Department of Pharmacognosy

Prof. Nahla Ayoub Lecture (3)

Botany and Medicinal Plants

Plant cell
Spring Semester 2013
1

Lecture Content

Plant cell
I- Cell wall 1. Cellulose wall 2. Lignified wall 3. Suberinised &cutinised wall 4. Mucilagenous wall 5. Chitinous wall II-Different types of plant cells 1. Parenchymatous tissue 2. Collenchymatous tissue 3. Sclerenchyma (support cells) Sclereids Fibres

4. Vascular Tissue Xylem Phloem 5. Secretory Tissue secretory cell Secretory cavities Schizogenous Lyzogenous Schizolyzogenous

Latex tissue

Plant cell I- Cell wall

1. Cellulose wall
Cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin may be present in the cell wall Cellulose is the most abounded carbohydrates; it form 50% or more of all the carbon in plants.

Detection Cellulose+ iodine Hemicellulose + iodine

no blue color blue color

Cellulose: Polymer of glucose (Plant fiber)

2. Lignified wall
Complex polymer of phenolic compound Cell wall of tracheids, vessels, fibers and sclereids Lignified wall+ phloroglucinol and HCl gives red color

3. Suberinised & cutinised cell wall

-Suberin & cutin are glycerol esters of some acids as suberic acids. -These material water proof cells. -Suberin is found in cork cell and endodermal cell -Cutin covers the epidermal cell of the leaves, which may show papipllae, ridges and striation. Cutin and suberin + suddan III red color

1,6-hexanedicarboxylic acid Subric acid (Covers the cork)

Cutin (Covers the epidermal cells)

Papipllae

4. Mucilagenous wall

5. Chitinous wall

-Cell wall is converted in some cases into mucilage and gum -Polysaccharide complexes of sugar and uronic acid.

- Chitin forms the major part of insect cell wall - Chitin + 0.5% solution of iodine in potassium iodide then with sulphuric acid. violet color

mucilage + Rhuthenium red red color

Plant cell II-Different types of plant cells

Leaf Anatomy

Leaf Anatomy

Stem Anatomy

vascular system

Dicot stems

Dicot stems have pith in the center, with vascular bundles forming a distinct ring. The outside of the stem is covered with an epidermis, which is covered by a waterproof cuticle. The epidermis also may contain stomata for gas exchange. A cortex of parenchyma cells lies between the epidermis and vascular bundles.

Monocot stems

Vascular bundles are present throughout the monocot stem, although concentrated towards the outside.

Root Anatomy
The Root Tip Meristem - a region of rapid mitosis, which produces the new cells for root growth. Root cap - a sheath of cells that protects the meristem from abrasion and damage as the root tip grows through the soil. The Region of Elongation The cells produced by mitosis undergo a period of elongation in the direction of the axis of the root. It is at this time that they are sensitive to gravity and respond with gravitropism.

1-Parenchymatous tissue

2-Collenchymatous tissue

Occurrence: in various parts of plant e.g. pith, cortex..& mesophyll of the leaves.

Characters: isodiametric, polygonal or rounded cell , cellulosic wall & may be lignified and pitted parenchyma

Collenchyma is a living tissue derived from parenchayma with greater mechanical strength showing thick wall composed of cellulose. Occurrence: the mechanical tissue of the herbaceous stem & of the petioles and the midribs of the leaves Characters: The cells are usually 4 to 6 sided in transverse section, axially elongated in longitudinal section

1-Parenchymatous tissue

2-Collenchymatous tissue

Cellulose thickening

3. Sclerenchyma (support cells)

Thick secondary cell walls (showing simple pitting) Dead at functional maturity Can not increase in length - occur in parts of the plant which have quit growing in length

Two types: sclereids and fibres

3. 1.Sclereids (Stone cells):

Occurrence: in hard outer coat of the seeds, fruit, bark and the pericyclic region (located between the endodermis and phloem of the root). Characters: isodimetric in shape. The wall of the stone cells is thick, lignified& may show well-marked striation. The cell lumens are small, sometimes containing some diagnostic elements e.g. prisms of calcium oxalate, or starch granules.

3.2. Fibers
Occurrence: in xylem, pericycle and phloem. Characters: Spindle-shaped or elongated cells with pointed ends known as prosenchyma.

The cell wall may be composed of cellulose or may show some degree of lignifications. Most mature fiber are unicellular.

Fibers

4-Vascular Tissue

There are two types of vascular tissue: xylem and phloem. Vascular tissue may be scattered in ground tissue or regularly arranged forming a ring.

Vascular Tissue
Xylem conducts water from soil to leaves. Phloem - nutrient conducting tissue composed of sieve tube or sieve cells mixed with parenchyma and fibers. The phloem transports organic molecules (particularly sugars) to wherever they are needed. The cambium is the only part of a woody stem where cell division occurs. It contains undifferentiated cells that divide rapidly to produce secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside.

A- Xylem

Xylem conducts water from soil to leaves. The primary xylem is composed of proto and metaxylem. Thickening occurs in the stem and root by formation of secondary xylem. The structural element of xylem are

Xylem Tracheids: pitted elongated cells allow water to pass from one to another Xylem Vessels: the fundamental conducting elements of xylem Xylem Parenchyma: storage tissue. Xylem Fibers: Sclerenchyma fibers providing mechanical support to the essential elements.

Xylem Components

(Tracheid,

Vessels, Parenchyma and Fibers)

Tracheid
Xylem Vessel Parenchyma

Tracheid

Different Types of Xylem Vessels

Secondary thickenings

Annular vessels :rings placed more or less at equal distance from each other. Spiral vessels : Helix or coil. Scalariform vessels : cross bands resembling the steps of a ladder. Reticulate vessels: irregular and appear in the form of a network. Pitted vessels : in which the secondary thickenings result in the formation of depressions on the primary wall called pits.

Different Types of Xylem Vessels:

sclariform reticulate spiral

annular

Xylem Tracheid
More primitive Pits allow water to pass from one to another Less efficient at conducting water More like a fiber Four types annular, spiral, reticulate and sclariform.

Xylem Tracheae Fundamental conducting elements of xylem. Vessels are derived from vertical series of cells, dissolution of the wall give continuous tube. Four types of vessels. annular thickening of the stem and root). Spiral, sclariform and reticulate.

Xylem Vessel

Xylem parenchyma cells Axially elongated, sometimes thin walled but often with walls showing thickeninig and lingification. Xylem parenchyma function as storage tissue.

B- Phloem

Phloem is the food conducting tissue. The phloem elements include sieve tubes, companion cell and phloem parenchyma The sieve tubes formed from vertical series of elongated cells interconnected by perforation in their walls in areas known as sieve plates. The companion cell is intimately associated with sieve tube structurally and functionally. The companion cell is characterized by its dense protoplast and well developed nucleus and by thin cellulose wall. The phloem may contain secretory cells

Phloem

Diagram showing the cross sections of a xylem and a phloem

5. Secretory tissue

Secretory cavities

secretory cells

Latex tissue Schizogenous

Schizo-lyzogenous

Lyzogenous The vittae

Latex cells

Latex vessels

5. Secretory tissue

Oil cells : occur in Cinnamon, Cassia and Ginger. Secretory cavities or glands may be : 1. Schizogenous: arises by separation of cell and subsequent formation of a secretory epithelium e.g. Eucalyptus.
2.

Lyzogenous : formed by breakdown of the cell forming a cavity not bounded by definite epithelium e.g. in Gossypium. Schizo-lyzogenous cavities occur in Rutaceae.

3.

Schizogenous arises by separation of cell and subsequent formation of a secretory epithelium

Lysigenous formed by breakdown of the cell forming a cavity not bounded by definite epithelium

Schizo-lysigenous Initially schizogenous but lysigeny occurs in cavities in later stages as the epithelium cells lining the space undergo autolysis further enlarging the space.

Lysigenous gland

Solid mass of secreting cells

Formation of central cavity By gradual disintegration of cells starting from centre

Lyses of walls and secretion poured in the cavity

Schizogenous gland

Formation of central cavity

By separation of cells

Epithelial cells secrete products in the cavity

Latex tissue consist of latex cells or latex vessels.

Latex cells Latex vessels: formed by partial or complete fusion of a longitudinal series of cells.