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antennas. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.. vol. AP-27. pp. 7278.1979. J. D.Kraus, Anrennas. NewYork:McGraw Hill, 1950,chap 7. J . A.Marsh, Current distributions onhelical antennas, Proc. IRE., vol 39. pp. 668-675. 1951. C. L. Chen. Theory of the balanced helical wire antenna, Cruft Lab., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, Sci. Ret. no. 12 AFCRL66-120, (Series 3 ) . H. Nakano and J . Yamauchi, The balanced helics radiating in the vol. 11, pp. axial mode. in 1 9 7 IEEE AP-S Inr. Symp. Digesr, 404-407. E. T. Kornhauser, Radiation field of helical antennas with sinusoidal current. J . Appl. Phps.. vol. 22. pp. 887-891, 1951. D. S . Jones, The Theory of Elecrrotnagnetisnz. New York: Pergamon,1964, p. 175. W. L. Stutzman and G. A . Thiele. Antenna Theory and Design. New York: Wiley, 1981, p. 265. E. A. Wolff, Anrenna Analysis. New York: Wiley. 1966, p. 442. S. Sensiper.Electromagnetic wavepropagationonhelicalconRes.Rept.no. 194. ductors, in MIT Res.Lab.Electron.Tech. May1951. T. S. M. Macleanand R. G. Kouyoumjian, The bandwidth of IRE Trans. Antennas Propagar., vol. AP-7, helical antennas. special supplement.pp.S379-386,1959.
Let C(u) denote the steering vector of an n-element array for a given spatial direction u, given by
where p , is the three-dimensional vector of position coordinates of the jth element, u is a unit vector in a specific direction in the three-dimensional space, and c is the velocity of propagation. The transmitted/received signal isnarrowband with center frequency oorad/s. Let WT = {wl, w 2 ,-, w,} be the vector it is clear that the array reof complex weightsof the array. Then sponse in the direction given by u is given by
F(u) = WTC(U).f(U)
( 2)
where f(u) is the radiation pattern of each element of the ar[ -1 denotestheconjugatetransposeofthe rayandwhere complex matrix [ - 1 . The problem to be considered here is the determination of the weights w, so as to minimize (or maximize) the ratio
,/
a=
F(u)2du
- EU --
F(u)2du
where U denotesa specifiedconicalregionin the three-di2 is mensional space about the main-beam direction whereas ! the solidangle of ahemispherearoundthe mainbeam e.g., using the spherical coordinates, we may have
and
Also E denotes the total power radiated/received by the ray, whereas E , is the power in the sector U. Using (2), we can write
ar-
where B is an n
Similarly we have
E = WTA(U)W
where A is the n
.I
x n matrix
exP
lf(U)l2
[i{(Pk-PI)
du.
(8 )
1022
U is given by
a=-
WTAW WTBW
andtheoptimumsolution problem
is obtainedfromthe
eigenvalue
or, equivalently The optimization problem can thus be formulated as one of choosing W so that the above ratioof the two quadratic forms is maximized (or minimized). It is trivial to verify that A and B are both positive-definite I=-lV,-N+ l;-,Nl , N . (20) Hermitian matrices. According to well-known results in matrix theory, the optimization of the ratio of two quadratic Thus in thiscase the maximizing (minimizing) weight sequence to that of is the eigenvector of (20) corresponding to the maximum (or forms of positive-definite Hermitian matrices reduces finding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix [ 51 . minimum) eigenvalue. The solution obtained above for the case of a linear array AW = pBW. (10) with d = h/2 is of special significance since (20) is a discrete Let p l > p 2 2 p, bethe eigenvalues of theaboveequaversion of the famous prolate-spheroidal wave functions given tion. It can be easily proved that these are all real nonnegative by the eigenfucntions of the integral equation values, To each eigenvalue.&, there corresponds an eigenvec,, I I 2 = 1, such that tor W' = { w l ' , w2', --,w , ' } ~ C
w,'
AWi = piBW'.
(1 1)
Also by substituting (1 1) in (9), it -follows that the value of the energy ratio ~r corresponding tothe choice of theith eigenvector as the weight vector, is given by
(1 2)
Pollak, and Landau [ 41 . The properand pioneered by Slepian, ties of these functions are well-known and an excellent treatment of these is available in [ 41. Using the terminology of the continuous case, we call the radiation patterns,{Fi(u)} of linear arrays corresponding to the eigenvectors {w,,'} (as these two are related by the discrete Fourier transform), the discrete prolate functions. The weighting coefficients (or the Fourier coefficients of the Fz{u)) will following orthogonality relabe called prolate sequences. tions, similar to the corresponding continuous results 141, can be easily proved for these discrete functions:
The
Thus the solution of the maximization (minimization) problem reduces to that of finding the eigenvector of the system (1 1) corresponding to the maximum (minimum) eigenvalue. 111. THE CASE OF LINEAR ARRAYS Consider now a broadside linear array of n = 2 N 1 elements with uniform spacing d and a real weight tapering with weights w k . The radiation pattern of the array, assuming isotropic elements, is given by the Fourier transform relation
N
1,
i=j
0, and
iS;i
= WTC(u)
(14)
where u = (27rdn) sin 8 , B is the angle measured from the normal to the array, and
It is easy to see now that in thiscase we have Thus the discrete prolate functionsFAu) are orthogonal in the interval (-uo, uo). interval (-7r, n) and in the where uo = 27rd/h sin Bo and (-80 < 8 80) is the angular sector is azimuth wherein the energy is to be maximized (minimized), and that
<
For the special case when d = h/2,the matrix B can be seen to reduce to thescaled identity matrix B = 27rI (1 8)
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. AP-30, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 1982
1023
TABLE I
MAXIMIZING SOLUTION,Ar = 4
0
k1
[I]
[2]
REFERENCES Y. T. Lo, S. W . Lee and 0. H. Lee, Optimization o f directivity and signal-to-noiseratio of an arbitrary antenna array, Proc. IEEE. vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 1033-1045, Aug. 1966.
IM. T. Ma, The#? and Applicariorz of Amennu Arrays. New York: Wiley, 1974. S. Prasad, Linear antenna arrays with broad nulls with application to adaptive arrays. IEEE Trans. Anrerztzas Propagar.. vol. AP-27, pp. 185-190, Mar. 1979. D. Slepian and H. 0. Pollack, Prolate spheroidal wave functions, Fourier analysis, and uncertainty-I, Bell Sysr., Tech., J . vol. 40. pp. 43-64, Jan. 1961. F. R . Gantmacher, TheTheory of Matrices. vol. I , New York: Chelsea, chap. 10, (Translated by K. A. Hirsch). D. W . Tufts and J . T. Francis. Designing digital low-pass filters-comparison of some methods and criteria, IEEE Trans. Audio Electron., vol. AU-18, pp. 487494. Dec. 1970. D. R . Rhodes, The optimum line source for the best mean-square approximation to a given radiation pattern. IEEE T r a m . Anrenfzas Propagut.. vol. AP-I 1. pp. 4 4 W 4 6 , July 1963.
[3]
I
m n
[71
d = h/2, W =
I. INTRODUCTION
02
OY 0
01
02
+
03
04
05
Fig. 2.
E ~ .
The zeros of appropriately scaled Chebyshev polynomials may be mapped onto the z-plane unit circle by means of the geometrical constructions illustrated in Fig. 1 121, [ 3 1 . In (z) = 0 brief acircle with its center located on the line Im isinscribedwithin the unit circle; the radius of the interior circle is given by
= 2/@1
is clearly seen that E,, has a direct bearing on the beamwidth of the radiation pattern and, therefore, can be regarded a beamas shapingparameter. The relationship is more clearly brought out in Fig. 2 which shows the maximum power concentration ratio a,,, with eo. It is interesting to observe from Fig. 1, that for small values of e o , we approach the well-known optimum directivity solution [ 21 obtained in this case, by a uniform, cophasal array. This is, of course, as expected and clearly illustrates that the present approach essentially generalizes and imbeds the optimumdirectivitysolutioninto a broader class ofoptimum solutions.
+ X,),
where hT isthenumber ofzeros(equal tothenumberof P l , is the aperture samples or elements minus one), and main lobe-to-peak sidelobe power ratio. For a single main lobe (Le., P, = I ) , X , = 1. Super-resolution is achieved Manuscript received July30, 198l;revised January 5,1982.
E. Feurerstein,deceased, waswith the MITRE Corporation, Bed-