> pono"no Ia"lIanIe &eOi&i> sliIedi&i> &raOi&i &seek . sought . sought* po&resa&i> u8dr!a&i po!Ieri&i> !iIenIa&i> po!ica&i o8naLa"a&i> uka8i"a&i> nago"Ies&i&i nagaPa&i> &eore&isa&i> u!o"a&i> !o8ga&i upadlIi"> i8ra8i& nadnacionalni 8asu&i> obasu&i> prepla"i&i priIe&nIa> opasnos& poka8a&i 6se9> ispas&i nepo8na&> nena"ikao> neobiLan uIedinIen Iedins&"en> uni&aran pobuna> pre"ra& u pogledu> s ob8iro! na

10

UNIT #
RE:;ING :N; S%E:<ING$ T4e Uni&ed Na&ions VO':?U@:RY$ =ord +or!a&ion> colloca&ions GR:MM:R$ %as& Si!ple and %resen& %er+ec& =RITING$ : le&&er o+ applica&ion

READING AND SPEA,ING

Read /e e6 "e1o2 a3d -a5 2/e /er /e 0o11o2i3g - a e!e3 - are r.e (T) or 0a1-e (F): 1B S&a&es are s&ill &4e !os& i!por&an& organisa&ions in &4e #orldB ,B In&ergo"ern!en&al organi8a&ions 4a"e an increasingly i!por&an& roleB B Nongo"ern!en&al organi8a&ions s&ill do no& play an i!por&an& role in #orld poli&icsB -B UN !e!bers4ip is larger &4a& any o&4er IGOB (B %reser"ing peace and Huali&y o+ li+e are no& as i!por&an& +or UN no#adays as &4ey used &o beB .B UN con+erences are an i!por&an& &ool in pre"en&ing con+lic&s and dealing #i&4 a #ide range o+ #orld issuesB KKKKK KKKKK KKKKK KKKKK KKKKK KKKKK

THE UNITED NATIONS

T4e 4is&ory o+ #orld poli&ics +or &4e pas& (0 years 4as largely been a c4ronicle o+ in&erac&ions a!ong s&a&es &4a& re!ain &4e do!inan& poli&ical organi8a&ions in &4e #orldB S&a&esD in&eres&s> capabili&ies and goals signi+ican&ly s4ape #orld poli&icsB 3o#e"er> &4e supre!acy o+ &4e s&a&e 4as been se"erely c4allenged in recen& yearsB Increasingly> #orld a++airs are being in+luenced by in&ergo"ern!en&al organi8a&ions &4a& &ranscend na&ional boundaries 2 global in&erna&ional organi8a&ions suc4 as &4e Uni&ed Na&ions 6UN9 and regional organi8a&ions suc4 as &4e European Union 6EU9B In addi&ion> &4ere e1is& !any #ays &4a& indi"idual people band &oge&4er as coali&ions o+ pri"a&e ci&i8ens in groups &o play in+luen&ial roles in in&erna&ional a++airsB Religions> na&ionali&ies 11

based on e&4nic and linguis&ic 4eri&ages> and !ul&ina&ional corpora&ions are e1a!ples o+ nongo"ern!en&al organi8a&ionsB

T4ere are &#o principal &ypes o+ nons&a&e ac&ors$ i3 ergo8er3!e3 a1 orga3i<a io3- 6IGOs9> #4ose !e!bers are s&a&es> and 3o3go8er3!e3 a1 orga3i<a io3- 6NGOs9> #4ose !e!bers are pri"a&e indi"iduals and groupsB T4e Uni&ed Na&ions 6UN9 is &4e bes&Ekno#n global organi8a&ionB =4a& dis&inguis4es i& +ro! !os& o&4er IGOs is i&s nearly uni"ersal !e!bers4ip> including &oday 1*0 independen& s&a&es +ro! e"ery regionB In principle> any so"ereign s&a&e accep&ing &4e UNDs regula&ions and principles can Ioin> bu& &4e grea& po#ers 4a"e o+&en le& realpoli&ik poli&ical considera&ions dic&a&e #4a& coun&ries #ere ad!i&&edB In addi&ion &o i&s nearly uni"ersal !e!bers4ip and i&s per"asi"e poli&ics !irroring #orld poli&ics> &4e UN is also a !ul&ipurpose organi8a&ionB :s :r&icle 1 o+ &4e UN '4ar&er s&a&es> &4e obIec&i"es are &o$ Main&ain in&erna&ional peace and securi&y ;e"elop +riendly rela&ions a!ong na&ions based on respec& +or &4e principle o+ eHual rig4&s and sel+Ede&er!ina&ion o+ peoples :c4ie"e in&erna&ional coopera&ion in sol"ing in&erna&ional proble!s o+ an econo!ic> social> cul&ural or 4u!ani&arian c4arac&er and in pro!o&ing and encouraging respec& +or 4u!an rig4&s and +or +unda!en&al +reedo!s +or all Func&ion as a cen&er +or 4ar!oni8ing &4e ac&ions o+ na&ions in &4e a&&ain!en& o+ &4ese co!!on ends T4e UN 4as soug4& +ro! i&s bir&4 &o co!bine &4e dual goals o+ preser"ing peace and i!pro"ing &4e Huali&y o+ li+e +or 4u!ani&yB T4ese &#in !issions 4a"e carried &4e UN in&o nearly e"ery corner o+ &4e co!ple1 ne&#ork o+ in&ers&a&e rela&ionsB T4e UNDs con+erence !ac4inery 4as beco!e per!anen&$ i& 4as pro"ided a !ec4anis! +or &4e !anage!en& o+ in&erna&ional con+lic&> and increasingly &4e UN 4as beco!e in"ol"ed in a broad range o+ global #el+are issuesB T4e 4is&ory o+ &4e UN re+lec&s &4e +ac& &4a& bo&4 ric4 coun&ries and de"eloping coun&ries 4a"e success+ully used &4e organi8a&ion &o pro!o&e &4eir o#n +oreign policy goals> and &4is proud record 4as bred 4opes &4roug4ou& &4e #orld &4a& &4e UN #ill be able &o !anage an e"er c4anging and gro#ing agendaB T4e UN Millenniu! Su!!i& a&&ended in Sep&e!ber ,000 by 1(0 #orld leaders> #4ic4 led &o &4e ra&i+ica&ion o+ nearly 00 &rea&ies and con"en&ions> !ade e1plici& &4e UNDs ideology e1pressed in i&s eig4& !illenniu! goals$ 619 Eradica&e e1&re!e po"er&y Q 4unger> 6,9 :c4ie"e uni"ersal pri!ary educa&ion> 6 9 %ro!o&e gender eHuali&y and e!po#er #o!en> 6-9 Reduce c4ild !or&ali&y> 6(9 I!pro"e !a&ernal 4eal&4> 6.9 'o!ba& 3IVC:I;S> !alaria and o&4er diseases> 6)9 Ensure en"iron!en&al sus&ainabili&y and 6/9 ;e"elop a global par&ners4ip +or de"elop!en&B

1,

Since 1*)0s> &4e organi8a&ion 4as been asked &o sponsor a #ide array o+ #orld con+erences on popula&ion> +ood> #o!en> 4u!an se&&le!en&s> basic 4u!an needs> #a&er> disar!a!en&> racis! and racial discri!ina&ion> agrarian re+or! and rural de"elop!en&> science and &ec4nology> ne# and rene#able sources o+ energy> peace+ul uses o+ nuclear energy> pre"en&ion o+ cri!e and &rea&!en& o+ o++enders> drug abuse and illici& &ra++icking in drugs> pro&ec&ion o+ c4ildren> en"iron!en& and econo!ic de"elop!en&> in&erna&ionally organi8ed cri!e> social de"elop!en&> 4ousing> 4u!an rig4&s> global #ar!ing> in&erna&ional &ra++icking o+ c4ildren +or pros&i&u&ion> principles +or #orld order and !any o&4ersB Di-c.-- /e 0o11o2i3g: 1B :re NGOs i!por&an& bo&4 on &4e local and in&erna&ional le"el5 ,B =4a& is &4e role o+ NGOs in Mon&enegro5 B ;o you &4ink &4a& &4e UN is as in+luen&ial as &4e au&4ors o+ &4e &e1& clai!5 -B T4ere are eig4& !illenniu! goals &4a& &4e UN 4as de+inedB ;o you &4ink &4ey are #ell +or!ula&ed or #ould you add any o&4er5 (B In &4e las& paragrap4 a lo& o+ proble!s &4a& &4e #orld is +acing no#adays are lis&edB =4a& are &4e !os& serious ones on &4e global le"el5 .B =4ic4 o+ &4e lis&ed proble!s !os& a++ec& Mon&enegro5

*OCA7ULARY

'ri e /e !i--i3g 0or!-: NOUN KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK c4allenge KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK pre"en&ion discri!ina&ion pro&ec&ion go"ern!en& *ER7 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK in+luence accep& ad!i& i!pro"e !ain&ain de"elop in&erac& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK pro!o&e ra&i+y KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 1 AD9ECTI*E do!inan& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK gro#ing KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Make ad8er"- 0ro! /e 0o11o2i3g ad=ec i8e- a3d c/eck 2/e /er /ere i- a c/a3ge i3 !ea3i3g: large signi+ican& se"ere increasing near KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Add a -.00i6 o 0or! a3 ad=ec i8e: agricul&ure peace 4ouse uni"erse race rene# econo!y KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Fi11 /e -e3 e3ce- "e1o2 2i / a3 appropria e 0or! o0 /e 2ord i3 "racke -: 1B T4e organi8a&ion is co!!i&&ed &o :I;S KKKKKKKKKKKKKK and educa&ionB 6pre"en&9 ,B T4is par& o+ &4e coun&ry is !ainly KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKB 6agricul&ure9 B Ao4n #as KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK in persuading &4e producers &o pu& !oney in&o &4e +il!B 6in+luence9 -B Many coun&ries 4a"e no# KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK &4e UN 'on"en&ion on &4e Rig4&s o+ &4e '4ildB 6ra&i+ica&ion9 (B KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK> &4ere is a pressure on &4e council &o !ake a decision as soon as possibleB 6increase9 .B T4e !inis&er 4as announced &4a& &4ere #ill be no c4ange in KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK policy 6go"ern9B )B ID"e KKKKKKKKKKKKKK +inis4ed &4a& book you len& !eB 6near9 /B Music co!panies 4a"e pro+i&ed +ro! &4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ ';s o"er "inyl recordsB 6do!inan&9 *B RoundE&4eEclock police KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK is gi"en &o all senior poli&iciansB 6pro&ec&9 10B KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK coopera&ion is a "ery i!por&an& issue in &4e ?alkansB 6region9 Fi11 /e "1a3k- 2i / /e appropria e 2ord o !ake co11oca io3KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK e1&re!e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK gender KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 3IVC:I;S en"iron!en&al KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 1poli&ics years a++airs organi8a&ions corpora&ions rela&ions rig4&s respec& +or 4u!an rig4&s policy goals

in&erna&ional KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

+unda!en&al KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

global KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK cri!e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK organi8ed KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK #orld KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK range o+ issues KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK end Fi11 /e gap- 2i / /e !i--i3g 2ordNAME :lbania :lgeria :rgen&ina :us&ralia :us&ria ?elarus ?elgiu! ?osniaE3er8ego"ina ?ra8il ?ulgaria 'anada 'roa&ia 'uba '8ec4 Republic 'yprus ;en!ark England Egyp& Es&onia Greece AD9ECTI*E PERSON

1(

GRAMMAR RE*IE'

Pa- Si!p1e a3d Pre-e3 Per0ec

Pa- Si!p1e =e use pas& si!ple &o &alk abou& ac&ions and e"en&s #4ic4 4appened in a +inis4ed period o+ &i!e in &4e pas&B Pasteur made important medical disco,eries. 6#4en 4e #as ali"e9 Did you go to the meeting yesterday/ She worked in Paris for fi,e years before mo,ing to 0ome. 6eBgB 1**- 2 1***> no& no#9 Pre-e3 Per0ec =e use %resen& %er+ec&$ :B +or an ac&ion &4a& s&ar&ed in &4e pas& and con&inues &o &4e presen& &i!e$ He has been in the army for two yearsB 63e is s&ill in &4e ar!y9 She has li,ed here all her lifeB 6S4e s&ill li"es 4ere9 'o!pare &4e abo"e sen&ences #i&4$ He was in the army for two yearsB 63e is no& in &4e ar!y no#9 She li,ed here all her lifeB 6%resu!ably s4e is no# dead9 ?B +or pas& ac&ions #4ose &i!e is no& !en&ioned$ # ha,e read the instructions but # dont understand themB Ha,e you had breakfast/ . 'o, # ha,ent had it yetB 'o!pare #i&4$ # read the instructions last nightB 6&i!e is gi"en> so si!ple pas&9 Did you ha,e breakfast at the hotel5 6iBeB be+ore you le+& &4e 4o&el> so si!ple pas&9 'B +or ac&ions occurring in an inco!ple&e period #4ic4 !ay be indica&ed by today or this morning1afternoon1e,ening1week, month1year1centuryB 'o!pare &4e +ollo#ing sen&ences$ )om has rung up three times this morning alreadyB )om rang up three times this morning No&e &4a& &4e presen& per+ec& can be used #i&4 this morning only up &o abou& one oDclock> because a+&er &4a& &4is !orning beco!es a co!ple&ed period and ac&ions occurring in i& !us& be pu& in&o &4e si!ple pas&B ;B +or a recen&ly co!ple&ed ac&ion 6usually #i&4 +ust9B He has +ust gone outB 1.

:d"erbs &4a& +reHuen&ly appear #i&4 %resen& %er+ec& are also already> lately> recently> since> for> e,er> ne,er> se,eral times e&cB P. /e 8er"- i3 "racke - i3 o Pre-e3 Per0ec or Pa- Si!p1e: 1B I 4ope you KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6no& #ai&9 +or !e yes&erdayB ,B 'o!e &o see #4a& I KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6buy9 +or youB B =e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6ge&9 &4e in+or!a&ion #4en #e #ere a& &4e s&a&ionB -B T4ey KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6lea"e9 +i"e !inu&es agoB (B 3e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6already book9 &4e sea&sB .B I KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK6no& be9 &o &4e Na&ional @ibrary ye&B )B KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6you arri"e9 la&e las& nig4&5 /B =4ere KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6you spend9 your 4oliday las& su!!er5 *B =e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6be9 +riends +or yearsB 10B I KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6no& be9 &o Ro!e ye&> bu& I KKKKKKKKKK 6be9 in Venice las& yearB 11B Mary KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6Ius& ge&9 a le&&er +ro! 4er +riendB 1,B Mary KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6no& see9 4i! since AuneB 1 B 3elen KKKKKKKKKKKK 6see9 To! in &4e &4ea&re las& nig4&B 1-B T4is &er! #e KKKKKKKKKKKKK 6be busy9 preparing +or our e1a!sB 1(BI kno# &4a& Aane is ill> bu& I KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6no& "isi&9 4er ye&B

UNIT T=O ; THE UNITED NATIONS

1)

G@OSS:RY
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Tra3-1a io3 e4.i8a1e3 6s9

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1/

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i8riLi&> odrePen> Iasan> ra8go"Ie&an osno"an baN&ina> naslePe s&ano"anIe> s&a!beni pros&or nedo8"olIena &rgo"ina s"e "iNe i "iNe u&icaIan !ePusobni u&icaI> !ePusobno dIelo"anIe !ePu"ladin ugla"no!> u "elikoI !Ieri odrOa&i> 8adrOa&i upra"lIanIe> ruko"oPenIe odraOa"a&i s!r&nos&> !or&ali&e& "iNena!Ienski cilI> s"r4a pres&upnik> 8loLinac s"eEproOi!aIuMi oLu"a&i> saLu"a&i gla"ni> osno"ni naLelo> princip poIedinac unapriIedi&i> po&spIeNi&i> po&aknu&i> pods&ica&i obe8bIedi&i> o!oguMi&i> pruOi&i s"IedoLans&"o> 8apis s!anIi&i> u!anIi&i> sni8i&i> spus&i&i iska8a&i> odraOa"a&i propis> uredba os&a&i cIelodne"an> ,-C) be8bIednos& sa!oopredIelIenIe naselIe> naseobina 8na&no> "eo!a obliko"a&i> prilagodi&i> s&"ori&i 8naLaIno> 8na&no> u 8na&noI !Ieri
1*

-.pre!ac5 -.- ai3a"i1i 5 ra3-ce3d rea !e3 rea 5 2i3 2e10are 2ide arra5

nad!oM> pre"las& odrOi"os& prekoraLi&i> pre!aNi&i> prela8i&i> nad!aNi&i pos&upanIe> pos&upak ugo"or d"oIni> sliLan> srodan pi&anIa sociIalne po!oMi> dobrobi&> blagos&anIe Nirok spek&ar> "elik broI

UNIT ?

RE:;ING :N; S%E:<ING$ T4e UN sys&e! and s&ruc&ure 6I9 VO':?U@:RY$ =ord +or!a&ion> colloca&ions> na&ionali&y #ords GR:MM:R$ %resen& %er+ec& Si!ple and 'on&inuous =RITING$ =ri&ing a 'V

READING AND SPEA,ING ,0

Read /e e6 "e1o2 a3d 0i3d /e 0o11o2i3g i30or!a io3& si1 principal organs o+ &4e UN &4e organ &4a& can only !ake reco!!enda&ions &4e organ &4a& ini&ia&es ac&ions &4e body consis&ing o+ represen&a&i"es o+ all !e!ber s&a&es &4e body &4a& under&akes in"es&iga&ion and !edia&ion

ORGANI@ATION OF THE UN& SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE (I)

T4e UNDs li!i&a&ions are per4aps roo&ed in &4e #ays i& is organi8ed +or i&s a!bi&ious and #ideEranging purposesB T4e Securi&y 'ouncil is one o+ si1 principal organs es&ablis4ed by &4e UN '4ar&erJ &4e o&4ers are &4e General :sse!bly> &4e Econo!ic and Social 'ouncil> &4e Trus&ees4ip 'ouncil> &4e Secre&aria& and &4e In&erna&ional 'our& o+ Aus&iceB In &4e General :sse!bly> &4e only organ &4a& represen&s all !e!ber s&a&es> decisionE!aking +ollo#s &4e principle o+ !aIori&y rule> #i&4 no s&a&e gi"en a "e&oB Unlike &4e Securi&y 'ouncil> #4ic4 is e!po#ered by &4e UN '4ar&er &o ini&ia&e ac&ions including &4e use o+ +orce> &4e General :sse!bly can only !ake reco!!enda&ionsB T4e +ounders o+ &4e UN did no& +oresee &4a& &4is li!i&ed !anda&e #ould la&er be e1panded &o allo# &4e General :sse!bly &o par&icipa&e #i&4 &4e Securi&y 'ouncil in !anaging securi&yB T4e General :sse!bly 4as assu!ed #ider responsibili&ies and is no# &4e pri!ary body +or addressing securi&y as #ell as social and econo!ic proble!sB :s Secre&aryEGeneral <o+i :nnan no&ed in Tokyo in May 1**)> &4e original UN design is ou&da&ed$ FI& re+lec&s &4e #orld o+ 1*-( and no& &4e econo!ic and poli&ical reali&ies o+ &odayG> and &4is +ailure &o adap& &o c4anging &i!es lies a& &4e core o+ co!plain&s &4a& &4e UN is unprepared &o con&rol &4e &4rea&s +acing 4u!ani&y in &4e &#en&yE+irs& cen&uryB T4a& inadeHuacy is no& necessarily per!anen&> 4o#e"erB In response &o &4e c4allenge o+ !anaging &4e #orldDs !any proble!s> &4e UN 4as adap&i"ely e"ol"ed in&o an e1&raordinarily co!ple1 ne&#ork o+ o"erlapping ins&i&u&ions> so!e o+ #4ic4 6&4e UN '4ildrenDs Fund or UNI'EF or &4e Uni&ed Na&ions Uni"ersi&y> +or e1a!ple9 +ul+ill &4eir !ission in par& &4roug4 NGOsB T4e UN 4as also increasingly co!e &o rely on &4e !any NGOs &4a& are no& under i&s +or!al au&4ori&yB In &4e process> &4e UN 4as beco!e no& one organi8a&ion bu& a decen&rali8ed conglo!era&e o+ coun&less co!!i&&ees> bureaus> boards> co!!issions> cen&res> ins&i&u&es> o++ices and agencies sca&&ered around &4e globeB I+ any o+ &4ese "arious uni&s in &4e UNDs #idespread +a!ily occupies a cen&ral role in &4e UNDs o"erall s&ruc&ure> i& is &4e Ge3era1 A--e!"15B I& is co!posed o+ represen&a&i"es o+ all !e!ber s&a&es> eac4 o+ #4ic4 4as one "o&eB Func&ions and po#ers o+ &4e General :sse!bly include issues rela&ing &o &4e !ain&enance o+ in&erna&ional peace and securi&yJ pro!o&ion o+ in&erna&ional poli&ical coopera&ionJ de"elop!en& and codi+ica&ion o+ in&erna&ional la#J reali8a&ion o+ 4u!an rig4&s and +unda!en&al +reedo!s +or allJ in&erna&ional collabora&ion in econo!ic> social> cul&ural> educa&ional and 4eal&4 +ieldsJ peace+ul se&&le!en& o+ any si&ua&ionJ considera&ion o+ repor&s +ro! &4e Securi&y 'ouncil and o&4er Uni&ed Na&ions organsJ considera&ion and appro"al o+ &4e Uni&ed Na&ions budge& and appor&ion o+ &4e con&ribu&ions a!ong !e!bersB

,1

T/e Sec.ri 5 Co.3ci1 4as pri!ary responsibili&y> under &4e '4ar&er> +or &4e !ain&enance o+ in&erna&ional peace and securi&yB =4en a co!plain& concerning a &4rea& &o peace is broug4& be+ore i&> &4e 'ouncilSs +irs& ac&ion is usually &o reco!!end &o &4e par&ies &o &ry &o reac4 agree!en& by peace+ul !eansB In so!e cases> &4e 'ouncil i&sel+ under&akes in"es&iga&ion and !edia&ionB I& !ay appoin& special represen&a&i"es or reHues& &4e Secre&aryEGeneral &o do so or &o use 4is good o++icesB I& !ay se& +or&4 principles +or a peace+ul se&&le!en&B =4en a dispu&e leads &o +ig4&ing> &4e 'ouncilSs +irs& concern is &o bring i& &o an end as soon as possibleB On !any occasions> &4e 'ouncil 4as issued ceaseE+ire direc&i"es #4ic4 4a"e been ins&ru!en&al in pre"en&ing #ider 4os&ili&iesB I& also sends Uni&ed Na&ions peaceEkeeping +orces &o 4elp reduce &ensions in &roubled areas> keep opposing +orces apar& and crea&e condi&ions o+ cal! in #4ic4 peace+ul se&&le!en&s !ay be soug4&B T4e 'ouncil !ay decide on en+orce!en& !easures> econo!ic sanc&ions 6suc4 as &rade e!bargoes9 or collec&i"e !ili&ary ac&ionB 6Fro! 'B =B <egley ArB and EB RB =i&&kop+> World Politics and &4e o++icial #eb si&e o+ &4e Uni&ed Na&ions9 Poi3 - 0or di-c.--io3 1B =4a& are &4e UNDs li!i&a&ions in your opinion5 ,B ;o you &4ink &4a& &4e General :sse!bly s4ould 4a"e #ider co!pe&ences5 B T4e Securi&y 'ouncil consis&s o+ ( per!anen& !e!bers and 10 elec&ed by &4e General :sse!bly +or &#oEyear &er!sB ;o you &4ink &4a& &4e lis& o+ per!anen& !e!bers s4ould be e1&ended5 I+ so> #4ic4 coun&ries s4ould beco!e per!anen& !e!bers o+ &4e Securi&y 'ouncil5 -B ;o you agree #i&4 &4e s&a&e!en& &4a& &4e UN is unprepared &o con&rol &4e &4rea&s +acing 4u!ani&y in &4e &#en&yE+irs& cen&ury5 I+ so> #4y5 (B ;o &4e UN peaceEkeeping +orces !anage &o secure peace and s&abili&y in &4e #orld5 Gi"e so!e e1a!plesB

*OCA7ULARY

'ri e /e !i--i3g 0or!-: NOUN KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK *ER7 li!i& e1pand represen& reduce crea&e ,, AD9ECTI*E KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

ac&ion reco!!enda&ion securi&y co!plain& response +reedo! ins&i&u&ion collabora&ion con&ribu&ion in"es&iga&ion !edia&ion sanc&ion en+orce!en& appro"al

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Fi11 /e -e3 e3ce- "e1o2 2i / a3 appropria e 0or! o0 /e 2ord i3 "racke -: 1B T4e Uni&ed Na&ions 4a"e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK a series o+ peace !ee&ings be&#een &4e &#o sidesB 6!edia&ion9 ,B Federal leaders con&inued &4eir e++or&s &o KKKKKKKKKKKKKK a cease+ireB 6securi&y9 B T4ey +inally signed a ne# s&ra&egic ar!s KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK agree!en&B 6reduce9 -B Miners 4a"e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK &4a& &4e go"ern!en& did no& +ul+ill &4eir pro!isesB 6co!plain&9 (B T4e c4air!an 4as gi"en 4is KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK +or an in"es&iga&ion in&o &4e caseB 6appro"e9 .B T4is is a "ery KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK class #i&4 plen&y o+ ideasB 6response9 )B T4e dea&4s occurred #4en &4e police KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK &o s&op #idespread "andalis!B 6ac&ion9 /B :ll &4e &alk #as abou& &4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ nuclear #eaponB 6li!i&9 *B T4ey are se& &o KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK !ore prisoners &4an e"er be+oreB 6+reedo!9 10B T4e ne# 4ead o+ s&a&e s4ould be elec&ed by /) KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKB 6represen&9

Fi11 /e "1a3k- 2i / /e appropria e 2ord o !ake co11oca io3NOUN KKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKK NOUN !aking rule o+ +orce

AD9ECTI*E NOUN &roubled KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK cen&ral KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK peace+ul KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK peaceEkeeping KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK *ER7 !ake assu!e +ul+ill NOUN KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ,

crea&e ini&ia&e

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Fi11 /e gap- 2i / /e !i--i3g 2ordNAME 3olland 3ungary Iceland Iran IraH Ireland Israel I&aly Aa!aica Aapan <u#ai& @a&"ia @ebanon @i&4uania @u1e!bourg Macedonia Mal&a Moldo"a Monaco Mon&enegro Morocco T4e Ne&4erlands Ne# Tealand Nigeria Nor#ay AD9ECTI*E PERSON

GRAMMAR REMINDER

Pre-e3 Per0ec Co3 i3.o.- Te3-e

Pre-e3 Per0ec Co3 i3.o.- is used +or an ac&ion #4ic4 began in &4e pas& and is s&ill con&inuing$ #,e been waiting for an hour and he still hasnt turned up. #m sorry #m late. Ha,e you been waiting long/ ,-

Re!e!ber &4a& a nu!ber o+ "erbs are no& nor!ally used in &4e con&inuous +or!> bu& so!e o+ &4ese can be used in &4is +or! in cer&ain casesB =e can &4ere+ore say$ )om has been seeing Mary for some time now. #,e been thinking it o,er. :n ac&ion #4ic4 began in &4e pas& and is s&ill con&inuing can> #i&4 cer&ain "erbs> be e1pressed by ei&4er &4e presen& per+ec& si!ple or &4e presen& per+ec& con&inuousB Verbs #4ic4 can be used in &4is #ay include e pect, learn, lie, li,e, rain, sleep, sit, snow, stand, stay, study, teach, wait, want, work etcB How long ha,e your learnt %nglish/ How long ha,e you been learning %nglish/ He has slept for ten hours. He has been sleeping for ten hours. #t has rained for a long time. #t has been raining for a long time. T4ere is> 4o#e"er> a di++erence be&#een a single ac&ion in &4e presen& per+ec& si!ple and an ac&ion in &4e presen& per+ec& con&inuousB 6a9 #,e polished the car. 6T4e Iob 4as been co!ple&ed9 6b9 #,e been polishing the car. 6T4is is 4o# ID"e spen& &4e las& 4ourB9

P. /e 8er"- i3 "racke - i3 o ei /er Pre-e3 Per0ec Si!p1e or Pre-e3 Per0ec Co3 i3.o.-: 1B T4e co!!i&&ee KKKKKKKKKK 6&ry9 &o +ind an adeHua&e solu&ion +or days> bu& &4ey KKKKKKKKKKKKK 6no& do9 i& ye&B ,B T4e &#o girls KKKKKKKKKKK 6c4a&9 +or 4ours and 4ours> and s&ill &4ey KKKKKKKKKK 6no& &ell9 one ano&4er all &4ey #an&edB B I KKKKKKKKKK 6#ri&e9 &4e repor& on &4e gi"en &opic all !orning> and ye& I KKKKKKKKKKKK 6no& #ri&e9 e"en a 4al+ o+ i&B -B 3e KKKKKKKKKK 6no& !ake9 any progress al&4oug4 4e KKKKKKKKKKK 6#ork9 in &4is +ir! +or &4ree !on&4sB (B T4ese &#o &ea!s KKKKKKKKKK 6play9 +or ( !inu&es already> bu& nei&4er KKKKKKKKKK 6score9 a goalB .B T4e prices KKKKKKKKKKK 6go up9 since las& year> #4a& KKKKKKKKKKK 6&4ey do9 &o s&op i&5 )B T4is +il! KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6run9 +or !on&4s already> bu& I KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6no& see9 i& ye&B /B I KKKKKKKKKKKK 6dri"e9 &4is car +or years and I KKKKKKKKKK 6no& 4a"e9 any &rouble #i&4 i&B *B I KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6&4ink9 i& o"er +or #eeks and s&ill I KKKKKKKKKKK 6no& reac49 any +ir! decisionB ,(

10B 3e KKKKKKKKKKKKK 6pain&9 Ai!Ss por&rai& +or Hui&e a long &i!e> bu& I belie"e 4e KKKKKKKKKKKKK 6no& +inis49 i& ye&B

UNIT T3REE ; ORGANI@ATION OF THE UN& SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE G@OSS:RY

E3g1i-/
ac io3 adap i8e15 addre-appoi3 appor io3 a--.!e a. /ori 5 ca1! co!p1ai3 co3cer3 co3-idera io3

Tra3-1a io3 e4.i8a1e3 6s9

dIelo"anIe> dIela&nos&> dIelo prilagodlIi"o 6po8a9ba"i&i se 6Li!e9> oslo"i&i> oslo"lIa"a&i pos&a"i&i> odredi&i podiIeli&i> od!Ieri&i> 6pod9Iednako ra8diIeli&i preu8e&i> pre&pos&a"i&i o"laN&enIe> odobrenIe> u&icaI> ugled> "las& !ir> &iNina> spokoI prigo"or> pri&uOba> Oalba> &uOba s&"ar 6koIa se koga &iLe9> posao> briga> boIa8an ra8!a&ranIe> ra8!iNlIanIe
,.

co3 ri". io3 core de-ig3 di-p. e e!po2er e30orce!e3 !ea-.ree8o18e e6pa3d 0ai1.re 0ig/ i3g 0ore-ee 0o.3der 0.10i1 0.3c io3 good o00ice /o- i1i 5 i3ade4.ac5 i3i ia e i3- r.!e3 a1 1i!i a io3 !ai3 e3a3ce !a=ori 5 !a3age 3ece--ari15 occ.p5 o00ice origi3a1 o. da ed o8era11 o8er1ap peace>keepi3g po2er6s9 pri3cipa1 pri3cip1e rea1i<a io3 reco!!e3da io3

prilog> 6do9prinos srO> Ie8gro nacr&> cr&eO> slika> oblik spor> prepirka> s"aPa o"las&i&i> opuno!oMi&i prisilne !Iere ra8"i&i 6se9> e"oluira&i proNiri&i> Niri&i> po"eMa&i neuspIe4> neuspio pokuNaI> kra4 sukob> borba pred"idIe&i> naslu&i&i> pred"iPa&i osni"aL> u&e!elIi"aL ispuni&i> i8"rNi&i duOnos&> oba"e8a> sluOba> dIela&nos& diplo!a&sko posredo"anIe> usluge> poloOaI nepriIa&elIs&"o nedoraslos&> nepri!Ierenos& 8apoLe&i> pokrenu&i klIuLan> 8nalaIan> "i&alan ograniLenIe> ograniLa"anIeJ granica odrOa"anIe "eMina upra"lIa&i> ruko"odi&i> nadgleda&i nuOno> oba"e8no 8au8e&i> 8au8i!a&i> ispunIa"a&i preds&a"niN&"o> ured> kancelariIa> sluOba pr"obi&ni> i8"orni pre"a8iPen> 8as&ario> s&aro!odan s"eobu4"a&an> s"eukupan> ukupan prepli&a&i 6se9> preklapa&i> ukrN&a&i> sIeMi !iro"an> !iro&"oran o"laN&enIe> u&icaI> !oM pr"i> gla"ni> naI"aOniIi> naI"eMi> "odeMi naLelo> princip> &e!elI os&"ari"anIe> i8"rNa"anIe> reali8aciIa preporuka
,)

red.ce re4.ere-po3-i8e roo -ca ered -ec.ri 5 -e 0or / -e 1e!e3 e3-io3 ro."1ed .3der ake .3i 2ide>ra3gi3g 2ide-pread

s!anIi&i> sni8i&i 8a4&Ie"a&i> 8a&raOi&i> 8a!oli&i pris&upaLan koriIen> i8"or> poriIeklo raN&rkan> rasiIan be8bIednos& na"es&i> ra8loOi&i> propisa&i rIeNa"anIe> pora"nanIe> pogodba nape&os&> &r"enIe pogoPen> proble!a&iLan spro"es&i> oba"e8a&i se> la&i&i se 6Lega9> podu8e&i odIelIak> Iedinica dalekoseOan> Nirokog opsega Niroko raspros&ranIen

UNIT A

RE:;ING :N; S%E:<ING$ T4e UN sys&e! and s&ruc&ure 6II9 VO':?U@:RY$ =ord +or!a&ion> colloca&ions> na&ionali&y #ords GR:MM:R$ %as& 'on&inuous and %as& Si!ple S%E:<ING :N; @ISTENING$ In&er"ie# +or a Iob

READING AND SPEA,ING&

Read /e e6 "e1o2 a3d a3-2er /e 0o11o2i3g 4.e- io3-& 1B 3o# !any agencies and co!!issions are &4ere #i&4in &4e Econo!ic and Social 'ouncil o+ &4e UN5 ,B =4a& is &4e Econo!ic and Social 'ouncil responsible +or5 B =4a& is &4e key &ask o+ &4e Trus&ees4ip 'ouncil5 -B 3o# !any !e!bers are &4ere in &4e Trus&ees4ip 'ouncil5 (B =4a& are &4e roles o+ &4e In&erna&ional 'our& o+ Aus&ice5 .B =4o elec&s Iudges o+ &4e In&erna&ional 'our& o+ Aus&ice5 )B =4a& is &4e !ain +unc&ion o+ &4e Secre&aria&5 /B =4a& are &4e du&ies o+ &4e Secre&aria&5

ORGANI@ATION OF THE UN& SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE (II)

T4e UN '4ar&er es&ablis4ed &4e Eco3o!ic a3d Socia1 Co.3ci1 as &4e principal organ &o coordina&e econo!ic> social> and rela&ed #ork o+ &4e 1- UN speciali8ed agencies> &en +unc&ional co!!issions and +i"e regional co!!issionsB T4e 'ouncil also recei"es repor&s +ro! ele"en UN +unds and progra!!esB I& is &4e cen&ral +oru! +or discussing in&erna&ional econo!ic and social issues and +or +or!ula&ing policy reco!!enda&ions addressed &o Me!ber S&a&es and &4e Uni&ed ,/

Na&ions sys&e!B I& is responsible +or pro!o&ing 4ig4er s&andards o+ li"ing> +ull e!ploy!en& and econo!ic and social progressJ iden&i+ying solu&ions &o in&erna&ional econo!ic> social and 4eal&4 proble!sJ +acili&a&ing in&erna&ional cul&ural and educa&ional coopera&ionJ and encouraging uni"ersal respec& +or 4u!an rig4&s and +unda!en&al +reedo!sB I& 4as &4e po#er &o !ake or ini&ia&e s&udies and repor&s on &4ese issuesB I& also 4as &4e po#er &o assis& &4e prepara&ions and organisa&ion o+ !aIor in&erna&ional con+erences in &4e econo!ic and social and rela&ed +ields and &o +acili&a&e a coordina&ed +ollo#Eup &o &4ese con+erencesB E'OSO' 4as &aken a lead role in key policy areas in recen& yearsB I&s 1*** 4ig4Ele"el seg!en& issued a UMani+es&o on %o"er&yU> #4ic4 in !any respec&s an&icipa&ed &4e +or!ula&ion o+ &4e Millenniu! ;e"elop!en& Goals &4a& #ere appro"ed a& &4e UN Millenniu! Su!!i& in Ne# YorkB

Tr.- ee-/ip Co.3ci1 is one o+ &4e !ain organs o+ &4e Uni&ed Na&ions and assigned &o i& &4e &ask o+ super"ising &4e ad!inis&ra&ion o+ Trus& Terri&ories placed under &4e Trus&ees4ip Sys&e!B MaIor goals o+ &4e Sys&e! #ere &o pro!o&e &4e ad"ance!en& o+ &4e in4abi&an&s o+ Trus& Terri&ories and &4eir progressi"e de"elop!en& &o#ards sel+Ego"ern!en& or independenceB T4e Trus&ees4ip 'ouncil is !ade up o+ &4e +i"e per!anen& !e!bers o+ &4e Securi&y 'ouncil E '4ina> France> Russian Federa&ion> Uni&ed <ingdo! and Uni&ed S&a&esB T4e ai!s o+ &4e Trus&ees4ip Sys&e! 4a"e been +ul+illed &o suc4 an e1&en& &4a& all Trus& Terri&ories 4a"e a&&ained sel+Ego"ern!en& or independence> ei&4er as separa&e s&a&es or by Ioining neig4bouring independen& coun&riesB Under &4e '4ar&er> &4e Trus&ees4ip 'ouncil is au&4ori8ed &o e1a!ine and discuss repor&s +ro! &4e :d!inis&ering :u&4ori&y on &4e poli&ical> econo!ic> social and educa&ional ad"ance!en& o+ &4e peoples o+ Trus& Terri&ories and> in consul&a&ion #i&4 &4e :d!inis&ering :u&4ori&y> &o e1a!ine pe&i&ions +ro! and under&ake periodic and o&4er special !issions &o Trus& Terri&oriesB T/e I3 er3a io3a1 Co.r o0 9.- ice is &4e principal Iudicial organ o+ &4e Uni&ed Na&ionsB T4e 'our& 4as a dual role$ &o se&&le in accordance #i&4 in&erna&ional la# &4e legal dispu&es sub!i&&ed &o i& by s&a&es> and &o gi"e ad"isory opinions on legal Hues&ions re+erred &o i& by duly au&4ori8ed in&erna&ional organs and agenciesB T4e 'our& is co!posed o+ 1( Iudges elec&ed &o nineEyear &er!s o+ o++ice by &4e Uni&ed Na&ions General :sse!bly and Securi&y 'ouncil si&&ing independen&ly o+ eac4 o&4erB T4e Iudges !us& possess &4e Huali+ica&ions reHuired in &4eir respec&i"e coun&ries +or appoin&!en& &o &4e 4ig4es& Iudicial o++ices> or be Iuris&s o+ recogni8ed co!pe&ence in in&erna&ional la#B T4e co!posi&ion o+ &4e 'our& 4as also &o re+lec& &4e !ain +or!s o+ ci"ili8a&ion and &4e principal legal sys&e!s o+ &4e #orldB T4e 'our& decides in accordance #i&4 in&erna&ional &rea&ies and con"en&ions in +orce> in&erna&ional cus&o!> general principles o+ la# and> as subsidiary !eans> Iudicial decisions and &4e &eac4ings o+ &4e !os& 4ig4ly Huali+ied publicis&sB T4e ad"isory procedure o+ &4e 'our& is open solely &o in&erna&ional organi8a&ionsB T4e only bodies a& presen& au&4ori8ed &o reHues& ad"isory opinions o+ &4e 'our& are +i"e organs o+ &4e Uni&ed Na&ions and 1. speciali8ed agencies o+ &4e Uni&ed Na&ions +a!ilyB T/e Secre aria EE an in&erna&ional s&a++ #orking in du&y s&a&ions around &4e #orld EE carries ou& &4e di"erse dayE&oEday #ork o+ &4e Organi8a&ionB I& ser"ices &4e o&4er principal organs o+ &4e Uni&ed Na&ions and ad!inis&ers &4e progra!!es and policies laid do#n by &4e!B :& i&s 4ead is &4e Secre&ary General #4o is appoin&ed by &4e General :sse!bly on &4e reco!!enda&ion o+ &4e Securi&y 'ouncil +or a +i"eEyear> rene#able &er!B ,*

T4e du&ies carried ou& by &4e Secre&aria& are as "aried as &4e proble!s deal& #i&4 by &4e Uni&ed Na&ionsB T4ese range +ro! ad!inis&ering peacekeeping opera&ions &o !edia&ing in&erna&ional dispu&es> +ro! sur"eying econo!ic and social &rends and proble!s &o preparing s&udies on 4u!an rig4&s and sus&ainable de"elop!en&B Secre&aria& s&a++ also in+or! &4e #orldSs co!!unica&ions !edia abou& &4e #ork o+ &4e Uni&ed Na&ionsJ organi8e in&erna&ional con+erences on issues o+ #orld#ide concern and in&erpre& speec4es and &ransla&e docu!en&s in&o &4e Organi8a&ionSs o++icial languagesB In &4e &#en&yE+irs& cen&ury> &4e UN is likely &o con&inue &o play an ac&i"e role in &4e areas bo&4 o+ social and econo!ic en4ance!en& and o+ peace and securi&yB 3o#e"er> &4e prospec&s +or +u&ure UN peacekeeping are uncer&ain> and &4e capaci&y +or &4e globeDs !os& po#er+ul IGO &o engineer progress in &4e social and econo!ic real! is also likely &o be se"erely &es&edB 6Fro! &4e o++icial #eb si&e o+ &4e Uni&ed Na&ions and 'B =B <egley ArB and EB RB =i&&kop+> World Politics9

*OCA7ULARY

'ri e /e !i--i3g 0or!-: NOUN *ER7 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK +or!ula&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK +acili&a&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ini&ia&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK repor& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK assis& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK super"ise KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK sub!i& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK possess KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK appoin& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK in&erpre& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK &ransla&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK con&inue KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ser"ice e!ploy!en& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK solu&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK +unc&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ad!inis&ra&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ad"ance!en& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK in4abi&an& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK au&4ori&y KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Huali+ica&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK co!posi&ion KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK dispu&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK speec4 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Fi11 eac/ gap 2i / o3e o0 /e 0or!- 0ro! a"o8e& 1B T4eir do!es&ic re+or! did no&4ing &o KKKKKKKKKKKKKK &4e proble! o+ une!ploy!en&B ,B T4a& is a land !ainly KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK by no!adsB B T4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ &4e +irs& session a& &4e con+erence is MrB ?ro#nB 0 AD9ECTI*E KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK separa&e ad"isory "aried

-B 3e #as al!os& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK #4en 4e 4eard &4e bad ne#sB (B T4ey KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK &4eir repor&s &o &4e '4ancellor yes&erdayB .B 3e announced &4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ a rural de"elop!en& progra!!eB )B I& #ould cer&ainly be #i&4in 4is po#er &o KKKKKKKKKKKKKK a police raid like &4a&B /B T4is &e1& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK +ro! &4e earlier "ersionsB *B I&Ds &4e coali&ion +orces #4o are &o bla!e +or &4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ &4e #arB 10B T4e plan calls +or a cease+ire and &4e UN KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ &4e coun&ryB Make 5o.r o23 -e3 e3ce- .-i3g /e 0o11o2i3g co11oca io3-& E speciali8ed agencies E policy reco!!enda&ions E key policy areas E progressi"e de"elop!en& E discuss repor&s E under&ake !issions E &er! o+ o++ice E sus&ainable de"elop!en& E play an ac&i"e role E engineer progress Fi11 /e gap- 2i / /e !i--i3g 2ordNAME %akis&an %ales&ine %eru %oland %or&ugal Russia Sco&land Serbia Slo"akia Slo"enia Spain Sudan S#eden S#i&8erland T4ailand Tibe& Tunisia Turkey 1 AD9ECTI*E PERSON

T4e U< T4e US: Vie&na! =ales

GRAMMAR RE*IE'

Pa- Si!p1e a3d Pa- Co3 i3.o.T4e %as& 'on&inuous is c4ie+ly used +or pas& ac&ions #4ic4 con&inued +or so!e &i!eB 3o#e"er> &4ere are so!e "arie&ies in i&s useB :B =4en i& is used #i&4ou& a &i!e e1pression i& can indica&e gradual de"elop!en&$ #t was getting darker. )he wind was rising. ?B I& is used +or an ac&ion going on a& a speci+ic &i!e in &4e pas&$ !t eight he was ha,ing breakfast. 'B I& is also used +or an ac&ion &4a& #as going on #4en ano&4er ac&ion 4appened$ When # arri,ed, )om was talking on the phone. 'o!pare &4is co!bina&ion #i&4 a co!bina&ion o+ &#o si!ple pas& &enses> #4ic4 nor!ally indica&es successi"e ac&ions$ =4en 4e sa# !e 4e pu& &4e recei"er do#nB ;B %as& con&inuous is also used in descrip&ionsB No&e &4e co!bina&ion o+ descrip&ion 6pas& con&inuous9 #i&4 narra&i"e 6si!ple pas&9$ ! wood fire was burning on the hearth, and a cat was sleeping in front of it. ! girl was playing the piano and was singing softly to herself. Suddenly, there was a knock on the door. )he girl stopped playing. )he cat woke up. EB %as& con&inuous is used +or &#o parallel ac&ions going on in &4e pas&B So!e&i!es> &4e ad"erb while is used$ While # was reading, she was watching the news. FB No&e &4a& con&inuous &enses are used only +or apparen&ly con&inuous unin&errup&ed ac&ionsB I+ #e di"ide &4e ac&ion up or say 4o# !any &i!es i& 4appened> #e !us& use &4e si!ple pas&$ # talked to )om se,eral times. ,

T/e 0or!- i3 i a1ic- are i3 pa- co3 i3.o.- a3d pa- -i!p1e e3-e-: U3der1i3e /e correc 0or!-: 1B S4e worked1was working Huie&ly a& 4er desk #4en suddenly &4e door opened1was opening and 4er daug4&er rushed1was rushing inB ,B 3e stood up1was standing up, walked1was walking across &4e roo!> and closed1was closing &4e #indo#B B : s&range !an walked1was walking in&o &4e roo!B 3e wore1was wearing red &rousers and a pink s4ir&B -B Didn2t you meet1Weren2t you meeting your #i+e #4ile you worked1were working in '4ile5 (B I saw1was seeing you in &4e park yes&erdayB You sat1were sitting on a benc4 #i&4 your ar! round To!B .B :s soon as I walked1was walking in&o &4e roo!> 4e handed1was handing !e &4e le&&erB )B 3is +a&4er #as really angry #i&4 4i! because 4e listened1was listening &o !usic #4ile 4e did1was doing 4is 4o!e#orkB /B =4y didn2t they ,isit1weren2t they ,isiting !e #4ile &4ey stayed1were staying in @ondon5 *B :s 4e passed1was passing &4e bank> a !an in a !ask knocked1was knocking 4i! on&o &4e groundB 10B =4a& did you write1were you writing #4en you co!pu&er crashed1was crashing5

UNIT T3REE ; ORGANI@ATION OF THE UN& SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE (II)

G@OSS:RY
E3g1i-/
addre-ad!i3i- er Ad!i3i- eri3g A. /ori 5 ad!i3i- ra io3 ad8a3ce!e3 ad8i-or5 appoi3 !e3 a--ig3 a ai3 a. /ori-ed capaci 5 carr5 o. co!pe e3ce co3cer3 coopera io3 coordi3a e c.- o! di-c.-di8er-e d.15 d. 5 - a io3 e!p1o5!e3 e3co.rage e3gi3eer e3/a3ce!e3 e6a!i3e 0aci1i a e 0o11o2>.p /ig/ 1e8e1 -eg!e3 ide3 i05

Tra3-1a io3 e4.i8a1e3 6s9

upu&i&i> oslo"i&i> poyaba"i&i se 6Li!e9 nadgleda&i> upra"lIa&i> ruko"odi&i Upra"na "las& upra"lIanIe> nadgledanIe> ruko"oPenIe napredak> unaprePenIe sa"Ie&oda"an> koIi i!a pra"o da daIe sa"Ie&C!iNlIenIe pos&a"lIenIe> i!eno"anIe dodiIeli&i> odredi&i os&"ari&i> pos&iMi> dos&iMi o"laN&en sposobnos&> s"oIs&"o> nadleOnos&> o"laN&enIe oba"lIa&i> oba"i&i> spro"odi&i> i8"rNi&i s&ruLnos&> sposobnos&> !Ieroda"nos&> nadleOnos& in&eres> 8naLaI> s&"ar 6koIa se koga &iLe9 saradnIa> saraPi"anIe> sudIelo"anIe uskladi&i> i8IednaLi&i> koordinira&i praksa> obiLaI> na"ika ra8!o&ri&i> raspra"lIa&i ra8no"rs&an> ra8nolik> ra8liLi& pra"no> legalno> propisno> "alIano pos&aIa> ba8a 8aposlenos& pods&ica&i> unapriIedi&i> po&po!aga&i upra"lIa&i> gradi&i unaprePi"anIe> po&spIeNi"anIe ra8!a&ra&i> ra8!o&ri&i> is&raOi&i> pregleda&i po&spIeNi&i> po!oMi> olakNa&i> o!oguMi&i nas&a"ak ak&i"nos&i 6nakon Lega9 "isoki preds&a"nik prepo8na&i> naMi> pronaMi
-

i3 0orce i3/a"i a3 i3i ia e i--.e =.ri1a5 do23 !ake .p o00ice progre-pro-pec ra3ge rea1! re0er re1a ed repor re4.ired -e10>go8er3!e3 -er8ice -i -o1e15 - a00 -."-idiar5 -.per8i-e -.r8e5 -.- ai3a"1e er! o0 o00ice Tr.- Terri orieTr.- ee-/ip Co.3ci1 Tr.- ee-/ip S5- e! .3der ake

na sna8i s&ano"nik> Oi&elI pokrenu&i> 8apoLe&i i8da&i> obIa"i&i pra"nik propisa&i> pos&a"i&i> odredi&i saLini&i> sas&oIa&i se poloOaI> +unkciIa napredak> napredo"anIe buduMnos&> perspek&i"a> i8gled "arira&i> kre&a&i se 6odVdo9 ra"an> podruLIe upu&i&i> pripisa&i> odnosi&i se srodan> po"e8an i8"IeN&aI 8a4&Ie"an> po&reban sa!oupra"a pruOa&i usluge> opskrbi&i> odrOa"a&i> ser"isira&i 8asIeda&i> odrOa&i sIednicu isklIuLi"o> sa!o> Iedino kadar> osoblIe sporedan> po!oMni> dopunski nadgleda&i> nad8ira&i pra&i&i> procIeni&i> anke&ira&i> nadgleda&i> nad8ira&i odrOi" !anda&e> "riIe!e sluObo"anIa nesa!oupra"ne &eri&oriIe> po"IereniLke &eri&oriIeCpodruLIa> &eri&oriIe pod pokro"i&elIs&"o!> s&ara&elIska podruLIa Sa"Ie& po"Ierenika> %o"IereniLki sa"Ie&> S&ara&elIski sa"Ie& %o"IereniLki sis&e!> !ePunarodni sis&e! s&ara&elIs&"a spro"es&i> "rNi&i> podu8i!a&i

UNIT B
RE:;ING :N; S%E:<ING$ In&erna&ional econo!ic organisa&ions VO':?U@:RY$ Ma&c4ing> #ord +or!a&ion> colloca&ions
(

 GR:MM:R$ %as& %er+ec& Si!ple and 'on&inuous =RITING$ For!s o+ address

READING AND SPEA,ING

Read /e e6 a3d 0i3d 2/ic/ o0 /e /ree orga3i<a io3- de-cri"ed i3 /e e6 /e 0o11o2i3g - a e!e3 - re0er o& 1B T4e presiden& o+ &4is organisa&ion is a person #4o can "o&e only i+ &4ere is an eHual nu!ber o+ "o&es and &4e decision canno& be reac4edB ,B I&s role is &o resol"e dispu&es arising +ro! &rade par&ners4ipsB B T4is organi8a&ion ac&s like a Iudicial ins&i&u&ion in resol"ing con+lic&s a!ong i&s !e!bersB -B T4is organi8a&ion enables easier &rade rela&ions and gi"es &4e resources i& 4as a& i&s disposalB (B =4en lending !oney> &4is organi8a&ion pro&ec&s &4e in&eres&s o+ i&s clien&sB

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANISATIONS

?eyond &4e UN> li&erally 4undreds o+ o&4er IGOs are ac&i"e in&erna&ionallyB 3ere> #e look brie+ly a& &4ree o+ &4e !os& pro!inen& o+ &4ese o&4er IGOs> all o+ #4ic4 are speciali8ed in &4eir +ocus on &4e in&erna&ional poli&ical econo!y$ &4e =orld Trade Organi8a&ion> &4e =orld ?ank and &4e In&erna&ional Mone&ary FundB T/e 'or1d Trade Orga3i<a io3 ('TO) is a +ullE+ledged in&ergo"ern!en&al organi8a&ion #i&4 a +or!al decisionE!aking s&ruc&ure a& &4e !inis&erial le"elB Organi8ed as a +airE&rade police!an> =TO is !anda&ed &o !anage dispu&es arising +ro! i&s &rading par&nersB Func&ioning eHually in o"erseeing &rade in !anu+ac&ures and agricul&ural co!!odi&ies> &4e =TO #as gi"en au&4ori&y +or en+orcing rules> #4ic4 gi"es i& &4e c4arac&er o+ a cour&> and since 1**( &4e rules o+ &4e =TO au&4ori8e &4ird par&ies &o adIudica&e con+lic&s a!ong &4e =TODs !ore &4an 1-( !e!bersB

FEnsuring &rade +lo#s as s!oo&4ly> predic&ably and as +reely as possibleG is &4e =TODs declared cen&ral purposeB 3o#e"er> &4e =orld Trade Organi8a&ion 4as consis&en&ly soug4& &o e1pand &4is agenda and &o lo#er &rade barriers and &4ereby raise li"ing s&andards &4roug4 ne# ini&ia&i"esB T4e =TO 4opes &o !o"e #ell beyond &4e goals o+ reducing &ari++s in agricul&ure> ser"ices and &radi&ional sec&ors &o suc4 areas as in&ellec&ual proper&y rig4&sB T4e presen& goal o+ &4e =TO is &o &ranscend &4e e1is&ing !a&ri1 o+ +reeE&rade agree!en&s be&#een pairs o+ coun&ries and #i&4in par&icular regions or +reeE&rade blocks and replace &4e! #i&4 an in&egra&ed and co!pre4ensi"e #orld#ide sys&e! o+ liberal or +ree &radeB @ike !os& IGOs> &4e =TO is an organi8a&ion do!ina&ed by &4e grea& po#ersB T/e 'or1d 7a3k ('79 is an IGO run according &o i&s :r&icles o+ :gree!en&> #4ic4 proclai!s &4a& Fall &4e po#ers o+ &4e ?ank s4all be "es&ed in &4e ?oard o+ Go"ernors> consis&ing o+ a go"ernor and an al&erna&e appoin&ed by eac4 !e!ber in suc4 !anners as i& !ay de&er!ineGB T4e ?oard o+ Go"ernors delega&e responsibili&y +or &4e rou&ine opera&ions o+ &4e bank &o i&s &#en&yE+our direc&ors o+ i&s e1ecu&i"e boardB T4e ?ankDs presiden& is also selec&ed by &4e e1ecu&i"e direc&ors and is &4e c4air!an o+ &4e e1ecu&i"e board> bu& canno& "o&e unless i& is needed &o break a &ie "o&eB T4e presiden& ac&s as a 'EO in c4arge o+ &4e ?ankDs opera&ing s&a++ and is responsible> #i&4 &4e appro"al o+ &4e e1ecu&i"e direc&or> +or &4e organi8a&ion> appoin&!en& and dis!issal o+ &4e ?ankDs ad!inis&ra&i"e s&a++B .

T4e =orld ?ankDs organi8a&ion consis&s no& only o+ &4e presiden&> bu& also &4ree !anaging direc&ors> a General 'ounsel and senior "ice presiden& +or Manage!en& and %ersonnel Ser"ices and +our&een "ice presiden&sB T4e =orld ?ank opera&es on &4e ideological principles go"erning con&e!porary in&erna&ional +inance and i&s loan cri&eria are ai!ed a& pro&ec&ing i&s credi&orsD in&eres&sB @ike all banks> i& !us& lend +unds &4a& pro!ise &o !ake a re&urn +or i&s credi&or in"es&or coun&ries in order &o ensure &4eir con&inuing suppor&B S&ill> despi&e i&s increased pace o+ ac&i"i&y> &4e =orld ?ank 4as ne"er been able &o !ee& all &4e needs +or +inancial assis&ance o+ &4e de"eloping s&a&esB T4e de+iciencies o+ &4e =orld ?ank> 4o#e"er> 4a"e been par&ly o++se& by &4e es&ablis4!en& o+ ano&4er lending IGO> &4e In&erna&ional Mone&ary FundB T/e I3 er3a io3a1 Mo3e ar5 F.3d (IMF) is no# one o+ &4e si1&een speciali8ed agencies #i&4in &4e UN sys&e!B T4e pri!ary purpose o+ &4e IMF is s&abili8ing in&erna&ional !one&ary e1c4ange ra&esB T4is po#er+ul +inancial IGO deri"es i&s opera&ion +unds +ro! i&s !e!ber s&a&esB 'on&ribu&ions 6and &4us "o&ing s&reng&49 are based on a coun&ryDs na&ional inco!e> !one&ary reser"es and &rade balanceB In addi&ion &o s&abili8ing e1c4ange ra&es in order &o +acili&a&e in&erna&ional &rade> &4e c4ie+ ai!s o+ &4e IMF> as se& +or&4 in i&s :r&icles o+ :gree!en&> include$ pro!o&ing in&erna&ional !one&ary coopera&ion> +acili&a&ing &4e e1pansion o+ in&erna&ional &rade> pro!o&ing e1c4ange s&abili&y> es&ablis4ing a !ul&ila&eral sys&e! o+ pay!en&s> +os&ering !e!berDs con+idence in &4e IMF> alloca&ing &4e resources a"ailable> s4or&ening &4e dura&ion o+ and reducing &4e degree o+ diseHuilibriu! in !e!bersD balances o+ pay!en&sB @ike &4e o&4er !aIor IGOs crea&ed by &4e grea& po#ers> &4e IMF is resen&ed by &4e less po#er+ul> #4o +ind &4a& &4e IMFDs bene+icial in&en&ions are be&rayed by &4e do!ina&ion and ineHuali&ies i&s progra!s 4a"e caused +or &4e leas&Ede"eloped coun&ries !os& in needB 6:dap&ed +ro! 'B =B <egley ArB and EB RB =i&&kop+> World Politics9 A3-2er /e 0o11o2i3g 4.e- io31B =4a& is &4e !anda&e and &4e purpose o+ &4e =orld Trade Organi8a&ion5 ,B =4a& is &4e presen& goal o+ &4e =orld Trade Organi8a&ion5 B ;escribe &4e !anage!en& s&ruc&ure o+ &4e =orld ?ankB -B =4a& is &4e !ain principle o+ &4e =orld ?ank regarding lending +unds5 (B =4ere does &4e In&erna&ional Mone&ary +und deri"e +unds +ro!5 .B =4a& are so!e o+ &4e ai!s o+ &4e In&erna&ional Mone&ary Fund5 )B =4o> in your opinion> are &4ese organi8a&ions do!ina&ed by and #4a& are &4e reasons +or suc4 a si&ua&ion5 /B ;o you kno# o+ any o&4er IGO dealing ac&i"ely in &4e +ield o+ in&erna&ional poli&ical econo!y5

*OCA7ULARY

Ma c/ /e 2ord- "e1o2 2i / /eir -53o35!- or e6p1a3a io31B pro!inen& KKKK aB &o !ake people obey a rule o+ la# )

,B +ullE+ledged

KKKK bB a &a1 on goods co!ing in&o a coun&ry or going ou& o+ a coun&ry B co!!odi&y KKKK cB co!ple&ely de"eloped> &rained or es&ablis4ed -B en+orce KKKK dB &o gi"e so!eone &4e o++icial rig4& &o do or o#n so!e&4ing (B adIudica&e KKKK eB &o !ake i& easier +or a process or ac&i"i&y &o 4appen .B &ari++ KKKK +B i!por&an&J so!e&4ing &4a& is large and s&icks ou& )B "es&ed KKKK gB &o 4elp a skill> +eeling> idea e&cB de"elop o"er a period o+ &i!e /B al&erna&e KKKK 4B a produc& &4a& is boug4& and sold *B loan KKKK iB #i&4 &4e resul& &4a& so!e&4ing else 4appens 10B re&urn KKKK IB &o o++icially decide #4o is rig4& in a disagree!en& and decide #4a& s4ould be done 11B +acili&a&e KKKK kB &o say publicly or o++icially &4a& so!e&4ing i!por&an& is &rue or e1is&s 1,B +os&er KKKK lB an a!oun& o+ !oney &4a& you borro# +ro! a bank 1 B diseHuilibriu! KKKK !B &o go beyond &4e usual li!i&s o+ so!e&4ing 1-B proclai! KKKK nB replace!en& 1(B &4ereby KKKK oB &4e a!oun& o+ pro+i& &4a& you ge& +ro! so!e&4ing 1.B &ranscend KKKK pB a lack o+ balance in so!e&4ing P. /e proper prepo-i io3 a0 er eac/ o0 /e 0o11o2i3g 8er" go KKKKKK arise KKKKKK replace KKKKKK be do!ina&ed KKKKKK be based KKKKKK 4a"e con+idence KKKKKK be resen&ed KKKKKK consis& KKKKKK be ai!ed KKKKKK be "es&ed KKKKKK be in c4arge KKKKKK be speciali8ed KKKKKK be responsible KKKKKK deri"e KKKKKK

'ri e /e !i--i3g 0or!NOUN &rade loan KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK credi&or in"es&or KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK +und pay!en& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK econo!y *ER7 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK !anu+ac&ure KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK alloca&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK AD9ECTI*E KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK bene+icial KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK +inancial KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Fi11 /e "1a3k- 2i / /e appropria e 2ord- /a co11oca e T4ere are !any IGOs &4a& +ocus on in&erna&ional poli&ical econo!yB One o+ &4e! is &4e =orld Trade Organi8a&ion 6=TO9 #4ose decisionE!aking KKKKKKKKKKKKK is a& &4e /

!inis&erial le"elB =TO prac&ically +unc&ions as a cour& as i& is gi"en au&4ori&y &o en+orce KKKKKKKKKKKKKK in &4e +ield o+ &rade in !anu+ac&ures and agricul&ural co!!odi&iesB =TO goals are &o KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK &rade barriers and KKKKKKKKKKKKK li"ing s&andards> KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK &ari++s> deal #i&4 in&ellec&ual KKKKKKKKKKKKKK rig4&s and &ranscend &4e e1is&ing pa&&erns o+ +reeE&rade KKKKKKKKKKKKKKB :ll &4e po#er in &4e =orld ?ank 6=?9> ano&4er i!por&an& IGO in &4e +ield o+ poli&ical econo!y> is "es&ed in &4e ?oard o+ Go"ernors &4a& delega&e KKKKKKKKKKKKKK +or &4e bankDs opera&ions &o i&s KKKKKKKKKKKKKK boardB T4e bankDs presiden& is selec&ed by &4e e1ecu&i"e KKKKKKKKKKKKKK> bu& 4e canno& "o&e e1cep& in si&ua&ions #4en i& is necessary &o KKKKKKKKKKKKKK a &ie "o&eB T4e loan KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ &4e =? are ai!ed a& pro&ec&ing i&s KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK in&eres&sB T4e =? &ries &o ensure a KKKKKKKKKKKKKK suppor& o+ i&s credi&or in"es&or coun&ries> bu& i& canno& !ee& al &4e needs o+ &4e de"eloping coun&ries +or +inancial KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKB T4e In&erna&ional !one&ary Fund 6IMF9 4as as i&s pri!ary purpose &o s&abili8e in&erna&ional !one&ary KKKKKKKKKKKKK ra&esB I& is +unded by i&s !e!bers s&a&es on &4e basis o+ &4eir respec&i"e na&ional inco!es> !one&ary KKKKKKKKKKKKK and &rade KKKKKKKKKKKB So!e o+ &4e IMF ac&i"i&ies include KKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ &4e a"ailable +unds and reducing &4e degree o+ diseHuilibriu! in !e!bersD KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK o+ pay!en&sB

GRAMMAR RE*IE'

Pa- Per0ec Si!p1e a3d Co3 i3.o.1B Pa- per0ec is &4e pas& eHui"alen& o+ &4e presen& per+ec&B %resen&$ !nn has +ust left. #f you hurry you2ll catch herB %as&$ When # arri,ed !nn had +ust leftB T4e presen& per+ec& can be used #i&4 sinceC+or e&cB +or an ac&ion #4ic4 began in &4e pas& and is s&ill con&inuing or 4as only Ius& +inis4edB T4e pas& per+ec& can be used si!ilarly +or an ac&ion #4ic4 began be+ore &4e &i!e o+ speaking in &4e pas& and 6a9 #as s&ill con&inuing a& &4a& &i!e> or 6b9 s&opped a& &4a& &i!e or Ius& be+ore i&B ?u& no&ice &4a& &4e pas& per+ec& can also be used 6c9 +or an ac&ion #4ic4 s&opped so!e &i!e be+ore &4e &i!e o+ speakingB E1a!ples o+ &ypes 6a9> 6b9 and 6c9$ 6a9 )im was in uniform when # met him. He had been a soldier for ten years and planned to stay in the army till he was thirtyB 6b9 Peter, who had #ai&ed +or an 4our> #as "ery angry #i&4 4is sis&er #4en s4e e"en&ually &urned upB 6c9 He had ser,ed in the army for ten years3 then he retired and marriedB T4e pas& per+ec& is also &4e pas& eHui"alen& o+ &4e si!ple pas& &ense and is used #4en &4e narra&or or subIec& looks back on earlier ac&ion +ro! a cer&ain poin& in &4e pas&$ *

He met her in Paris in 4566. He had last seen her ten years before. Her hair had been grey then7 now it was whiteB Or He met her in 4586 and again ten years later. Her hair, which had been grey at their first meeting, was now whiteB ?u& i+ #e !erely gi"e &4e e"en&s in &4e order in #4ic4 &4ey occurred> no pas& &ense is necessary$ He met her first in 4586 when her hair was grey. He met her again in 4566. Her hair was now whiteB ,B T/e pa- per0ec co3 i3.o.- bears &4e sa!e rela&ion &o &4e pas& per+ec& as &4e per+ec& con&inuous bears &o &4e presen& per+ec&B =4en &4e ac&ion began be+ore &4e &i!e o+ speaking in &4e pas& and con&inued up &o &4a& &i!e> or s&opped Ius& be+ore i&> #e can o+&en use ei&4er +or!$ #t was now si and he was tired because he had worked since dawn. #t was now si and he was tired because he had been working since dawnB : repea&ed ac&ion in &4e pas& per+ec& can so!e&i!es be e1pressed as a con&inuous ac&ion by &4e pas& per+ec& con&inuous$ He had tried fi,e times to get her on the phone. Ha had been trying to get her on the phone. ?u&> &4ere is a di++erence be&#een a single ac&ion in &4e pas& per+ec& si!ple and an ac&ion in &4e pas& per+ec& con&inuous$ 9y si o2clock he had repaired the engineB 6T4is Iob 4as been co!ple&ed9B He had been repairing the engine &ells us 4o# 4e 4ad spen& &4e pre"ious 4ourC4al+ 4our e&cB I& does no& &ell us #4e&4er or no& &4e Iob #as co!ple&edB :no&4er di++erence is &4a& an ac&ion in &4e pas& per+ec& con&inuous con&inues up &o> or beyond> &4e &i!e o+ speaking in &4e pas&B :n ac&ion in &4e pas& per+ec& !ay occur s4or&ly be+ore &4e &i!e o+ speaking> bu& &4ere could be Hui&e a long in&er"al be&#een &4e!$ 3e 4ad been pain&ing &4e doorB 6T4e pain& #as probably s&ill #e&9 He had painted the doorB 6%er4aps recen&ly> per4aps so!e &i!e ago9 P. /e 8er"- i3 "racke - i3 o /e Pa- Per0ec Si!p1e or Pa- Per0ec Co3 i3.o.1B T4e 4o&el &4a& %e&er KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6reco!!end9 #as s!all bu& pre&&yB ,B I #as "ery &iredJ I KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6#alk9 +or si1 4ours #i&4ou& res&ingB B 3e #as busier &4an 4e KKKKKKKKKKKKK 6e"er be9 in 4is li+eB -B Ao4n kne# &4a& &4ey KKKKKKKKKKKKK 6#ai&9 +or 4i! since &#o oSclockB (B 3e 4oped no one kne# #4a& KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 64appen9 &o 4i!B .B =e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6#alk9 +or 4ours be+ore #e sa# anybodyB )B =4en I arri"ed a& &4e &4ea&re &4e play KKKKKKKKKKKKK 6already begin9B /B I &4oug4& o+ &4e girl I KKKKKKKKKKKK 6!ee&9 &4e day be+oreB *B 3is +a&4er #as sure &4a& 4e KKKKKKKKKKKK 6gi"e9 &4e rig4& ad"iceB 10B =4en I KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6lock9 &4e door I #en& &o bedB 11B =4en I en&ered s4e go& up +ro! &4e c4air on #4ic4 s4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6si&9 +or &#o 4oursB -0

1,B I KKKKKKKKKKKKK 6#ri&e9 +or 4ours #4en I re!e!bered &4a& I 4ad an appoin&!en& a& &4e den&is&SsB 1 B =4en I called a& 4is 4ouse 4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6already go9B 1-B :+&er s4e KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6do9 4er 4o!e#ork &4e girl #en& ska&ingB 1(B =4en I ca!e in> I no&iced &4a& so!ebody KKKKKKKKKKKK 6lea"e9 a parcel in &4e 4allB 1.B ?e+ore 4e KKKKKKKKKKKKK 6read9 e"en 4al+ o+ &4e book> 4e insis&ed 4e didnS& like i&B 1)B =4en I reac4ed &4e s&a&ion> &4e &rain KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6lea"e9 alreadyB 1/B =4en &4ey re&urned &4ey &old us #4a& &4ey KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6see9 in @ondonB 1*B =4a& KKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6you do9 be+ore you ca!e 4ere5 ,0B 3e KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 6spend9 so!e years in &4a& place> so 4e could gi"e us all &4e necessary in+or!a&ionB

UNIVERSITY OF MONTENEGRO FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

ENGLISH FOR POLITICAL SCIENCE III ; Mid er! Te- 6!ock &es&9
S&uden& ;epar&!en& I Read /e 0o11o2i3g e6 a3d do /e e6erci-e- "e1o2: ;is&inguis4ing !eaning+ul &rans+or!a&ion +ro! &e!porary c4anges is di++icul&B T4e !o!en& o+ &rans+or!a&ion +ro! one sys&e! &o ano&4er is no& i!!edia&ely ob"iousB S&ill> cer&ain &i!es are especially likely candida&esB MaIor &urning poin&s in #orld poli&ics usually 4a"e occurred a& &4e ends o+ !aIor #ars> #4ic4 &ypically disrup& or des&roy pree1is&ing in&erna&ional arrange!en&sB In &4e &#en&ie&4 cen&ury> =orld =ars I and II and &4e end o+ &4e 'old =ar s&i!ula&ed +unda!en&al breaks #i&4 &4e pas& and se& in !o&ion !aIor &rans+or!a&ions> pro"iding coun&ries #i&4 incen&i"es &o re&4ink seriously &4e pre!ises underlying &4eir in&eres&s> purposes and priori&iesB Si!ilarly> !any concluded &4a& &4e &erroris& a&&acks on Sep&e!ber 11> ,001 produced a +unda!en&al &rans+or!a&ion in #orld a++airsB Indeed> !any +el& &4a& *C11 c4anged e"ery&4ing> per4aps +ore"er$ in US %residen& George =B ?us4Ds #ords FNig4& +ell on a di++eren& #orldG> adding la&er FT4is is our li+e no#BBB T4is ba&&leDs Ius& begunBG Sa5 2/e /er /e 0o11o2i3g - a e!e3 - are r.e (T) or 0a1-e (F): 1B I& is di++icul& &o no&ice c4anges +ro! one sys&e! &o ano&4erB ,B T4e bigges& c4anges 4appen a+&er big #arsB Fi3d /e 2ord- i3 /e e6 /a !ea3 /e 0o11o2i3g& B dis&urb or dras&ically al&er -B recogni8e> s4o# or &rea& as di++eren& (B las&ing +or a li!i&ed period o+ &i!e
-1

Inde1 noB %oin&s

?$C

VVVBB VVVBB

VVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVV

%$

Fi11 i3 /e !i--i3g 0or!- o0 /e gi8e3 2ord-& NOUN priori&y conclude di++eren& c4ange *ER7 des&roy AD9ECTI*E

II Make -e3 e3ce- .-i3g /e 0o11o2i3g e6pre--io3-& 1B e&4nic con+lic& VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV ,B co!!on end VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
C

III Tra3-1a e /e 0o11o2i3g -e3 e3ce- i3 o E3g1i-/&

-,

1B Te!lIe u s"iIe&u se pribliOa"aIu kro8 ko!unikaciIu> ideIe i &rgo"inu> s ob8iro! da Ie in&egraciIa nacionalni4 ekono!iIa s&"orila globalno &rOiN&eB VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV ,B <ako !oOe!o odredi&i kada pos&oIeMi obra8ac odnosa prepuN&a !Ies&o po&puno no"o! !ePunarodno! sis&e!u5 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV B Aedan od osa! !ileniIu!ski4 cilIe"a us"oIeni4 ,001B godine Ies&e pro!o"isanIe Iednakos&i polo"a i osnaOi"anIe OenaB VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
D

UNIVERSITY OF MONTENEGRO FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

ENGLISH FOR POLITICAL SCIENCE III ; Fi3a1 e6a! 6!ock &es&9

S&uden& ;epar&!en& Inde1 noB %oin&s
%$

B$C

A: P. /e 8er"- i3 "racke - i3 o appropria e e3-e:

1B I VVVVVVVVVVB 6no& &alk9 &o 4i! +or agesB I VVVVVVVVVVB 6!ee&9 4i! #4en #e 4ad &4e con+erence &#o !on&4s agoB ,B I canD& belie"e s4eDs la&eB I VVVVVVVVVVB6#ai&9 4er +or !ore &4an 4al+ an 4ourB B =4ere VVVVVVVVVVB 6go9 on 4olidays las& year5 =e VVVVVVVVVVB 6go9 &o %arisB -B I #as &4ere a& - oDclockB =4en 4e VVVVVVVVVVB 6arri"e9> I VVVVVVVVVVB 6#ai&9 +or al!os& , 4oursB (B E VVVVVVVVVVB 6you prepare9 &4e repor& ye&5 E I VVVVVVVVVVB 6+inis49 a par& o+ i& las& nig4&> bu& I VVVVVVVVVVB 6no& #ri&e9 &4e conclusion ye&B
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MIDTERM E+AM PREPARATION

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