Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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;j]{If0fsf] nflu ltg} *)) dWo]sf %)) j6f j8fj8fv08x?nfO{ tYof+sLo
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>dzlSt ;j]{If0f bf];|f]sf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] kl/jf/sf] ;"rLnfO{ gd"gf kl/jf/
5fGg] km|]d dfg]/ k|To]s u0fgf If]qaf6 !@ kl/jf/ 5flgPsf lyP . To;}u/L klxnf]
hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fsf %) / bf];|f]sf %) u/L hDdf !)) u0fgf If]qx? Kofgn
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;j]{If0fsf] nflu gd"gf u0fgf If]qsf] 5gf]6 !$ txdf ul/Psf] ePtfklg oL ;a}
txdf ul/g] cg'dfg e/kbf{ / Ps}ksf gx'g] ePsfn] tYof+s ljZn]if0f / ul/aL
cg'dfgsf] nflu dWo / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rnsf u|fdL0f kxf8L efux? ldnfO{ Pp6f
/ ;f]xL If]qsf u|fdL0f t/fO{{ efux? ldnfO csf]{ If]q u/L hDdf !@ j6f
ljZn]if0ffTds If]qx? (Analytical Domains) agfOPsf] 5 .
1
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o; ul/aL /]vfn] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf h'6fpg cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd vr{sf]
/fzL lbG5 . o;k|sf/ s'n kfl/jfl/s pkef]u vr{ pQm /]vfeGbf sd x'g] cyf{t\
cfwf/e""t cfjZostf hlt klg vr{ ug{ g;s]sf kl/jf/ ul/a dflgG5g\ .
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bf];|f] ;j]{If0fsf cfwf/df ul/Psf ljZn]if0fx? h:t} d"ntM kfl/jfl/s pkef]u
vr{sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] 5 . o;k6s klg s'n kfl/jfl/s pkef]u vr{ (Total
Consumption Aggregate for Household Expenditure Approach) u0fgf ug]{
ljlw d"nkdf klxnf] / bf];|f] ;j]{If0fsf] h:t} ckgfOPsf] 5 . o; ljlwcg';f/
kl/jf/sf] vfB a:t', u}/vfB a:t' / af;:yfgsf] nflu ePsf vr{x? hf]8]/ s'n
kfl/jfl/s vr{ lgsflnG5 .
g]kfndf xfn;Dd ckgfOPsf ul/aLdfkg k|lqmof "cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf]
nfut" (Cost of Basic Needs Approach) df cfwfl/t 5 . o; ljlwcg';f/
cfwf/e""t cfjZostfnfO{ vfB / u}/vfB cfjZostf u/L b'O{ efudf afF8]/
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1,240
1,690
1,950
2,190
1,970
2,450
2,060
2,640
2,060
2,875
2,225
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0.056
0.044
0.312
0.346
0.366
0.209
0.201
0.185
0.192
0.149
0.179
1.139
1.475
33
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395
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a]Unfa]Un} dfqfdf vr{ ePsf] x'G5 . ;dfg Sofnf]/L k|fKt ug{ ;:tf] jf dFxuf]
h'g;'s} a:t' k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . To;sf/0f, cS;/u/]/ wgL ju{sf] k|lt Sofnf]/L
vr{ ul/a au{sf] eGbf pRr x'G5 .
ul/aL ljZn]if0fk"j{ ;fk]lIfs ul/a ;d"x (Relatively Poor Reference Group)
n] pkef]u ug]{ vfB a:t'x?sf] 8fnf] (Food Basket) klxrfg ul/G5 . g]kfnsf]
k|rngcg';f/ k|ltAolQm pkef]usf] bf];|f] bzdsb]lv kfFrf} bzds (Second to
Fifth decile) ;Ddsf] hg;+Vofn] pkef]u ug]{ vfB a:t'x?sf] tf}n ;+/rgfnfO{
;fk]lIfs ul/an] k|of]u ug]{ cfwf/e"t vfB a:t'sf]kdf lnOPsf] 5 / o;}nfO{
cfwf/e"t vfB a:t'sf] 8fnf] (Elementary Food Basket) elgPsf] 5 .
ul/aL ljZn]if0fsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ kIf ljutsf ul/aLsf b/x?;Fu t'ngfof]Uo x'g]
u/L ljZn]if0f ug{' xf] . o;af6 ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsfl/tf
k|ToIfkn] d"Nof+sg ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . ;fdfGotof, o;k|sf/sf] t'ngfof]Uo
ljZn]if0f ubf{ ckgfOg] cfwf/e"t dfGotf ;fk]lIfs ul/an] k|of]u ug]{ vfB
8fnf]df kl/jt{g ePsf] 5}g eGg] x'G5 . cyf{t\ Pp6} 8fnf]nfO{ ljleGg ;dosf]
ahf/sf cfwf/df 8fnf]sf] d"Nof+sg u/L kl/jf/sf] z'?sf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g cfP
gcfPsf] x]g{ ;lsG5 . t/ klxnf] hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fb]lv xfn;Ddsf] !% jif{sf]
cjlwdf 3/kl/jf/n] k|of]u ug]{ cfwf/e"t vfB 8fnf]sf] ;+/rgfdf pNn]vgLo
kn] kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . oL b'O{ ;j]{If0f cjlwdf ;fk]lIfs ul/a
;d"xn] k|of]u ug]{ vfB 8fnf]df kg]{ a:t'x?sf] tf}n ;+/rgf, k|fKt Sofnf]/L tyf
vfB vr{sf] lx:;fdf Aofks kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . pQm vfB 8fnf]df vf;u/]/
lrp/f, t/sf/L, kmnk"mn, df5fdf;', c08f, b"w bxL tyf t]n l3psf] dfqfdf lgs}
a[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] rfdn afx]ssf cGgx?sf] vkt 36]sf] 5 . To;}u/L pQm
ju{sf] u}/vfB a:t'x?sf] vr{ ;+/rgfdf ;d]t Aofks kl/jt{g ePsf] cg'dfg
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v08af6 k|fKtM **cf};t zf/Ll/s jhg %=% lsnf]u|fd, *** cf};t zf/Ll/s jhg &=%
lsnf]u|fd_ . jo:s k'?if / dlxnfsf Sofnf]/Lsf b/x? ;fdfGo lsl;dsf] sfd ug]{ / cf};t
jhg %) lsnf]u|fd ePsfsf nflu lnOPsf] 5 .
k|ltlbg cfjZos kg]{ pQm zlQm k|fKt ug{ ljleGg 3/kl/jfx?n] cfcfkm\gf]
uR5]cg';f/ a]Unfa]Un} d"Nosf a]Unfa]Un} vfB kbfy{x? pkef]u u/]sf x'G5g\ .
To;}n] kl/jf/cg';f/ Tolt g} Sofnf]/L k|fKt ug{sf] nflu klg ljleGg kl/jf/sf]
3
To;sf/0f ;fk]lIfs ul/asf] vfB 8fnf] abln;s]sf] cj:yfdf klg pxL !% aif{]
k'/fgf] 8fnf]sf] cfwf/df ul/aL cg''dfg ubf{ e|d ;[hgf x'g] s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
o; k6ssf] ul/aL ljZn]if0f gofF 8fnf]sf cfwf/df ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm
ljutdf cf};t dlxgfsf] vfB pkef]usf] cfwf/df vfBul/aL /]vfsf] u0fgf
ul/b} cfPsf]df o;k6s ljut & lbgsf] vfB pkef]u vr{sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf]
5 . o;af6 klg xfnsf] ul/aL cg'dfg cem af:tljs x'g] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .
oBlk o; t];|f] ;j]{If0faf6 lgsflnPsf o; k'l:tsfdf plNnlvt ul/aLsf b/x?
ljutsf;Fu ;fjwfgLk"j{s t'ngf ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .
cGTodf, vfB ul/aL /]vf / u}/vfB ul/aL /]vfsf] of]u lgsfnL k|To]s If]qsf]
nflu a]Unfa]Un} ul/aL /]vfsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
;j]{If0fsf] ;dosf] k|rlnt d"Nosf cfwf/df g]kfnsf ljleGg If]qcg';f/
ul/aLsf /]vfx b'O{ ;d"xdf cyf{t\ vfB tyf u}/vfBcg';f/ sfod ul/Psf 5g\
hxfF u}/vfBdf cfjf;, nQfsk8f / lzIff nufotsf vr{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
o; ;j]{If0f @)^^/^& df ul/aLsf /]vfx? !@ ljZn]if0ffTds If]qsf] cfwf/df
lgsflnPsf 5g\ . tb\g';f/ g]kfnsf] ;fnfvfnf ul/aLsf] /]vf k|ltJolQm k|ltjif{
?= !(,@^! lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . vfB ul/aLsf] /]vf ?= !!,(@( / u}/vfB
ul/aLsf] /]vf ?= &,##@ b]lvPsf 5g\ . o; lsl;dn] sf7df8f}F pkTosf zx/L
If]qsf] ul/aLsf] /]vf ;a}eGbf a9L cyf{t\ jflif{s ?= $),(## sfod x'g cfPsf]
5 eg] u|fdL0f klZrdf~rn t/fO{{ If]qsf] ul/aLsf] /]vf ;a}eGbf sd cyf{t\ ?=
!%,((* sfod x'g cfPsf] 5 -tflnsf g+= @_ . oL /]vfx?n] tL If]qsf
JolQmx?sf] hLjgofkgsf nflu Go"gtd\ cfjZostfsf] nfut b]vfpF5g\ / tL
/]vfeGbf d'gL pkef]u vr{ ePsf JolQm / kl/jf/x? ul/a dflgG5g\ .
cf};tdf k|ltJolQm k|ltlbg slt lsnf]Sofnf]/L cfjZos k5{ eGg] lx;fj lgsfNg
ln+u, pd]/ ;d"x cflbn] lgwf{/0f ug]{ x'Fbf ;j]If0faf6 k|fKt hg;f+lVos ;"rgfsf
cfwf/df pd]/ ;d"x / ln+usf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;Gbe{ jif{df sl/j @,@@) lsnf]
Sofnf]/L cfjZos kg]{ b]lvPsf] xf] -tflnsf g+= !_ . To;kl5 lgwf{l/t 8fnf]df
k/]sf vfB a:t'x?sf] cf};t k|ltAolQm b}lgs pkef]u dfqf lgsfn]/ pQm 8fnf]n]
@,@@) lsnf]Sofnf]/L tyf ;Dk"0f{ vfB vr{sf] k|ltlglwTj u/f];\ eGg] x]t'n]
clea[l4 u/L clGtd 8fnf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L lgsflnPsf] 8fnf]sf] !@
j6f ljZn]if0ffTds If]qx?sf k|rlnt d"Nosf cfwf/df 5'6\6f 5'6\6} vfB ul/aL
/]vf (Food Poverty Line) lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} u}/vfB ul/aLsf] /]vf
(Non-food Poverty Line) tof/Lsf] nflu k|ltAolQm vfB pkef]u vr{ vfB
ul/aL /]vfsf] glhs x'g] cf};t kl/jf/sf] k|ltAolQm u}/vfBdf ePsf] vr{nfO{
u}/vfB ul/aL /]vfsf] kdf lnOG5 . oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] cg'dfgdf vfB ul/aL
/]vfsf] C0ffTds % k|ltzt / wgfTds % k|ltztdf kg]{ u}/vfB /]vfx?sf]
cf};t / vfB ul/aL /]vfsf C0ffTds !) k|ltzt / wgfTds !) k|ltztdf kg]{
u}/vfB /]vfx?sf] cf};tsf aLr cf};t lgsfnL hDdf u}/vfB ul/aL /]vfsf]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;k|sf/sf u}/vfB ul/aL /]vf klg k|To]s !@ j6f
ljZn]if0ffTds If]qx?df lgsflnPsf] 5 .
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%=! sl/j @% k|ltzt hg;+Vof ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf 5g\ ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt
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(Headcount Index)
(Squared Poverty
Gap Index)
@%=!^
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15.46
3.19
1.01
11.7
19.0
27.43
5.96
2.00
88.3
81.0
k""jf{~rn
dWodf~rn
klZrdf~rn
dWoklZrdf~rn
;'b"/klZrdf~rn
21.44
3.81
1.01
19.8
23.3
21.69
4.96
1.76
30.8
35.7
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u|fdL0f ;''b"/dWo klZrdf~rn kxf8
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22.25
4.27
1.38
16.9
19.2
31.68
7.74
2.69
16.4
13.0
45.61
10.74
3.77
16.0
8.8
42.27
10.14
3.54
11.8
7.0
24.32
5.69
2.09
42.8
44.2
23.44
4.52
1.31
45.4
48.7
42.27
10.14
3.54
11.8
7.0
11.47
2.77
1.00
2.6
5.7
8.72
1.75
0.54
1.5
4.4
22.04
4.31
1.29
7.5
8.6
15.93
2.91
0.82
4.0
6.3
29.37
8.52
3.70
10.8
9.3
28.01
5.31
1.75
10.5
9.5
36.83
8.89
3.13
13.3
9.1
20.97
3.67
0.91
9.6
11.6
23.13
4.14
1.08
13.9
15.1
22.31
4.40
1.35
5.9
6.6
31.09
7.17
2.47
8.5
6.9
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.00
100.0
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26.62
5.85
1.94
35.3
33.3
25.97
5.65
1.84
34.4
33.3
22.87
4.80
1.65
30.3
33.3
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
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7.7
2.7
64.9
48.8
27.0
5.8
2.0
15.8
14.7
19.5
3.4
1.0
10.2
13.1
12.9
2.4
0.6
5.6
11.0
7.1
1.1
0.3
3.5
12.4
32.1
7.7
2.8
30.1
23.8
39.8
8.7
2.9
34.5
22.0
26.6
5.4
1.8
20.8
19.8
16.6
3.1
0.9
10.9
16.6
5.2
0.7
0.2
3.6
17.8
2 5. 2
5. 4
1.8
100.0
100.0
%=( kl/jf/d"nLsf] z}lIfs :t/ a9\bf ul/aL 36\b} uPsf] 5 kl/jf/d"nLn] k|fKt
u/]sf] z}lIfs :t/ cg';f/ ul/aLdf k|ToIf 36a9 ePsf] b]lvG5 . cyf{t\ dflyNnf]
z}lIfs of]Uotf xfl;n u/]sf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf kl/jf/sf] ul/aL sd b]lvPsf]
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;b:osf] z}lIfs:t/cg';f/sf] ul/aL lbOPsf] 5 . P3f/ sIff jf ;f]eGbf dflyNnf]
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gu/]sf dlxnf kl/jf/ ;b:o ePsf kl/jf/sf] ul/aL k|fylds tx kf; u/]sf
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!! sIff jf ;f]eGbf a9L k9]sf]
hDdf
(k|ltzt_
ul/aLsf]
b/
ul/aLsf]
ljifdtf
ul/aLsf]
uxgtf
ul/asf]
km}nfj6
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ljt/0f
27.2
6.0
2.1
55.2
51.0
22.4
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1.8
3.8
4.2
13.2
2.5
0.7
4.1
7.9
19.6
3.3
1.0
2.0
2.6
47.0
8.6
2.5
6.3
3.4
5.6
1.1
0.4
0.7
3.3
28.3
5.8
1.7
16.2
14.5
31.6
9.4
3.7
5.9
4.7
26.7
3.6
0.9
0.4
0.4
16.6
3.4
1.1
5.3
8.0
25.2
5.4
1.8
100.0
100.0
hDdf
hUUff gePsf
)=@ x]= eGbf sd
)=@ ! x]S6/;Dd
! @ x]S6/;Dd
@ x]S6/ eGbfdfly
g]k fn
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hUUff gePsf
)=@ x]= eGbf sd
)=@ ! x]S6/;Dd
! @ x]S6/;Dd
@ x]S6/ eGbfdfly
u|fdL0f If]q
zx/ L I f]q
hUUff gePsf
)=@ x]= eGbf sd
)=@ ! x]S6/;Dd
! @ x]S6/;Dd
@ x]S6/ eGbfdfyL
zx/L
ul/aLsf]
/]vfd'lgsf]
hg;+Vof
ul/aLsf]
ljifdtf
ul/aLsf]
uxgtf
ul/asf]
ljt/0f
hg;+Vof
sf]
ljt/0f
22.7
4.7
1.5
18.9
21
29.9
2.5
20.7
17
28.2
6.2
2.1
49.4
44
19.1
3.3
0.9
9.8
13
6.5
1.2
0.4
1.2
4.7
2 5. 2
5. 4
1.8
100
100
28.5
5.7
1.8
13.4
13
32
7.6
2.7
21.4
18
29.6
6.6
2.2
53.2
49
20.1
3.5
10.6
15
1.7
1.5
0.5
1.4
4.9
27.4
100
100
16.9
3.6
1.2
60.3
55
18
3.6
1.2
16.1
14
14.5
2.8
0.8
20.2
22
9.1
1.5
0.3
3.4
5.8
3.8
15.5
3.2
100
100
ul/aLsf]
ul/aLsf] ul/aLsf] ul/asf] hg;+Vofsf]
3/kl/jf/d"nLsf] /]vfd'lgsf]
ljt/0f
ljifdtf
uxgtf
km}nfj6
hft/hflt
hg;+Vof
-k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_
24.4
5.2
1.7
91.5
94.5
20.8
4.2
1.3
58.2
70.3
17.9
3.4
39.1
54.9
22
4.4
1.4
42.9
49
15.6
19
3
3.7
0.9
1.1
20.1
49.1
32.4
64.9
17.1
24.4
3.3
5
1
1.6
33.6
62.3
49.4
64.2
21
16.3
15.3
3.8
3.3
3
1
1
0.9
33.2
28.2
25.4
39.6
43.6
41.6
17
14.7
3.4
3
1.1
0.9
34.5
22.6
51
38.6
25.2
5.4
1.8
kxf8L j|fXd0f
kxf8L If]qL
t/fO{ jf|Xd0f
t/fO{ dWodhftL
kxf8L blnt
t/fO{ blnt
g]jf/
kxf8L hghftL
t/fO{ hghftL
d'l:nd
cGo
10.34
23.40
18.61
1.73
5.55
1.75
0.48
1.86
0.19
5.2
16.6
0.4
12.7
17.8
0.5
28.69
43.63
5.36
10.89
1.47
4.22
17.6
15.2
15.4
8.7
38.16
10.25
8.09
2.07
2.24
0.70
6.9
2.5
4.6
6.2
28.25
25.93
6.64
4.48
2.49
1.25
24.4
7.3
21.8
7.1
20.18
12.34
3.38
3.58
0.85
1.13
3.5
0.5
4.3
0.9
g]kfn
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
bzds ju{
cf};t pkef]u
vr{ -?=_
pkef]udf lx:;f
;+u|lxtPsLs[t lx:;f
;aeGbf ul/a-Go"gtd_
11,093
3=2
3=2
bf];|f]
15,241
4=4
7=6
t];|f]
17,893
5=1
12=7
rf}yf]
20,744
6=0
18=7
kfFrf}
24,238
7=0
25=6
5}6f}+
28,270
8=1
33=7
;ftf}
33,196
9=5
43=3
cf7f}+
40,730
11=7
55=0
gjf+}
54,203
15=6
70=5
1,02,772
29=5
100=0
34,829
100=0
100=0
;aeGbf wgL-clwstd_
g]kfn
lugL ;"rf+s
32.2
41.4
32.84
42.7
43.6
35.29
30.8
34.9
31.09
*= kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgL
t];|f] hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fsf cg';f/, rfn" d"Nodf cf};t k|ltJolSt cfDbfgL ?=$!,^%( /x]sf]
5 . ;a}eGbf tnsf *) k|ltzt hg;\Vofn] b]zsf] s'n cfDbfgLsf] nueu $$ k|ltzt
lx:;f cf]u6]sf 5g\ eg] dflyNnf] @) k|ltztn] dfq afFsL 7"nf] lx:;f cyf{t\ %^ k|ltzt
cf]u6]sf 5g\ .
cg';"rL
cf};t cfDbfgL-?=_
cfDbfgLdf
lx:;f
;+u|lxtPsLs[t
lx:;f
6,222
1=5
1=5
bf];|f]
10,779
2=6
4=1
t];|f]
14,350
3=4
7=5
rf}yf]
18,238
4=4
kfFrf}
22,655
5}6f}+
-k|ltztdf_
28,007
6=7
24=1
;ftf}
35,449
8=5
32=6
cf7f}+
46,830
11=2
43=8
gjf+}
69,769
16=7
60=6
1,64,401
39=5
100=0
41,659
100=0
100=0
;aeGbf wgL-bzf}+_
g]kfn
If]q
@)^^/^&
-k|ltztdf_
@)^)/^!
-k|ltztdf_
@)%@/%#
17=3
@)^^/^&
5=4
@)^)/^!
(Squared Poverty
Gap Index)
@)%@/%#
(Headcount
Index)
11=9
@)^^/^&
ul/aLsf] uxgtf
@)^)/^!
ul/aLsf] ljifdtf
@)%@/%#
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf]
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@=^%
$=*#
@=&
)=&!
#=)%
!=*!
!=)!
@=))
gofF vfB 8fnf]cg';f/ o;k6ssf] ul/aLsf] b/ cg'dfg ul/Psf]n] cl3Nnf b/x?;Fu k|ToIf
kdf t'ngfof]Uo 5}gg\ .
12
Poverty in Nepal
2010/11
1. Introduction
Latest estimates of poverty in Nepal are based on the third round of the
Nepal Living Standards Survey (NLSS-III, 2010-11).
The survey methodology as well as the technique for poverty
estimation follow international best practices and benefited from
World Bank technical assistance. NLSS-III has been conducted with
financial assistance from DFID, DanIDA, WFP and the World Bank.
Similarly to previous rounds, NLSS III is composed of a crosssectional and of a panel component. Altogether, after completion of
the field work, 5988 households were interviewed for the cross
section, and 1128 households for panel part of the survey.
The 12 analytical domains represented in the NLSS III survey are the
following:
1. Himal (high mountain), 2. urban Kathmandu valley, 3. urban hill, 4.
urban terai, 5. rural eastern hill, 6. rural central hill, 7. rural western
hill, 8. rural mid west and far western hill, 9. rural eastern terai 10.
rural central terai, 11. rural western terai, 12. rural mid west and far
west terai.
2. Survey methodology
The sample design for the NLSS III is similar to the one used in
previous survey rounds and the sampling frame is the list of wards and
1
13
The choice not to base NLSS III on a new sampling frame was driven by the
desire not to subtract resources to the concurrent preparation of the Census 2011.
According to the CBN approach, the poverty line can be defined as the
expenditure value (in local currency) required by an individual to
fulfill his/her basic needs in terms of both food and non food items.
While the poverty line in the previous round of the survey in 2003-04
(NLSS II) was an update of prices for the same basic needs basket
estimated in 1995-96 (NLSS I), the poverty line for 2010-11 is based
on a new basic needs basket of the poor to reflect changes in well
being over time.
The main innovation introduced with the NLSS III survey relates to
the collection of food consumption information. In particular, in
addition to asking households their consumption during the typical
month for each of the 72 food items as in previous survey rounds
(NLSS I-II), the NLSS III also introduces a new last 7 days
reference period for measuring food consumption.
In the estimation of the new poverty line for 2010-11, the food
component of the consumption aggregate has been constructed using
information on food consumed during the last 7 days. According to
international best practices, this new measure of food consumption
limits the extent of recall bias in the estimates, and therefore improves
measurement quality.
3.
In particular, the poors consumption of fruits, meat, fish, egg and rice
increased substantially over the last 15 years. As a consequence, given
that the relatively poor in 2010-11 consume more high quality food
than the relatively poor in 1995-96, the new food poverty line has to
reflect a higher cost of obtaining the minimum caloric requirement
associated with the new (and improved) food consumption patterns.
Recommended
daily allowance*
Number
per HH
594**
735***
1,240
1,690
1,950
2,190
1,970
2,450
2,060
2,640
2,060
2,875
2,225
0.056
0.044
0.312
0.346
0.366
0.209
0.201
0.185
0.192
0.149
0.179
1.139
1.475
4.852
0-6 months
6-12 months
1-3 years
4-6 years
7-9 years
Boys 10-12 years
Girls 10-12 years
Boys 13-15 years
Girls 13-15 years
Boys 16-18 years
Girls 16-18 years
Men 19 and above
Women 19 and above
Total
Calories
33
32
387
585
714
457
396
452
395
394
368
3,276
3,282
10,770
2,220
3.3
The overall poverty line is obtained aggregating the food and the non
food poverty line.
15
Plus and minus 5 to 10% of the value of the food poverty line.
The poverty line for Nepal, in average 2010-11 prices, has been
estimated at Rs. 19,261; the food poverty line is Rs. 11,929 and the
non food poverty line Rs. 7,332.
Table 2 below provides the details of the value of the poverty line in
local prices for each of the 12 analytical domains.
Poverty Lines*
Food Non-food Overall
13,295
6,564 19,859
14,610
26,323 40,933
11,805
7,772 19,577
11,743
9,390 21,133
12,297
4,254 16,551
12,240
6,448 18,689
12,537
5,891 18,428
11,772
11,333
11,257
4,583 16,355
5,524 16,856
6,283 17,540
0.987
0.950
0.944
0.625
0.753
0.857
0.849
0.875
0.911
10,600
5,398 15,998
0.889
0.736
0.831
10,998
6,321 17,319
0.922
0.862
0.899
11,929
7,332 19,261
1.000
1.000
1.000
Table 3 below provides the details of the poverty headcount rate, depth
of poverty (poverty gap) and severity of poverty (squared poverty gap)
by analytical domain.
16
of the
of the
poor population
11.7
19.0
88.3
81.0
42.27
11.47
8.72
22.04
15.93
29.37
28.01
10.14
2.77
1.75
4.31
2.91
8.52
5.31
3.54
1.00
0.54
1.29
0.82
3.70
1.75
11.8
2.6
1.5
7.5
4.0
10.8
10.5
7.0
5.7
4.4
8.6
6.3
9.3
9.5
36.83
8.89
3.13
13.3
9.1
20.97
23.13
22.31
3.67
4.14
4.40
0.91
1.08
1.35
9.6
13.9
5.9
11.6
15.1
6.6
31.09
7.17
2.47
8.5
6.9
Nepal
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
17
Feb 1, 11
Mountains
Urban - Kathmandu
Urban - Hill
Urban -Terai
Rural Hills - Eastern
Rural Hills -Central
Rural Hills - Western
Rural Hills - Mid and
Far Western
Rural Terai - Eastern
Rural Terai - Central
Rural Terai - Western
Rural Terai - Mid and
Far Western
7.0
44.2
48.7
Dec 1, 10
11.8
42.8
45.4
Nov 1, 10
3.54
2.09
1.31
Oct 1, 10
10.14
5.69
4.52
Sep 1, 10
42.27
24.32
23.44
Aug 1, 10
Mountain
Hill
Terai
Jul 1, 10
23.3
35.7
19.2
13.0
8.8
Jun 1, 10
19.8
30.8
16.9
16.4
16.0
May 1, 10
1.01
1.76
1.38
2.69
3.77
Apr 1, 10
3.81
4.96
4.27
7.74
10.74
Mar 1, 10
21.44
21.69
22.25
31.68
45.61
35
Eastern
Central
Western
Midwestern
Farwestern
Feb 1, 10
Urban
Rural
Region
Distribution
Poverty gap
squared
(x100)
1.01
2.00
15
Incidence
gradually till July and again spikes in September. Poverty falls sharply
between September and November. Poverty is lowest around
November 1 and the timing coincides with the festivals of Dashain and
Tihar.
Distribution
Headcount
Poverty
Poverty gap
rate gap (x100) squared (x100)
Household
demographics
Household size
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 or more
of the
of the
poor population
26.62
5.85
1.94
35.3
33.3
25.97
5.65
1.84
34.4
33.3
22.87
4.80
1.65
30.3
33.3
Nepal
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
Headcount
rate
Incidence
Poverty gap
Poverty gap
(x100) squared (x100)
Distribution
of the
of the poor population
3.28
7.40
7.48
12.76
21.10
32.39
37.59
0.88
1.38
1.25
2.56
4.43
6.63
8.61
0.36
0.39
0.34
0.81
1.46
2.18
2.95
0.1
1.3
2.8
8.4
15.6
22.5
49.4
0.7
4.4
9.4
16.5
18.6
17.5
33.0
12.31
25.21
41.48
46.64
2.05
4.94
10.01
11.95
0.56
1.49
3.53
4.54
20.4
29.1
29.8
20.7
41.8
29.0
18.1
11.2
Nepal
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
4.5 Poverty increases with number of kids that are under 7. Table
5 also shows that poverty rates are positively correlated with the
18
Incidence
Distribution
Incidence
Household Head
Headcount Poverty
Poverty gap
characteristics
rate gap (x100) squared (x100)
Male, <=25 years
24.49
5.41
1.82
Male, [26, 45] years
27.30
6.10
2.10
Male, 46+ years
24.29
5.07
1.65
Female
23.69
5.15
1.69
Nepal
25.16
5.43
1.81
of the
of the
poor population
1.9
1.9
35.7
32.9
42.6
44.2
19.8
21.0
100.0
Education Level
Of household head
Illiterate or 0 years of schooling
Distribution
Poverty gap
Headcount Poverty gap
rate
(x100) squared (x100)
of the
of the
poor population
33.48
7.66
2.65
64.9
48.8
26.97
5.84
1.98
15.8
14.7
19.53
3.35
0.96
10.2
13.1
12.86
2.39
0.64
5.6
11.0
7.11
1.09
0.25
3.5
12.4
32.11
7.72
2.77
30.1
23.8
39.82
8.73
2.89
34.5
22.0
26.56
5.42
1.78
20.8
19.8
16.59
3.08
0.91
10.9
16.6
5.15
0.70
0.15
3.6
17.8
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
100.0
Of most educated female in household
Nepal
Incidence
25.16
Incidence
Poverty Poverty gap
gap
squared
(x100)
(x100)
Distribution
Land ownership
status
All
No Land
<0.2 ha
0.2 - 1 ha
1 - 2 ha
2+ ha
Nepal
of the
of the
poor population
6.00
5.03
2.54
3.33
2.05
1.77
0.74
1.02
55.2
3.8
4.1
2.0
51.0
4.2
7.9
2.6
8.56
1.14
5.76
9.37
3.60
3.35
2.52
0.35
1.73
3.67
0.86
1.09
6.3
0.7
16.2
5.9
0.4
5.3
3.4
3.3
14.5
4.7
0.4
8.0
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
20
Distribution
of the
of the
poor population
22.71
29.93
28.18
19.13
6.50
25.16
4.68
7.00
6.23
3.33
1.25
5.43
1.51
2.48
2.09
0.93
0.44
1.81
18.9
20.7
49.4
9.8
1.2
100.0
21.0
17.4
44.1
12.8
4.7
100.0
Rural
No Land
<0.2 ha
0.2 - 1 ha
1 - 2 ha
2+ ha
Rural
28.48
32.04
29.58
20.07
7.68
27.43
5.71
7.61
6.58
3.50
1.48
5.96
1.83
2.71
2.23
0.98
0.52
2.00
13.4
21.4
53.2
10.6
1.4
100.0
12.9
18.3
49.4
14.5
4.9
100.0
Urban
No Land
<0.2 ha
0.2 - 1 ha
1 - 2 ha
2+ ha
Urban
16.93
18.02
14.47
9.07
0.00
15.46
3.64
3.58
2.78
1.53
0.00
3.19
1.19
1.19
0.78
0.34
0.00
1.01
60.3
16.1
20.2
3.4
0.0
100.0
55.1
13.8
21.5
5.8
3.8
100.0
Headcount Poverty
rate gap (x100)
24.35
5.15
20.83
4.20
17.92
3.45
22.00
4.42
15.59
3.01
19.03
3.66
17.11
3.33
24.41
4.95
21.04
3.75
16.29
3.26
15.34
3.02
16.99
3.41
14.71
2.95
25.16
5.43
Distribution
Poverty gap
squared
(x100)
1.68
1.30
1.02
1.35
0.90
1.07
0.97
1.55
1.00
0.99
0.91
1.09
0.90
of the
of the
poor population
91.5
94.5
58.2
70.3
39.1
54.9
42.9
49.0
20.1
32.4
49.1
64.9
33.6
49.4
62.3
64.2
33.2
39.6
28.2
43.6
25.4
41.6
34.5
51.0
22.6
38.6
1.81
21
Note:
To make valid comparison of poverty over time requires comparable consumption aggregates
similarly constructed that are converted to constant prices using price deflator relevant for the poor. The
dotted lines in the figure represent the alternative estimates based on such valid comparisons.
As clear from the shape of the lines in the graph, the trend of poverty
over time does not depend on the method used for the analysis, or
more importantly, is not driven by an ad hoc choice of the poverty
line. Under either the old or the new poverty line, the poverty
headcount ratio declined by approximately 30 percentage points.
22