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ME 476 Heat Transfer

Assignment 10
Friday, November 19, 2004
!a"ter #, $rob%em &&'
The components of an electronic system dissipating 90 W are located in a 1-m-
long horizontal duct whose cross section is 16 cm 16 cm. The components in
the duct are cooled by forced air, which enters at !" at a rate of 0.6# m

$min.
%ssuming &# percent of the heat generated inside is transferred to air flowing
through the duct and the remaining 1# percent is lost through the outer surfaces of
the duct, determine 'a( the e)it temperature of air and 'b( the highest component
surface temperature in the duct.
(o%)tion*
The components of an electronic system located in a rectangular horizontal duct are
cooled by forced air. The e)it temperature of the air and the highest component surface
temperature are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 *teady flow conditions e)ist. 2 The inner surfaces of the duct are smooth.
+ The thermal resistance of the duct is negligible. 4 %ir is an ideal gas with constant
properties. & The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties We assume the bul+ mean temperature for air to be #" since the mean
temperature of air at the inlet will rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through the duct
whose surface is e)posed to a constant heat flu). The properties of air at 1 atm and this
temperature are 'Table %-1#(
,!6& . 0 -r
" .$+g. 100,
$s m 10 6#/ . 1
" W$m. 0!6!# . 0
+g$m 1/6 . 1
! # -

p
C
k

Analysis 'a( The mass flow rate of air and


the e)it temperature are determined from
+g$s 0.01!/1 0 +g$min 0.,//9 0 $min( m ('0.6# +g$m 1/6 . 1 '

V m


+#'1

+
"( .$+g. , +g$s('100 01!/1 . 0 '
W( '0.&#('90
1 " ! ( '
p
i e i e p
C m
Q
T T T T C m Q

'b( The mean fluid 2elocity and hydraulic diameter are


m 16 . 0
m( 16 . 0 ' /
m( m('0.16 16 . 0 ' / /
m$s 0./!! 0 m$min / . !#
m( m('0.16 '0.16
m$min 6# . 0


P
A
D
A
V
V
c
h
c
m

Then
/09
$s m 10 6#/ . 1
m( m$s('0.16 '0./!!
3e
! #

h m
D V
o"yrig!t ,200+ T!e M-.ra/0Hi%% om"anies 1n-'
1
%ir
!"
0.6# m

$min
L 0 1 m
%ir duct
16 cm 16 cm
90 W
ME 476 Heat Transfer
Assignment 10
Friday, November 19, 2004
which is greater than 10,000. %lso, the components will cause turbulence and thus we can
assume fully de2eloped turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the 4usselt
number from
,0 . 1# ( ,!6& . 0 ' ( /09 ' 0! . 0 -r 3e 0! . 0
/ . 0 & . 0 / . 0 & . 0

k
hD
Nu
h
and
" . W$m #,6 . ! ( ,0 . 1# '
m 16 . 0
" W$m. 0!6!# . 0
!

Nu
D
k
h
h
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the e)it of the duct. %ssuming
uniform surface heat flu), its 2alue is determined from

[ ]
#4'&

+
"( . W$m '!.#,6
m( m('1 /'0.16 W($ '0.&#('90
1 " 1 . &
$
( ' $
! , ,
h
A Q
T T T T h A Q
s
e highest s e highest s s

o"yrig!t ,200+ T!e M-.ra/0Hi%% om"anies 1n-'


!
ME 476 Heat Transfer
Assignment 10
Friday, November 19, 2004
!a"ter #, $rob%em 72'
5i6uid-cooled systems ha2e high heat transfer coefficients associated with them,
but they ha2e the inherent disad2antage that they present potential lea+age
problems. Therefore, air is proposed to be used as the microchannel coolant.
3epeat -roblem &7,1 using air as the cooling fluid instead of water, entering at a
rate of 0.# 5$s.
"hapter &, -roblem ,1
8. 9. Tuc+erman and 3. :. -ease of *tanford ;ni2ersity demonstrated in
the early 19&0s that integrated circuits can be cooled 2ery effecti2ely by
fabricating a series of microscopic channels 0. mm high and 0.0# mm
wide in the bac+ of the substrate and co2ering them with a plate to confine
the fluid flow within the channels. They were able to dissipate ,90 W of
power generated in a 1-cm
!
silicon chip at a <unction-to-ambient
temperature difference of ,1" using water as the coolant flowing at a rate
of 0.01 5$s through 100 such channels under a 1-cm 1-cm silicon chip.
=eat is transferred primarily through the base area of the channel, and it
was found that the increased surface area and thus the fin effect are of
lesser importance. 8isregarding the entrance effects and ignoring any heat
transfer from the side and co2er surfaces, determine 'a( the temperature
rise of water as it flows through the microchannels and 'b( the a2erage
surface temperature of the base of the microchannels for a power
dissipation of #0 W. %ssume the water enters the channels at !0".
:igure -&.,1
o"yrig!t ,200+ T!e M-.ra/0Hi%% om"anies 1n-'

ME 476 Heat Transfer


Assignment 10
Friday, November 19, 2004
(o%)tion*
>ntegrated circuits are cooled by air flowing through a series of microscopic channels.
The temperature rise of air across the microchannels and the a2erage surface temperature
of the microchannels are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 *teady flow conditions e)ist. 2 The inner surfaces of the microchannels
are smooth. + ?ntrance effects are disregarded. 4 %ny heat transfer from the side and
co2er surfaces are neglected. & %ir is an ideal gas with constant properties. 6 The
pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties We assume the bul+ mean temperature for air to be 60" since the mean
temperature of air at the inlet will rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through the
microscopic channels whose base areas are e)posed to uniform heat flu). The properties
of air at 1 atm and 60" are 'Table %-1#(
0.,!0! -r
" .$+g. 100,
$s m 10 &9# . 1
" W$m. 0!&0& . 0
+g$m 060 . 1
! # -





p
C
k

Analysis 'a( The mass flow rate of air is
+g$s 10 !9& . # ( $s m 10 ('0.# +g$m 060 . 1 '
/ -

V m


The temperature rise of air as it flows through the micro channels is
9+'7

( " .$+g. 100, (' +g$s 10 !9& . # '


.$s #0

/
p
p
C m
Q
T T C m Q

'b( The 3eynolds number is


1#0&
$s m 10 &9# . 1
m( 10 #, . & m$s(' '.
3e
m 10 #,1 . &
( m 10 . 0 1 m 10 0# . 0 ' !
( m 10 . 0 (' m 10 0# . 0 ' / /
m$s .
( m 10 . 0 (' m 10 0# . 0 '
$s m $100( 10 # . 0 '
! #
#
#



h m
c
h
c
m
D V
P
A
D
A
V
V

which is smaller than !00. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length in
this case is
m 0.00/6# m( 10 #,1 . & (' ,!0! . 0 (' 1#0& ' 0# . 0 -r 3e 0# . 0
#


h t
D L
which is /!@ of the total length of the channels. Therefore, we can assume thermally
de2eloping flow, and determine the 4usselt number from 'actually, the relation below is
for circular tubes(
o"yrig!t ,200+ T!e M-.ra/0Hi%% om"anies 1n-'
/
L 0 1 cm
Aicro-channel
0. mm 0.0# mm
%ir
0.# 5$s
ME 476 Heat Transfer
Assignment 10
Friday, November 19, 2004
[ ]
1,/ . /
( ,!0! . 0 (' 1#0& '
m 01 . 0
m 10 #,1 . &
0/ . 0 1
( ,!0! . 0 (' 1#0& '
m 01 . 0
m 10 #,1 . &
06# . 0
66 .
-r 3e ( $ ' 0/ . 0 1
-r 3e ( $ ' 06# . 0
66 .
$ !
#
#
$ !

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_


+
+
+

L D
L D
k
hD
Nu
and
" . W$m 16& ( 1,/ . / '
m 10 #,1 . &
" W$m. 0!&0& . 0
!
#

Nu
D
k
h
h
Then the a2erage surface temperature of the base of the micro channels becomes
6 !
, ,
, , ! 6 !
!'0. 0.0#( 10 0.01 , 10 m
' (
!0 11., '#0$100( W
"
! '16& W$m . "(', 10 m (
s
s s ave m ave
s ave m ave
s
A pL
Q hA T T
Q
T T
hA

+

+ _
+ +


,
119


o"yrig!t ,200+ T!e M-.ra/0Hi%% om"anies 1n-'
#
ME 476 Heat Transfer
Assignment 10
Friday, November 19, 2004
!a"ter 1+, $rob%em 21
3epeat -roblem 17!0, assuming a fouling factor R
f, i
0 0.000# m
!
"$W on the inner
surface of the tube.
"hapter 1, -roblem !0
Water at an a2erage temperature of 10," and an a2erage 2elocity of .# m$s flows
through a #-m-long stainless steel tube 'k 0 1/.! W$m "( in a boiler. The inner
and outer diameters of the tube are D
i
0 1.0 cm and D
o
0 1./ cm, respecti2ely. >f
the con2ection heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface of the tube where
boiling is ta+ing place is h
o
0 &/00 W$m
!
", determine the o2erall heat transfer
coefficient U
i
of this boiler based on the inner surface area of the tube.
(o%)tion*
Water is flowing through the tubes in a boiler. The o2erall heat transfer coefficient of this
boiler based on the inner surface area is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Water flow is fully de2eloped. 2 -roperties of water are constant. + The
heat transfer coefficient and the fouling factor are constant and uniform.
Properties The properties water at 10," 110" are 'Table %-9(
#& . 1 -r
B . W$m 6&! . 0
$s m 10 !6& . 0 $
!
! 6



k

Analysis The 3eynolds number is
600 , 10
s $ m 10 !6& . 0
m( m$s('0.01 # . '
3e
! 6

h m
D V
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is
turbulent. %ssuming fully de2eloped flow,
/! ( #& . 1 ' ( 600 , 10 ' 0! . 0 -r 3e 0! . 0
/ . 0 & . 0 / . 0 & . 0

k
hD
Nu
h
and
" . W$m !,!/ 0 '/!(
m 01 . 0
" W$m. 6&! . 0
!

Nu
D
k
h
h
The thermal resistance of heat e)changer with a fouling
factor of
R
f i ,
. . 0 000# m "$ W
!
is determined from
o"yrig!t ,200+ T!e M-.ra/0Hi%% om"anies 1n-'
6
Cuter surface
D
0
, A
0
, h
0
, U
0
, R
f0
>nner surface
D
i
, A
i
, h
i
, U
i
, R
fi
ME 476 Heat Transfer
Assignment 10
Friday, November 19, 2004
?A9?8 ?6uation.8*AT/
"$W 00/,6 . 0
m(D m('# 01/ . 0 ' E "( . W$m &/00 '
1
m( "('# W$m. ! . 1/ ' !
( 1 $ / . 1 ln'
m(D m('# 01 . 0 ' E
"$W . m 000# . 0
m(D m('# 01 . 0 ' E "( . W$m !/ , ! '
1
1
!
( $ ln' 1
!
!
!
,

+ + +

R
A h kL
D D
A
R
A h
R
o o
i o
i
i f
i i
Then,
1 1 1
'0.00/,6 "$W(E '0.01 m('# m(D
i
i i i
R U
U A RA

2
1340 W/m . C
o"yrig!t ,200+ T!e M-.ra/0Hi%% om"anies 1n-'
,
ME 476 Heat Transfer
Assignment 10
Friday, November 19, 2004
!a"ter 1+, $rob%em 42
% double-pipe parallel-flow heat e)changer is to heat water 'C
p
0 /1&0 .$+g "(
from !#" to 60" at a rate of 0.! +g$s. The heating is to be accomplished by
geothermal water 'C
p
0 /10 .$+g "( a2ailable at 1/0" at a mass flow rate of
0. +g$s. The inner tube is thin-walled and has a diameter of 0.& cm. >f the o2erall
heat transfer coefficient of the heat e)changer is ##0 W$m
!
", determine the
length of the heat e)changer re6uired to achie2e the desired heating.
(o%)tion*
Water is heated in a double-pipe parallel-flow heat e)changer by geothermal water. The
re6uired length of tube is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 *teady operating conditions e)ist. 2 The heat e)changer is well-insulated
so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid
is e6ual to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. + "hanges in the +inetic and potential
energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no fouling. & :luid properties are
constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and geothermal fluid are gi2en to be /.1& and /.1
+.$+g.", respecti2ely.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in the heat e)changer is

E ' (D ' . Q mC T T
p out in

water
+g $ s('/.1& +. $ +g. "('60 " "( 0 !9.!6 +W 0! !#
Then the outlet temperature of the geothermal water is determined from

" / . 11,
"( +.$+g. 1 +g$s('/. . 0 '
+W !6 . !9
" 1/0 (D ' E
geot.water


p
in out out in p
C m
Q
T T T T C m Q

The logarithmic mean temperature difference is


T T T
T T T
h in c in
h out c out
1
!
1/0 !#
11, / 60


, ,
, ,
.
" " 011# "
" " 0 #,./ "
and



T
T T
T T
m



1 !
1 !
11# #, /
11# #, /
&! 9
ln' $ (
.
ln' $ . (
. "
The surface area of the heat e)changer is determined from

!
!
m 6/! . 0
"( 9 . &! (' +W$m ## . 0 '
+W !6 . !9


m
s m s
T U
Q
A T UA Q

Then the length of the tube re6uired becomes


m 25.5
m( 00& . 0 '
m 6/! . 0
!

D
A
L DL A
s
s
o"yrig!t ,200+ T!e M-.ra/0Hi%% om"anies 1n-'
&
Water
!#"
9rine
1/0"
60"
ME 476 Heat Transfer
Assignment 10
Friday, November 19, 2004
!a"ter 1+, $rob%em &6
% shell-and-tube heat e)changer with !-shell passes and 1!-tube passes is used to
heat water 'C
p
0 /1&0 .$+g "( in the tubes from !0" to ,0" at a rate of /.#
+g$s. =eat is supplied by hot oil 'C
p
0 !00 .$+g "( that enters the shell side at
1,0" at a rate of 10 +g$s. :or a tube-side o2erall heat transfer coefficient of 600
W$m
!
", determine the heat transfer surface area on the tube side. %nswerF 1#
m
!
(o%)tion*
Water is heated by hot oil in a !-shell passes and 1!-tube passes heat e)changer. The heat
transfer surface area on the tube side is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 *teady operating conditions e)ist. 2 The heat e)changer is well-insulated
so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid
is e6ual to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. + "hanges in the +inetic and potential
energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no fouling. & :luid properties are
constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and oil are gi2en to be /.1& and !. +.$+g.",
respecti2ely.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat e)changer is

E ' (D ' . Q mC T T
p out in

water
+g $ s('/.1& +. $ +g. "(',0 " "( 0 9/0.# +W /# !0
The outlet temperature of the hot water is determined from
" 1!9
"( +.$+g. +g$s('!. 10 '
+W # . 9/0
" 1,0 (D ' E
oil


p
in out out in p
C m
Q
T T T T C m Q

The logarithmic mean temperature difference for counter-flow arrangement and the
correction factor : are

" 109 0 " !0 " 1!9
" 100 0 " ,0 " 1,0
, , !
, , 1


in c out h
out c in h
T T T
T T T

" 10#
( 109 $ 100 ln'
109 100
( $ ln'
! 1
! 1
,




T T
T T
T
C! m

0 . 1
! . 1
1,0 1!9
,0 !0
!, . 0
1,0 !0
1,0 1!9
1 !
! 1
1 1
1 !

!
t t
T T
R
t T
t t
P
Then the heat transfer surface area on the tube side becomes
2
m 15


"( 10# ' "('1.0( . +W$m 6 . 0 '
+W # . 9/0
!
,
,
C! m
s C! m s
T U!
Q
A T ! UA Q

o"yrig!t ,200+ T!e M-.ra/0Hi%% om"anies 1n-'


9
Cil
1,0"
10 +g$s
Water
!0"
/.# +g$s
,0
"
'1! tube passes(

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