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Assignment 10
Friday, November 19, 2004
!a"ter #, $rob%em &&'
The components of an electronic system dissipating 90 W are located in a 1-m-
long horizontal duct whose cross section is 16 cm 16 cm. The components in
the duct are cooled by forced air, which enters at !" at a rate of 0.6# m
$min.
%ssuming &# percent of the heat generated inside is transferred to air flowing
through the duct and the remaining 1# percent is lost through the outer surfaces of
the duct, determine 'a( the e)it temperature of air and 'b( the highest component
surface temperature in the duct.
(o%)tion*
The components of an electronic system located in a rectangular horizontal duct are
cooled by forced air. The e)it temperature of the air and the highest component surface
temperature are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 *teady flow conditions e)ist. 2 The inner surfaces of the duct are smooth.
+ The thermal resistance of the duct is negligible. 4 %ir is an ideal gas with constant
properties. & The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties We assume the bul+ mean temperature for air to be #" since the mean
temperature of air at the inlet will rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through the duct
whose surface is e)posed to a constant heat flu). The properties of air at 1 atm and this
temperature are 'Table %-1#(
,!6& . 0 -r
" .$+g. 100,
$s m 10 6#/ . 1
" W$m. 0!6!# . 0
+g$m 1/6 . 1
! # -
p
C
k
+
"( .$+g. , +g$s('100 01!/1 . 0 '
W( '0.&#('90
1 " ! ( '
p
i e i e p
C m
Q
T T T T C m Q
h m
D V
o"yrig!t ,200+ T!e M-.ra/0Hi%% om"anies 1n-'
1
%ir
!"
0.6# m
$min
L 0 1 m
%ir duct
16 cm 16 cm
90 W
ME 476 Heat Transfer
Assignment 10
Friday, November 19, 2004
which is greater than 10,000. %lso, the components will cause turbulence and thus we can
assume fully de2eloped turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the 4usselt
number from
,0 . 1# ( ,!6& . 0 ' ( /09 ' 0! . 0 -r 3e 0! . 0
/ . 0 & . 0 / . 0 & . 0
k
hD
Nu
h
and
" . W$m #,6 . ! ( ,0 . 1# '
m 16 . 0
" W$m. 0!6!# . 0
!
Nu
D
k
h
h
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the e)it of the duct. %ssuming
uniform surface heat flu), its 2alue is determined from
[ ]
#4'&
+
"( . W$m '!.#,6
m( m('1 /'0.16 W($ '0.&#('90
1 " 1 . &
$
( ' $
! , ,
h
A Q
T T T T h A Q
s
e highest s e highest s s
p
C
k
Analysis 'a( The mass flow rate of air is
+g$s 10 !9& . # ( $s m 10 ('0.# +g$m 060 . 1 '
/ -
V m
The temperature rise of air as it flows through the micro channels is
9+'7
h m
c
h
c
m
D V
P
A
D
A
V
V
which is smaller than !00. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length in
this case is
m 0.00/6# m( 10 #,1 . & (' ,!0! . 0 (' 1#0& ' 0# . 0 -r 3e 0# . 0
#
h t
D L
which is /!@ of the total length of the channels. Therefore, we can assume thermally
de2eloping flow, and determine the 4usselt number from 'actually, the relation below is
for circular tubes(
o"yrig!t ,200+ T!e M-.ra/0Hi%% om"anies 1n-'
/
L 0 1 cm
Aicro-channel
0. mm 0.0# mm
%ir
0.# 5$s
ME 476 Heat Transfer
Assignment 10
Friday, November 19, 2004
[ ]
1,/ . /
( ,!0! . 0 (' 1#0& '
m 01 . 0
m 10 #,1 . &
0/ . 0 1
( ,!0! . 0 (' 1#0& '
m 01 . 0
m 10 #,1 . &
06# . 0
66 .
-r 3e ( $ ' 0/ . 0 1
-r 3e ( $ ' 06# . 0
66 .
$ !
#
#
$ !
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
+
+
+
L D
L D
k
hD
Nu
and
" . W$m 16& ( 1,/ . / '
m 10 #,1 . &
" W$m. 0!&0& . 0
!
#
Nu
D
k
h
h
Then the a2erage surface temperature of the base of the micro channels becomes
6 !
, ,
, , ! 6 !
!'0. 0.0#( 10 0.01 , 10 m
' (
!0 11., '#0$100( W
"
! '16& W$m . "(', 10 m (
s
s s ave m ave
s ave m ave
s
A pL
Q hA T T
Q
T T
hA
+
+ _
+ +
,
119
o"yrig!t ,200+ T!e M-.ra/0Hi%% om"anies 1n-'
#
ME 476 Heat Transfer
Assignment 10
Friday, November 19, 2004
!a"ter 1+, $rob%em 21
3epeat -roblem 17!0, assuming a fouling factor R
f, i
0 0.000# m
!
"$W on the inner
surface of the tube.
"hapter 1, -roblem !0
Water at an a2erage temperature of 10," and an a2erage 2elocity of .# m$s flows
through a #-m-long stainless steel tube 'k 0 1/.! W$m "( in a boiler. The inner
and outer diameters of the tube are D
i
0 1.0 cm and D
o
0 1./ cm, respecti2ely. >f
the con2ection heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface of the tube where
boiling is ta+ing place is h
o
0 &/00 W$m
!
", determine the o2erall heat transfer
coefficient U
i
of this boiler based on the inner surface area of the tube.
(o%)tion*
Water is flowing through the tubes in a boiler. The o2erall heat transfer coefficient of this
boiler based on the inner surface area is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Water flow is fully de2eloped. 2 -roperties of water are constant. + The
heat transfer coefficient and the fouling factor are constant and uniform.
Properties The properties water at 10," 110" are 'Table %-9(
#& . 1 -r
B . W$m 6&! . 0
$s m 10 !6& . 0 $
!
! 6
k
Analysis The 3eynolds number is
600 , 10
s $ m 10 !6& . 0
m( m$s('0.01 # . '
3e
! 6
h m
D V
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is
turbulent. %ssuming fully de2eloped flow,
/! ( #& . 1 ' ( 600 , 10 ' 0! . 0 -r 3e 0! . 0
/ . 0 & . 0 / . 0 & . 0
k
hD
Nu
h
and
" . W$m !,!/ 0 '/!(
m 01 . 0
" W$m. 6&! . 0
!
Nu
D
k
h
h
The thermal resistance of heat e)changer with a fouling
factor of
R
f i ,
. . 0 000# m "$ W
!
is determined from
o"yrig!t ,200+ T!e M-.ra/0Hi%% om"anies 1n-'
6
Cuter surface
D
0
, A
0
, h
0
, U
0
, R
f0
>nner surface
D
i
, A
i
, h
i
, U
i
, R
fi
ME 476 Heat Transfer
Assignment 10
Friday, November 19, 2004
?A9?8 ?6uation.8*AT/
"$W 00/,6 . 0
m(D m('# 01/ . 0 ' E "( . W$m &/00 '
1
m( "('# W$m. ! . 1/ ' !
( 1 $ / . 1 ln'
m(D m('# 01 . 0 ' E
"$W . m 000# . 0
m(D m('# 01 . 0 ' E "( . W$m !/ , ! '
1
1
!
( $ ln' 1
!
!
!
,
+ + +
R
A h kL
D D
A
R
A h
R
o o
i o
i
i f
i i
Then,
1 1 1
'0.00/,6 "$W(E '0.01 m('# m(D
i
i i i
R U
U A RA
2
1340 W/m . C
o"yrig!t ,200+ T!e M-.ra/0Hi%% om"anies 1n-'
,
ME 476 Heat Transfer
Assignment 10
Friday, November 19, 2004
!a"ter 1+, $rob%em 42
% double-pipe parallel-flow heat e)changer is to heat water 'C
p
0 /1&0 .$+g "(
from !#" to 60" at a rate of 0.! +g$s. The heating is to be accomplished by
geothermal water 'C
p
0 /10 .$+g "( a2ailable at 1/0" at a mass flow rate of
0. +g$s. The inner tube is thin-walled and has a diameter of 0.& cm. >f the o2erall
heat transfer coefficient of the heat e)changer is ##0 W$m
!
", determine the
length of the heat e)changer re6uired to achie2e the desired heating.
(o%)tion*
Water is heated in a double-pipe parallel-flow heat e)changer by geothermal water. The
re6uired length of tube is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 *teady operating conditions e)ist. 2 The heat e)changer is well-insulated
so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid
is e6ual to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. + "hanges in the +inetic and potential
energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no fouling. & :luid properties are
constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and geothermal fluid are gi2en to be /.1& and /.1
+.$+g.", respecti2ely.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in the heat e)changer is
E ' (D ' . Q mC T T
p out in
water
+g $ s('/.1& +. $ +g. "('60 " "( 0 !9.!6 +W 0! !#
Then the outlet temperature of the geothermal water is determined from
" / . 11,
"( +.$+g. 1 +g$s('/. . 0 '
+W !6 . !9
" 1/0 (D ' E
geot.water
p
in out out in p
C m
Q
T T T T C m Q
T T T
T T T
h in c in
h out c out
1
!
1/0 !#
11, / 60
, ,
, ,
.
" " 011# "
" " 0 #,./ "
and
T
T T
T T
m
1 !
1 !
11# #, /
11# #, /
&! 9
ln' $ (
.
ln' $ . (
. "
The surface area of the heat e)changer is determined from
!
!
m 6/! . 0
"( 9 . &! (' +W$m ## . 0 '
+W !6 . !9
m
s m s
T U
Q
A T UA Q
D
A
L DL A
s
s
o"yrig!t ,200+ T!e M-.ra/0Hi%% om"anies 1n-'
&
Water
!#"
9rine
1/0"
60"
ME 476 Heat Transfer
Assignment 10
Friday, November 19, 2004
!a"ter 1+, $rob%em &6
% shell-and-tube heat e)changer with !-shell passes and 1!-tube passes is used to
heat water 'C
p
0 /1&0 .$+g "( in the tubes from !0" to ,0" at a rate of /.#
+g$s. =eat is supplied by hot oil 'C
p
0 !00 .$+g "( that enters the shell side at
1,0" at a rate of 10 +g$s. :or a tube-side o2erall heat transfer coefficient of 600
W$m
!
", determine the heat transfer surface area on the tube side. %nswerF 1#
m
!
(o%)tion*
Water is heated by hot oil in a !-shell passes and 1!-tube passes heat e)changer. The heat
transfer surface area on the tube side is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 *teady operating conditions e)ist. 2 The heat e)changer is well-insulated
so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid
is e6ual to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. + "hanges in the +inetic and potential
energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no fouling. & :luid properties are
constant.
Properties The specific heats of water and oil are gi2en to be /.1& and !. +.$+g.",
respecti2ely.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat e)changer is
E ' (D ' . Q mC T T
p out in
water
+g $ s('/.1& +. $ +g. "(',0 " "( 0 9/0.# +W /# !0
The outlet temperature of the hot water is determined from
" 1!9
"( +.$+g. +g$s('!. 10 '
+W # . 9/0
" 1,0 (D ' E
oil
p
in out out in p
C m
Q
T T T T C m Q
The logarithmic mean temperature difference for counter-flow arrangement and the
correction factor : are
" 109 0 " !0 " 1!9
" 100 0 " ,0 " 1,0
, , !
, , 1
in c out h
out c in h
T T T
T T T
" 10#
( 109 $ 100 ln'
109 100
( $ ln'
! 1
! 1
,
T T
T T
T
C! m
0 . 1
! . 1
1,0 1!9
,0 !0
!, . 0
1,0 !0
1,0 1!9
1 !
! 1
1 1
1 !
!
t t
T T
R
t T
t t
P
Then the heat transfer surface area on the tube side becomes
2
m 15
"( 10# ' "('1.0( . +W$m 6 . 0 '
+W # . 9/0
!
,
,
C! m
s C! m s
T U!
Q
A T ! UA Q