752

TECHNICAL DATA

Elements of lighting Design

LUMINANCE (Fig. 4) If the light source is greater than a point, its size becomes relevant and the above definition of luminous intensity can no longer be applied. We must therefore introduce a new concept which determines the amount of light energy that is emitted either by light sources or by reflection surfaces. This photometric quantity is the luminance (L), which is defined as the ratio of the source luminous intensity in the direction of an observer to the emitting surface as seen by the same observer (or apparent surface).The unit of measurement is cd/ sqm. The fundamental relation is given by: L=dI /dA x cos Where 1 is the candlepower at the angle ; is the source area, cos is the cosine of the angle formed by the observers eye and the normal to the source. ILLUMINANCE VALUES Midday sun 16x109 cd/m2 Sunset 6x106 cd/m2 Blue sky 8000 cd/m2 Cloudy sky 2000 cd/m2 Lawn 800 cd/m2 Snowy plane 3,2x104 cd/m2 Tallow candle 5000 cd/m2 NC 60W clear bulb 5x106 cd/m2 FL 18W 4000 cd/m2 JM 70W 1,5x107 cd/m2

LUMINOUS FLUX (Fig.1) It is the amount of luminous energy emitted in the space by a source in a period of time. The luminous flux is identified by the symbol , and is measured in lumens (lm). A lumen is equal to the luminous flux emitted within a unit solid angle from a spot source subtended at the centre of a sphere having a luminous intensity of 1 candela in all directions. In the International System, the measuring unit for solid angle is the steradian (sr), which gives the following relation: 1 lm =1 cd x sr. As the luminous flux is the time rate of light emitted by a source, it must be considered as power from the dimensional point of view as it is energy divided by the unit of time. An interesting extension of the concept of luminous flux as power is the concept of luminous efficiency. Luminous efficiency is the ratio of the luminous flux emitted by a light source to the power input of the source. Through this value it is possible to assess the energy saving provided by one lamp compared to another. EFFICIENCY lm/W POWER W 300 125 24 36 2000 400 90 LAMP TYPE

Luminous flux (Fig. 1)

ALO MBF FL comp. FL tubolare JM SAP-T SBP

5000 17 6300 50 1800 75 3350 93 180000 90 48000 120 13500 150

FLUX lm

cos

=1

cos

Illuminance (Fig. 4)

LUMINOUS INTENSITY (Fig.2) Luminous intensity is the amount of light (l) emitted by a spot source which propagates in a given direction. This intensity is defined as the flux ratio emitted in any specified direction in a unit solid angle cone , which gives l=d/d. It is the fundamental physical quantity in the International System and is measured in candelas (cd). The XVI General Conference for Weights and Measurements in 1979 established that the intensity of 1 cd is equal to the intensity of a source that emits - in a solid angle of 1 sr - the frequency and power monochromatic radiation =1/683 W. A standard international eyesight, defined by ClE, is used to determine the maximum relative visibility value for radiations at a 555 nm wavelength. This value corresponds to that of the source under consideration, which therefore has 1 Im.

ILLUMINANCE (Fig. 5) The concept of illuminance is critical in illumination design. This value is useful to determine he amount of light that is emitted by a source and is present on a surface. The illuminance (E) is the density of the luminous flux incident on a surface: d Lm E= lux= dA sqm

where d is the luminous flux incident on the surface, dA is the surface area struck by the flux. The measuring unit of illuminance is lux (lx), which is dimensionally expressed as cd/sqm ILLUMINANCE VALUES Sunshine, blue sky 100.000lx Cloudy sky 10.000lx Starry sky without moon 10-4lx Average street lighting 5-30lx Minimum light for pedestrians to avoid obstacles 0.2-1lx Well-lit house 100-200lx Commercial conc. 200-3000lx Offices and sc. 300-2000lx

a =1 a =1 rad a tot =2 rad

1 lumen

Luminous intensity (Fig. 2-1)

Luminous intensity (Fig. 2-2)

Illuminamento (Fig. 5)

BZ CLASSIFICATION (Fig. 3) The BZ method defines project parameters to obtain a greater precision in calculations as compared to the standard method. In particular, this method classifies fixtures according to 10 standard distributions of luminous intensity, i.e. 10 increasingly wide polar curves that can be represented by a simple mathematical formula. At this point, the fixture is given a BZ classification.The higher the BZ label, the wider the light beam and the mounting spacing that would ensure correct uniformity BZ2 2 x cos3 BZ3 3 x cos2 BZ1 1 x cos4 BZ5 5 x cos BZ6 6 x (1+2 cos BZ4 4 x cos1.5 ) BZ8 8 BZ9 9 x (1+sen ) BZ7 7 x (2+cos ) BZ10 10 x sen 90 90
90 60 60 45
BZ3 45 BZ5

POINT-TO-POINT METHOD (Fig. 6) The method used to determine the horizontal illuminance at a specific site is commonly called point-to-point method. Its formula is: Ip x Klm x cos3 Ep = where: h2 Ep = illuminance at a site (in lux) Ip = candlepower referred to 1000 lm, at the relevant site Klm = the luminous flux of the lamp 3 cos = cube of the cosine of the angle between normal to the fixture and relevant siteesame h2 = the distance between the source and calculation plane
115 115 105 95 105 95

100 200 300

BZ5 400 BZ4

90 100 200 300 45 45

BZ2

90 90 50 100
BZ10 BZ8

90 90 50 BZ9 100
BZ8 BZ7 150 BZ9

60 60 75 60 45

BZ10

75 60 75 60

75 60BZ6 45

150 200
BZ6 250

40 80 120

Ip
85 75 65 55 45 70 140 210 280 350 85 75 65 55 45 35 15 25

500 600
BZ3

400 BZ2 500 600 700 800 15 0

BZ4

160 200

200 250 300 15 0

BZ7

45 45 30

30

BZ1

30 15

700 800 0

30 30 30

BZ1

300 15 0 15

30 15

15

30

Classification diagram (Fig. 3-1)

15

Classification diagram (Fig. 3-2)

35 420 25 15 5 cd/km5

metodo punto-punto (Fig.6)

Rendimento (Fig. 7)

COLOUR TEMPERATURE Colour temperature is defined as a balanced mixture of various colours. By this definition, the colour temperature of a lamp, measured in Kelvin, is extremely important for the installation of a luminaire. The temperature of a lamp can be regarded as a quality criterion of choice, just as the flux is the quantity criterion. The table on the right lists some examples of the luminous output of various sources: - Stearic candle flame 1800 K - Incandescent lamp 2700 K - WHITE fluorescent lamp 3500 K - Sun at sunset 3500 K - 4000 K - COOLWHITE fluorescent lamp 3000 K - Sun at noon in Summer 5500 K - Clear sky 6500 K - DAYLIGHT fluorescent lamp 6000 K - 6500 K

LUMINOUS EFFICIENCY (Fig. 7) Luminous efficiency is the ratio of the total luminous flux emitted by the lamps to the total flux used by the fixture u n= tot Since luminous efficiency is a ratio between two homogeneous quantities, it is nondimensional and is generally expressed as a percentage value. For fixture classification, luminous efficiency is divided into lower (ni) and upper (ns).

Elements of lighting Design

Light emitted from a light fixture can be represented by a graphic system called distribution curves. These are the union of points joining the various luminous intensities emitted by a light source in every direction in space and making up the photometric solid. By intersecting this solid with a number of planes, one can obtain distribution curves. When these planes are described through polar coordinates whose centres correspond to the center of the fixture, one obtains polar distribution curves. These planes can also be made to rotate around an axis so as to explore the photometric solid under every angle. According to the axis used for rotation, there are different systems of planes determined by CIE standards. An alternative mode of representing distribution curves would be substituting the polar description with a description using the Cartesian coordinates. With this system, the narrow beam curves are more readable and this system is generally used in representing the luminous intensity of floodlights. In this diagram, the values of the angles are positioned along the x-coordinate, with zero in the middle of the graph, while the values of intensity are positioned along the ordinate. The two planes normally represented are the transversal and the longitudinal ones, which in the CIE system correspond respectively to the C0-C180 (continuous line) plane and the C90-C270 (broken line) plane. Ceiling lamp DISTRIBUTION CURVES (Fig. 8) All measurements of the luminous intensity emitted by a fixture in any direction produce the photometric solid. Normally, information on the photometric solid is only given with reference to two vertical orthogonal planes crossing the optical centre of the fixture. The values of the luminous intensity (referred to 1000 lm) that are plotted on a plane are called distribution curves. For indoor and street lighting fixtures, these distribution curves are represented with polar coordinates. Photometric data for indoor fixtures according to the applicable UTE and DIN 5040 classification is available on request. ceiling lamp distr. curves (Fig. 8) installation
height in m
85 75 65 55 45 15 25 5 5 15 25 35
4 m 11.42

TECHNICAL DATA

753

DISTRIBUTION CURVES floodlight (Fig. 12) As a floodlight beam is narrower than that of the above fixtures, polar coordinates do not provide sufficiently detailed values. Therefore, the distribution curve is better represented with Cartesian co-ordinates.
400 300 200 100
cd/klm

distribution curve (cd/klm) crosswide plane distribution curve (cd/klm) lengthwise plane output angles (degrees)

80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80

Floodlight distr. curves (Fig. 12)

luminous int. cd/kIm

ILLUMINANCE CALCULATION USING THE CIE METHOD (Fig.13) We will first calculate the K index of a room, where a and b are the sides and hu is the height of the fixtures above the working plane K= axb hu x (a+b)

Indirect light output

105

output angles (degrees)

125

The number of fixtures required for a specific lighting installation is calculated with the following formula: Em x (axb) napp = Cu x Cm x Where Em isthe required average illuminance in Iux, Cm is the maintenance factor (new installation = 1), is the flux emitted by the lamp(s) in lumen. The utilisation coefficient Cu is found on the table in Fig. 6-2. Locate the row corresponding to the K room index, and the column of the total reflection factors of the room walls. Example: To illuminate the following room: a = 7m, b = 5m, h = 3m, hp.l. = 0.80m, with 350 lux on a new installation; the fixture used is: art601 Disanlens 2x36W. The reflection factors are: ceiling = 0.7; frieze = 0.7; walls = 0.3; working plane = 0.1 so the column (as shown in Fig. 13-2) is the blue column 7731. The K room coefficient is therefore:hu = h - hp.l. = 3 - 0.8 = 2.20m K = (7 x 5) / (2.20 x (7 + 5)) = 1.3 (red row) then Cu = 0.45 (yellow rectangle). The number of the fixtures is found to be: napp = 350 x (7 x 5) / (0.45 x 1 x 6900) = 4

115
3 8.56 3.5 9.99 60 lux 79 108

75 65 85 75 55 65 45 55 35 45 35

105 95 85 75 65 55 45 35

70 35 35 70 105 140

115

105 95 85 75 65 55 45

light diameter on the working plane (expressed in m)

luminous intensity cd/kIm

175 35 cd/Klm5 25 15 5 15 25

distribution curve (cd/klm) lengthwise plane

ISOLUX DIAGRAM (Fig. 9) This is composed of a number of lines connecting all the points on a surface at which illuminance is the same. The lighting fixture is assumed to be mounted at 1 m height with a 1 klm reference lamp. The co-ordinates d/h and l/h express the relationship between the road width (l), the distance between two poles (d) and the height of the poles (h). SOCANDELA DIAGRAM (Fig. 10) Isocandela diagrams result from the projection on a plane of candlepowers of a given photometric solid having the same value. They are therefore the connection lines of all points on a plane having the same candlepower.
coefficiente utilizzatore lato marciapiede posizionamento centro luminoso rapporto larghezza strada-altezza -1
h

lato strada
60% 40% 0 1 2 2 3 d 20% I/h 4 d/h

60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60

400 150

Y h b hu hpl a X

I 0

Illuminance space between spacing-to one isolux and the next height ratio

60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60

Isolux diagram (Fig. 9)

isocandela curves (Fig. 10)

Room dim. (Fig.13-1)

K 8873 7773 7753 7731 5551 5511 3311 0.6 0.45 0.42 0.34 0.28 0.31 0.24 0.23 0.8 0.53 0.49 0.41 0.34 0.37 0.29 0.28 1.0 0.59 0.55 0.47 0.40 0.41 0.34 0.33 1.3 0.65 0.61 0.53 0.45 0.46 0.39 0.38 1.5 0.69 0.65 0.58 0.49 0.50 0.43 0.41 2.0 0.76 0.71 0.65 0.55 0.55 0.49 0.47 2.5 0.80 0.75 0.69 0.59 0.58 0.53 0.51 3.0 0.83 0.78 0.73 0.62 0.61 0.56 0.53 4.0 0.85 0.80 0.76 0.65 0.63 0.59 0.55 5.0 0.88 0.83 0.79 0.67 0.65 0.61 0.58

0000 0.21 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.38 0.43 0.46 0.49 0.50 0.52

Example of a CIE table (Fig.13-2)

ILLUMINANCE DIAGRAM (Fig. 11) The illuminance diagram is used to facilitate the choice of the fixture for urban decoration i.e. to illuminate underways, open areas: gardens and especially roads. Illuminance values in lux are given on the Y axis, the distance from the light source is given on the X axis. Unlike other charts, which are presented with relative reference values (i.e. normalised installation height and luminous flux values), this chart shows absolute values, the mounting height is real and the flux is the flux that is actually emitted by the lamp. In this way, data shown are ready to be used.
positioning h fixture illuminance curve
135 120 105 90 75 60 45 30 15 lux
6 6 14 12 48 14 16 12

LUMINANCE CHART (Fig. 14) This chart is used to determine the direct glare produced by each fixture. Luminance values for the two curves are plotted in relation to an observer looking to the fixture from an angle of 45 to 85. Values are represented on a logarithmic scale. Limit curves border the area in which the luminance of the fixture cannot be considered as glare. Each curve is referred to an average illuminance value on the working plane, and is divided into five CIE quality classes: if the luminance curve son the left side of the limit curves, glare is considered as acceptable. On table nr. 15 you will find the prospectus concerning glare limitations, indicating when and where to use a fixture with one, or another, quality classification (UNI 12464).
quality classes
Classe A (1.15) B (1.5) C (1.85) D (2.2) E (2.55) 85 75 2000 1000 2000 500 1000 2000

Illuminance levels
Illuminamento [lx] <300 500 <300 1000 2000 500 1000 2000 <300 500 1000 <300 500

Quality Classification type of visual duty or activity A B C D E

14

10

22

18

52

28

32

22

visual duty requiring high visual performances visual duty requiring normal visual performance visual duty requiring fair visual performances for interiors where people are located in specific working positions but who also move from one area to another to carry out duties requiring fair visual performances.

<300 8 6 4 3 2

34

26

40

36

60

44

48

30

distance in m.
66 60 72 72 80 72 74 48

52

44

62

54

68

58

62

40

65 55 45

illuminance chart (Fig. 11)

10

4 5 6

8 10

4 5 6 8 10

1 2 3 4

Reflection values (as a percentage) taken from the illuminance handbook

shielding angle

longitudinal curve

transversal curve

INFORMATION RECOMMENDED

very difficult visual duty