MATH 18.

01 - FINAL EXAM - SOME REVIEW PROBLEMS WITH

SOLUTIONS
18.01 Calculus, Fall 2013 Professor: Jared Speck
Problem 1. Consider the following curve in parametric form:
x = t + ln t,
y = t ln t.
Find the arc length of the portion of the curve corresponding to 1 t 2.
Hint: To evaluate the arc length integral, rst make the inverse trig substitution t = tan u. Then
multiply the top and bottom by sin u and make the substitution v = cos u. Finally, use partial
fractions to evaluate the v integral.
Problem 2. Consider the following curve in the plane:
x
2
y =
1
2
.
Let a 1 be a number. The portion of the curve with 1 x a is revolved around the xaxis
to generate a solid of revolution. Show that the surface area of the solid does not become innite
when a .
Problem 3. Compute the Taylor series (at the base point 0) for the function
1
(1 x)
3
.
Problem 4. Compute the Taylor series (at the base point 0) for the function
f(x) = arcsin x.
In particular, compute the rst four non-zero terms in the series and illustrate the general pattern
for the coecients.
Problem 5. Find all numbers p 0 such that the series

k=1
ln
_
1 +
1
k
p
_
converges.
Problem 6. Find all numbers p 0 such that the series

k=2
1
k(ln k)
p
+ 1
converges.
1
2 MATH 18.01 - FINAL EXAM - SOME REVIEW PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
Problem 7. Show that whenever x is not a number of the form x =

2
+ m for some integer m,
then
sec
2
x =

k=0
(sin x)
2k
.
Problem 8. Let f(x) = e
x
2
. Compute
f
(2012)
(0),
where f
(2012)
(x) is the 2012
th
derivative of f(x).
Hint: Taylor (The good kind of Taylor, not the Swift kind )
Problem 9. Consider the following curve in the plane, described in polar form:
r = ln .
Find the area of the region in the second quadrant that is trapped between the xaxis, the yaxis,
and the curve.
Problem 10. Compute
lim
x
e
x
+ cos
2
x
e
x
.
MATH 18.01 - FINAL EXAM - SOME REVIEW PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS 3
Solutions
Problem 1. Consider the following curve in parametric form:
x = t + ln t,
y = t ln t.
Find the arc length of the portion of the curve corresponding to 1 t 2.
Hint: To evaluate the arc length integral, rst make the inverse trig substitution t = tan u. Then
multiply the top and bottom by sin u and make the substitution v = cos u. Finally, use partial
fractions to evaluate the v integral.
Solution: We rst compute that
dx
dt
= 1 +
1
t
,
dy
dt
= 1
1
t
,
ds =

_
dx
dt
_
2
+
_
dy
dt
_
2
dt
=

2
_
1 +
1
t
2
=

t
2
+ 1
t
.
The arc length is therefore
Arc Length =
_
ds =

2
_
2
1

t
2
+ 1
t
dt.
To evaluate the integral, we rst make the inverse trig substitution t = tan u, dt = sec
2
u, use
tan
2
u +1 = sec
2
u, multiply the top and bottom by sin u, and use sin
2
= 1 cos
2
u, which leads to
_

t
2
+ 1
t
dt =
_

sec
2
u
tan u
sec
2
u du
=
_
1
sin ucos
2
u
du
=
_
sin u
sin
2
ucos
2
u
du
=
_
sin u
(1 cos
2
u) cos
2
u
du.
We then make the substitution v = cos u, dv = sin u du, which leads to
_
sin u
(1 cos
2
u) cos
2
u
du =
_
1
(1 v
2
)v
2
dv
=
_
1
v
2
(1 v)(1 + v)
dv.
4 MATH 18.01 - FINAL EXAM - SOME REVIEW PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
To evaluate the v integral, we rst make a partial fraction decomposition:
1
v
2
(1 v)(1 + v)
=
A
v
+
B
v
2
+
C
1 v
+
D
1 + v
.
The cover up method yields B = 1, C =
1
2
, D =
1
2
. Then plugging the value v = 2 into both sides
of the decomposition yields that A = 0. Hence,
1
v
2
(1 v)(1 + v)
=
1
v
2
+
1
2
_
1
1 v
_
+
1
2
_
1
1 + v
_
,
and

_
1
v
2
(1 v)(1 + v)
dv =
1
v
+
1
2
ln

1 v
1 + v

+ c
=
1
cos u
+
1
2
ln

1 cos u
1 + cos u

+ c
=

1 + t
2
+
1
2
ln

1 (1 + t
2
)
1/2
1 + (1 + t
2
)
1/2

+ c
=

1 + t
2
+
1
2
ln

1 + t
2
1

1 + t
2
+ 1

+ c.
In our calculations above, we used a right triangle to deduce that
cos u = (1 + t
2
)
1/2
.
Finally, we reinsert the factor of

2 and the bounds of integration to conclude that

Arc Length =

2
_
2
1

t
2
+ 1
t
dt
=

2
_

1 + t
2
+
1
2
ln

1 + t
2
1

1 + t
2
+ 1

_
t=2
t=1
=

2
_

2 +
1
2
ln

5 1

5 + 1

1
2
ln

2 1

2 + 1

_
=

2
_

2 +
1
2
ln

2 + 1

2 1

1
2
ln

5 + 1

5 1

_
.
MATH 18.01 - FINAL EXAM - SOME REVIEW PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS 5
Problem 2. Consider the following curve in the plane:
x
2
y =
1
2
.
Let a 1 be a number. The portion of the curve with 1 x a is revolved around the xaxis
to generate a solid of revolution. Show that the surface area of the solid does not become innite
when a .
Solution: We rst compute that
y =
1
2
x
2
,
dy
dx
= x
3
,
ds =

1 +
_
dy
dx
_
2
dx =

1 + x
6
dx.
The surface area of the region of interest is
_
thin conical strip circumference conical strip slant height =
_
2y ds.
Hence, the surface area is
_
a
1
2y ds =
_
a
1
2
1
2
x
2

1 + x
6
dx.
Now when x 1, we have

1 + x
6

1 + 1
6
=

2. Hence, the above integral is

2
_
a
1
x
2
dx
=

2
_
x
1

a
1
=

2
_
1
1
a
_
.
Now as a , the above term converges to the nite number

2.
6 MATH 18.01 - FINAL EXAM - SOME REVIEW PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
Problem 3. Compute the Taylor series (at the base point 0) for the function
1
(1 x)
3
.
Solution: We rst note that
1
(1 x)
3
=
1
2
d
2
dx
2
1
1 x
.
The standard formula for the geometric series yields that
1
1 x
=

k=0
x
k
= 1 + x + x
2
+ x
3
+ x
4
+ .
Twice dierentiating the above series term-by-term and multiplying by 1/2, we deduce that
1
(1 x)
3
=
1
2
d
2
dx
2

k=0
d
2
dx
2
x
k
=
1
2

k=2
k(k 1)x
k2
= 1 + 3x + 6x
2
+ .
The above series is the desired Taylor series.
MATH 18.01 - FINAL EXAM - SOME REVIEW PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS 7
Problem 4. Compute the Taylor series (at the base point 0) for the function
f(x) = arcsin x.
In particular, compute the rst four non-zero terms in the series and illustrate the general pattern
for the coecients.
Solution: Our strategy is to rst compute the Taylor series for
d
dx
arcsin x =
1

1x
2
and to then
integrate that series term-by-term to recover the Taylor Series for arcsin x. More precisely, we rst
use the fundamental theorem of calculus to deduce that
arcsin x =
_
x
0
dy
_
1 y
2
.
We will compute the Taylor series for the integrand
1

1y
2
in two steps. In the rst step, we compute
the Taylor series for the function
1

1 u
= (1 u)
1/2
.
Dierentiating with respect to u, we deduce that
d
du
(1 u)
1/2
=
1
2
(1 u)
3/2
,
d
2
du
2
(1 u)
1/2
=
_
1
2
__
3
2
_
(1 u)
5/2
,
d
3
du
3
(1 u)
1/2
=
_
1
2
__
3
2
__
5
2
_
(1 u)
7/2
,

Setting u = 0 in the above formulas, we deduce that
d
du
(1 u)
1/2
|
u=0
=
1
2
,
d
2
du
2
(1 u)
1/2
|
u=0
=
_
1
2
__
3
2
_
,
d
3
du
3
(1 u)
1/2
|
u=0
=
_
1
2
__
3
2
__
5
2
_
,
.
From the Taylor formula
f(u) = a
0
+ a
1
u + a
2
u
2
+ a
3
u
3
+ ,
a
n
=
f
(n)
(0)
n!
,
and the above computations, it follows that
1

1 u
= 1 +
1
2

1
1!
u +
1 3
2 2

1
2!
u
2
+
1 3 5
2 2 2

1
3!
u
3
+ .
8 MATH 18.01 - FINAL EXAM - SOME REVIEW PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
We now substitute u = y
2
to deduce the Taylor series for the integrand
1

1y
2
:
1
_
1 y
2
= 1 +
1
2

1
1!
y
2
+
1 3
2 2

1
2!
y
4
+
1 3 5
2 2 2

1
3!
y
6
+ .
Integrating this series term-by-term, we conclude that
arcsin x =
_
x
0
dy
_
1 y
2
=
_
x
0
_
1 +
1
2

1
1!
y
2
+
1 3
2 2

1
2!
y
4
+
1 3 5
2 2 2

1
3!
y
6
+
_
dy
=
_
y +
1
2

1
1!
1
3
y
3
+
1 3
2 2

1
2!
1
5
y
5
+
1 3 5
2 2 2

1
3!
1
7
y
7
+
_
|
y=x
y=0
= x +
1
2

1
1!
1
3
x
3
+
1 3
2 2

1
2!
1
5
x
5
+
1 3 5
2 2 2

1
3!
1
7
x
7
+ .
MATH 18.01 - FINAL EXAM - SOME REVIEW PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS 9
Problem 5. Find all numbers p 0 such that the series

k=1
ln
_
1 +
1
k
p
_
converges.
Solution: We rst claim that for large k, ln
_
1 +
1
k
p
_

1
k
p
. To verify this claim, we use LH opitals
rule in the

form to deduce that

lim
k
ln
_
1 +
1
k
p
_
1
k
p
= lim
k
1
1+
1
k
p
(p)k
p1
(p)k
p1
= lim
k
1
1 +
1
k
p
= 1.
Therefore, by limit comparison,

k=1
ln
_
1 +
1
k
p
_
converges if and only if

k=1
1
k
p
converges. By the integral comparison test, this latter series converges if and only if p > 1.
10 MATH 18.01 - FINAL EXAM - SOME REVIEW PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
Problem 6. Find all numbers p 0 such that the series

k=2
1
k(ln k)
p
+ 1
converges.
Solution: We rst note that
1
k(ln k)
p
+ 1

1
k(ln k)
p
,
as k , so by limit comparison, it suces to investigate the convergence of

k=2
1
k(ln k)
p
.
By the integral comparison test, it suces to investigate the convergence of
_

x=2
dx
x(ln x)
p
= lim
M
_
M
x=2
dx
x(ln x)
p
.
To this end, we make the substitution u = ln x, du =
dx
x
, which leads to
_
dx
x(ln x)
p
=
_
du
u
p
=
_
1
1p
u
1p
, if p = 1,
ln u, if p = 1.
=
_
1
1p
(ln x)
1p
, if p = 1,
ln(ln x), if p = 1.
Hence, we compute that
lim
M
_
M
x=2
dx
x(ln x)
p
=
_
1
p1
(ln 2)
1p
, if p > 1,
limit does not exist, if p 1.
Thus,

k=2
1
k(ln k)
p
+ 1
converges if p > 1 and diverges if 0 p 1.
MATH 18.01 - FINAL EXAM - SOME REVIEW PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS 11
Problem 7. Show that whenever x is not a number of the form x =

2
+ m for some integer m,
then
sec
2
x =

k=0
(sin x)
2k
.
Solution: As long as x is not of the form x =

2
+m for some integer m, we have that | sin x| < 1.
Thus, under this assumption, it follows that the geometric series

k=0
(sin x)
2k
=

k=0
[sin
2
x]
k
converges to
1
1 sin
2
x
=
1
cos
2
x
= sec
2
x.
12 MATH 18.01 - FINAL EXAM - SOME REVIEW PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
Problem 8. Let f(x) = e
x
2
. Compute
f
(2012)
(0),
where f
(2012)
(x) is the 2012
th
derivative of f(x).
Hint: Taylor (The good kind of Taylor, not the Swift kind )
Solution: Using Taylors formula, we simply have to expand
f(x) = a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
+
and use the relation
a
n
=
f
(n)
(0)
n!
(with n = 2012).
To this end, we rst recall the expansion for e
u
:
e
u
= 1 + u +
u
2
2!
+
u
3
3!
+
u
4
4!
+
We then substitute u = x
2
to deduce that
e
x
2
= 1 + x
2
+
x
4
2!
+
x
6
3!
+
x
8
4!
+
From this series expansion, it follows that a
2012
=
1
1006!
and hence
f
(2012)
(0) = 2012! a
2012
=
2012!
1006!
= 2012 2011 2010 1008 1007.
MATH 18.01 - FINAL EXAM - SOME REVIEW PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS 13
Problem 9. Consider the following curve in the plane, described in polar form:
r = ln .
Find the area of the region in the second quadrant that is trapped between the xaxis, the yaxis,
and the curve.
Solution: We rst note that the second quadrant corresponds to

2
. We then recall the
standard formula for the area under a curve in polar coordinates:
Area =
1
2
_

2

1
r
2
d =
1
2
_

/2
(ln )
2
d.
To evaluate the integral, we rst use the integration by parts relations u = ln , du =
d

,
dv = ln d, v = ln to deduce that
_
(ln )
2
d =
_
u dv = uv
_
v du
= (ln )
2
ln
_
(ln 1) d
= (ln )
2
2 ln + 2.
Inserting the factor of
1
2
and the bounds of integration, we conclude that the area of the region of
interest is
1
2
_

/2
(ln )
2
d =
_
u dv =
_
1
2
(ln )
2
ln +
_
=
=/2
=

2
(ln )
2
ln

4
_
ln
_

2
__
2
+

2
ln
_

2
_
+

2
.
14 MATH 18.01 - FINAL EXAM - SOME REVIEW PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
Problem 10. Compute
lim
x
e
x
+ cos
2
x
e
x
.
Solution: This is a

type limit. If you try to use LH opitals rule repeatedly, then you
deduce that
lim
x
e
x
+ cos
2
x
e
x
= lim
x
e
x
2 sin x cos x
e
x
= lim
x
e
x
sin(2x)
e
x
= lim
x
e
x
2 cos(2x)
e
x
= lim
x
e
x
+ 4 sin(2x)
e
x
= .
This will go on indenitely and hence you will not solve the problem in this fashion.
To solve the problem, we avoid LH opitals rule altogether and instead multiply the top and
bottom of the original fraction by e
x
. After performing some algebra, we see that we have to
compute
lim
x
1 + e
x
cos
2
x.
This limit is 1 because e
x
goes to 0 as x , while cos
2
x is never larger than one.