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First Course on

Chapter 3

Power Electronics

Reference Textbook: First Course on Power Electronics by Ned Mohan, www.mnpere.com


Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

Chapter 3

Switch-Mode DC-DC Converters: Switching Analysis, Topology Selection and Design

3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-11 3-12 3-13 3-14 3-15

DC-DC Converters Switching Power-Pole in DC Steady State Simplifying Assumptions Common Operating Principles Buck Converter Switching Analysis in DC Steady State Boost Converter Switching Analysis in DC Steady State Buck-Boost Converter Switching Analysis in DC Steady State Topology Selection Worst-Case Design Synchronous-Rectified Buck Converter for Very Low Output Voltages Interleaving of Converters Regulation of DC-DC Converters by PWM Dynamic Average Representation of Converters in CCM Bi-Directional Switching Power-Pole

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

Discontinuous-Conduction Mode (DCM) References Problems

Regulated switch-mode dc power supplies

Vin

dc-dc converter topology

Vo

Vin , Vo

I in , I o
controller

Vo , ref (b)

(a)

Figure 3-1 Regulated switch-mode dc power supplies.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

Switching power-pole as the building block of dc-dc converters


vL A
t
DTs Ts

Vin

iL vL

0 B

iL 0 q (a) (b)
t

Figure 3-2 Switching power-pole as the building block of dc-dc converters.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

In Steady State:
vL A
t
DTs Ts

Vin

iL vL

0 B

iL 0 q (a ) (b)
t

Figure 3-2 Switching power-pole as the building block of dc-dc converters.

Waveform repeats with the Time-Period Ts:

iL(t) = iL(t Ts )
Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

In Steady State, the average voltage across an inductor is zero:

iL ( Ts )

diL vL = L dt

diL = iL (Ts ) iL (0) = 0

iL (0)

1 vL dt = 0 L0
Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

Ts

1 VL = vL dt = 0 Ts 0

Ts

vL

A
t
DTs Ts

Vin

iL vL

0 B

iL 0 q (a) (b)
t

Figure 3-2 Switching power-pole as the building block of dc-dc converters.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

DTs Ts 1 VL = vL d + vL d = 0 Ts 0 DTs area B area A

In Steady State, the average current through a capacitor is zero:

dvC iC = C dt
vC ( Ts )

dvC = vC (Ts ) vC (0) = 0 1 i dt = 0 C C0


Ts

vC (0)

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

1 I C = iC dt = 0 Ts 0

Ts

In Steady State, KCL applies:

Instantaneous:

i
k k

=0 =0

Average:

I v
k k

In Steady State, KVL applies:


Instantaneous:

=0 =0
9

Average:

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

Example 3-1

If the current waveform in steady state in an inductor of 50 H is as shown in Fig. 3-3a, calculate the inductor voltage waveform vL (t ) .

Solution

During the current rise-time,


vL = L di 1 = 50 = 16.67V . dt 3

di (4 3) 1 A = = . Therefore, dt 3 3 s

During the current fall-time,


vL = L

di (3 4) 1 A = = . Therefore, dt 2 2 s

di 1 = 50 ( ) = 25V . dt 2

Therefore, the inductor voltage waveform is as shown in Fig. 3-3b.


iL 4A

3A
(a )

3 s

5 s

vL

16.67V

( b)

t 25V

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

Figure 3-3 Example 3-1.

10

Example 3-2

The capacitor current iC , shown in Fig. 3-4a, is flowing through a capacitor of 100 F . Calculate the peak-peak ripple in the capacitor voltage waveform due to this ripple current.

Solution For the given capacitor current waveform, the capacitor voltage waveform, as shown in Fig. 3-4b, is at its minimum at time t1 , prior to which the capacitor current has been negative. This voltage waveform reaches its peak at time t2 , beyond which the current becomes negative. The hatched area in Fig. 3-4a equals the charge Q
Q = iC dt =
t1 t2

1 0.5 2.5 = 0.625C 2 Q = 6.25 mV . C

Using Eq. 3-6, the peak-peak ripple in the capacitor voltage is V p p =


iC
0.5 A (a )
Q

0 0.5 A
3 s 2.5 s

t
2 s

vC ,ripple V p p t

( b)

t1

t2

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

Figure 3-4 Example 3-2.

11

Simplifying Assumptions Two-Step Process Common Operating Principles

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

12

BUCK CONVERTER SWITCHING ANALYSIS IN DC STEADY STATE


iin
iL q
1 0

Vin
vA q

vL

iC

Io

Vin Vo
vA
0

VA = Vo
t

Vo = VA = DVin

(a)
iL

vL

A (V V ) in o
0

(Vo )
B

Vin
vA

vL

Vo

iL ,ripple
0

iL
t

iL =

q =1

vL = Vin Vo (b)
iL
0

Vin Vo V DTs = o (1 D )Ts L L

Vin
vA

vL = Vo
iL

I L = Io I in

I L = Io =
t

Vo R

Vin I in = Vo I o I in = DI L = DI o
iC (t ) iL ,ripple (t )
13

Vo

iin
0

q=0

vA = 0

(c)
Figure 3-5 Buck dc-dc converter.

(d)

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

Example 3-3

In the Buck dc-dc converter of Fig. 3-5a, L = 24 H . It is operating in

dc steady state under the following conditions: Vin = 20V , D = 0.6 , Po = 14 W , and
f s = 200 kHz . Assuming ideal components, calculate and draw the waveforms shown

Fig. 3-6

earlier in Fig. 3-5d. Solution With f s = 200 kHz , Ts = 5 s and Ton = DTs = 3 s . Vo = DVin = 12V .

The inductor voltage vL fluctuates between (Vin Vo ) = 8V and ( Vo ) = 12 V , as shown in Fig. 3-6.

3 s

t
5 s
V A = Vo = 12V

vA
0

Vin = 20

t
(Vin Vo ) = 8V

vL

0
Vo = 12V

t
0.5 A
0.5

iL ,ripple
0

iL =1A L

t
0.5 0.5 A
1.5 1.667 A

iL
0

0.667 A 0.5

I L = I 0 = 1.167 A

I L = I o = 1A

1.51.667 A

iin
Copyright Ned Mohan 2008
0

I in = 0.6 A
0.667 A

I in = 0.7 A

0.5

t 14

PSpice Modeling: Buckconv.sch

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

15

Simulation Results
16

12

-4

-8 450us I(C1)

455us 460us I(L1) V(L1:1,L1:2)

465us

470us

475us Time

480us

485us

490us

495us

500us

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

16

BOOST CONVERTER SWITCHING ANALYSIS IN DC STEADY STATE

iL

iL C vL

Vo

vL

Vo

Vin Vin

(a)

(b)

Figure 3-7 Boost dc-dc converter.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

17

Boost converter: operation and waveforms


q
0

vL = Vin Vin
iL vA = 0

t
Vo v A = Vin

Vo

vA
0

Vo 1 = Vin 1 D

(Vo > Vin )

t
A
Vin

vL
0

t
(Vo Vin )

q =1

(a)
iL ,ripple
0

iL

iL =
t

Vin V Vin DTs = o (1 D )Ts L L


Vo I 1 Vo Io = o = Vin 1 D 1 D R

iL

Vin I in = Vo I o
I L = I in =

iL
0

IL I diode (= I o )

Vo Vin
vL = Vin Vo v A = Vo

idiode
0

t t

iC (t ) idiode ,ripple (t ) = idiode I o

iC
q=0

( I0 ) (b) (c)
Figure 3-8 Boost converter: operation and waveforms.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

18

Example 3-4 In a Boost converter of Fig. 3-8a, the inductor current has iL = 2 A . It is operating in dc steady state under the following conditions: Vin = 5V , Vo = 12V ,
Po = 11W , and f s = 200 kHz . (a) Assuming ideal components, calculate L and draw the

waveforms as shown in Fig. 3-8c. Solution From Eq. 3-19, the duty-ratio D = 0.583 . With f s = 200 kHz , Ts = 5 s and
Ton = DTs = 2.917 s . vL fluctuates between Vin = 5V and (Vo Vin ) = 7V .

Using the

conditions during the transistor on-time, from Eq. 3-21,


L= Vin DTs = 7.29 H . i L

The average inductor current is I L = I in = Pin ( = Po ) / Vin = 2.2 A , and iL = I L + iL,ripple . When the transistor is on, the diode current is zero; otherwise idiode = iL . The average diode current is equal to the average output current:
I diode = I o = (1 D ) I in = 0.917 A .

The capacitor current is iC = idiode I o . When the transistor is on, the diode current is zero and iC = I o = 0.917 A . The capacitor current jumps to a value of 2.283 A and drops to 1 0.917 = 0.083 A .
Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

19

q
0
3 2.917 s s
5 s

t
v A = Vin = 5V

vA
0

Vo = 12V

t
Vin = 5V

vL
0

t
iL = 2 A

iL ,ripple
0

(Vo Vin ) = 7V 1A

1 A

t
3.2 A 1.2 A 3.2 A 1.2 A I L = 2.2 A

iL = iin
0

t
I diode ( = I o ) = 0.917 A

idiode
0

iC
0

2.283 A 0.283 A 0.917 A

Figure 3-9 Example 3-4.


Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

20

PSpice Modeling: Boost.sch

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

21

Simulation Results
15

10

-5

-10

-15 1.950ms I(L1)

1.955ms V(L1:1,L1:2)

1.960ms

1.965ms

1.970ms

1.975ms Time

1.980ms

1.985ms

1.990ms

1.995ms

2.000ms

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

22

Boost converter: voltage transfer ratio

Vo Vin

1 1 D
1 0

IL DCM

I L ,crit

CCM

Figure 3-10 Boost converter: voltage transfer ratio.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

23

BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER ANALYSIS IN DC STEADY STATE

iL
A vL vA q

Vin

vA

Io Vo

Vin

vL

Io
iL

Vo

idiode (a) (b)

Figure 3-11 Buck-Boost dc-dc converter.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

24

Buck-Boost converter: operation and waveforms


q

v A = Vin + Vo

DTs Ts

vA

(Vin + Vo ) VA = Vo

Vin

iin
iL

vL = Vin

Io

Vo

t
A
Vo Vin

vL
0

t
B

Vo D = Vin 1 D
iL = Vin V DTs = o (1 D )Ts L L

(a)
vA = 0 iL , ripple
0

iL

iin Vin vL = Vo
iL

iL

Io

Vo

IL I diode (= I o )

idiode (b)
0

t t t

I L = I in + I o Vin I in = Vo I o V D I in = o I o = Io 1 D Vin
I L = I in + I o = 1 1 Vo Io = 1 D 1 D R

iC ( I 0 0 ) (c)
Figure 3-12 Buck-Boost converter: operation and waveforms.

iC (t ) idiode ,ripple (t )
Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

25

Example 3-5 A Buck-Boost converter of 3-11b is operating in dc steady state under the following conditions: Vin = 14V , Vo = 42V , Po = 21W , iL = 1.8 A and f s = 200 kHz . Assuming ideal components, calculate L and draw the waveforms as shown in Fig. 312c. Solution Eq. 3-28
L= Vin DTs = 29.17 H . iL I o = Po / Vo = 0.5 A .

From Eq. 3-26, D = 0.75 . Ts = 1/ f s = 5 s and Ton = DTs = 3.75 s as shown in

Fig. 3-13. The inductor voltage vL fluctuates between Vin = 14V and Vo = 42V . Using

The average input current is I in = Pin ( = Po ) / Vin = 1.5 A .

Therefore,

I L = I in + I o = 2 A . When the transistor is on, the diode current is zero; otherwise idiode = iL .

The average diode current is equal to the average output current: I diode = I o = 0.5 A . The capacitor current is iC = idiode I o . When the transistor is on, the diode current is zero and
iC = I o = 0.5 A . 1.1 0.5 = 0.6 A .

The capacitor current jumps to a value of 2.4 A and drops to

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

26

q
0
3.75 s

t
5 s

vA
0

(Vin + Vo ) = 56V VA = Vo = 42V

t
Vin = 14V

vL
0

t
Vo = 42V

iL ,ripple
0.9 A
0

0.9 A

iL = 1.8 A

t
2.9 A 1.1A I L = 2 A 2.9 A 1.1A

iL
0

idiode
0

I diode ( = I o ) = 0.5 A

t t

iC
0

2.4 A 0.6 A 0.5 A

Figure 3-13 Example 3-5.


Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

27

PSpice Modeling: Buck-Boost_Switching.sch

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

28

Simulation Results
20

10

-10

-20

-30 2.950ms I(L1)

2.955ms V(L1:1,L1:2)

2.960ms

2.965ms

2.970ms

2.975ms Time

2.980ms

2.985ms

2.990ms

2.995ms

3.000ms

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

29

Buck-Boost converter: voltage transfer ratio

Vo Vin

D 1 D
0

DCM

I L ,crit

CCM

IL

Figure 3-14 Buck-Boost converter: voltage transfer ratio.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

30

Other Buck-Boost Topologies


SEPIC Converters (Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converters) Cuk Converters

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

31

SEPIC Converters (Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converters)


iL

vC
vL 2

idiode

(a)

Vin
q

iL 2

Vo

vC (b) Vin
q =1

vL 2

Vo

(c) Vin
q=0

vC vL 2 vL 2 = Vo

Vo

vL 2 = vC

Figure 3-15 SEPIC converter.

DVin = (1 D )Vo
Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

Vo D = Vin 1 D
32

Cuk Converter
iL L1

vC
C

io
L2

(a) vC iin

Vin
q

Vo Io vC (c) iin io

io Vo
q =1
Figure 3-16 Cuk converter.

(b) Vin

Vin

Vo

q=0

DI o = (1 D ) I in
Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

I in D = Io 1 D

Vo D = Vin 1 D
33

TOPOLOGY SELECTION
Criterion Buck Boost Buck-Boost

Transistor V
Transistor I

Vin Io
DI o

Vo I in
DI in

(Vin + Vo ) I in + I o D ( I in + I o )
D ( I in + I o ) (1 D ) ( I in + I o )

I rms
I avg

Transistor Transistor Diode

DI o (1 D) I o Io
significant input

DI in (1 D) I in I in
little output

IL
Effect of L on C Pulsating Current

I in + I o
little both

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

34

WORST-CASE DESIGN
The worst-case design should consider the ranges in which the input voltage and the output load vary. As mentioned earlier, often converters above a few tens of watts are designed to operate in CCM. To ensure CCM even under very light load conditions would require prohibitively large inductance. Hence, the inductance value chosen is often no larger than three times the critical inductance ( L < 3Lc ) , where, as discussed in section 3-15, the critical inductance Lc is the value of the inductor that will make the converter operate at the border of CCM and DCM at full-load.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

35

SYNCHRONOUS-RECTIFIED BUCK CONVERTER FOR VERY LOW OUTPUT VOLTAGES

q+

T+
q+ Vin iL

0
vA

DTs Vin

Ts

T
q

0
vA Vo iL

Vo

t
IL

0
(a)

t t =0
(b)

Figure 3-17 Buck converter: synchronous rectified.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

36

INTERLEAVING OF CONVERTERS

q1
+

iL1 iL 2
+ Vo

Vin

q2
0

q1

q2

(a)
Figure 3-18 Interleaving of converters.

(b)

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

37

REGULATION OF DC-DC CONVERTERS BY PWM


V r

Vin

dc-dc converter topology

vc (t )

Vo
0
q (t )

vr d Ts

t
Ts

controller

1
t

Vo , ref

(a)

(b)
Figure 3-19 Regulation of output by PWM.

d (t ) =

vc ( t ) V r

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

38

DYNAMIC AVERAGE REPRESENTATION OF CONVERTERS IN CCM


ivp icp
vcp I vp I cp Vvp

ivp icp

vvp

Vcp

vvp

vcp
1: d (t )

vc (t )
vr (t )

q (t )

1: D

(a)

(b)

vc (t )

1
^

Vr

(c)

Figure 3-20 Average dynamic model of a switching power-pole.

Vcp = DVvp I vp = D I o
Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

vcp (t ) = d (t ) vvp (t )
ivp (t ) = d (t ) icp (t )
39

Average dynamic models of three converters

iL

iL

iL
A

Vin

(a) Vin
q

vL

vo

Vo

Vin
q iL p q

Vo
iL

iL vo
1: d (t )

Vin

(b) Vin

vo
p 1: (1 d (t ))

Vin vo
1: d (t )

Figure 3-21 Average dynamic models: Buck (left), Boost (middle) and Buck-Boost (right).

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

40

PSpice Modeling: Buck-Boost_Avg_CCM.sch

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

41

PSpice Modeling: Buck-Boost_Switching_LoadTransient.sch

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

42

Simulation Results
40

20

-20

-40 0s I(L1)

0.5ms 1.0ms V(L1:1,L1:2)

1.5ms

2.0ms

2.5ms Time

3.0ms

3.5ms

4.0ms

4.5ms

5.0ms

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

43

BI-DIRECTIONAL SWITCHING POWER-POLE


Buck Boost iL Buck Boost

q =1

q = 0( q = 1) Vin
q

Vin
q

Vin q = (1 q ) (a)
q

q=0

q = 1( q = 0) q

q (b) iL = positive

(c) iL = negative

Figure 3-22 Bi-directional power flow through a switching power-pole.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

44

Average dynamic model of the switching power-pole with bi-directional power flow
Buck Boost iL q =1 iL iL

Vin
q

Vin

q = (1 q ) (a)

(b)

1: d (c)

Figure 3-23

Average dynamic model of the switching power-pole with bi-directional power flow.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

45

DISCONTINUOUS-CONDUCTION MODE (DCM)


iL1 iL ,cri iL iL 2 I L1 IL2 I L ,crit
t

Figure 3-24 Inductor current at various loads; duty-ratio is kept constant.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

46

Critical Inductor Currents and Load Resistances


I L ,crit ,Buck = Vin D (1 D ) 2 Lf s Vin D 2 Lf s

I L ,crit ,Boost = I L ,crit ,Buck -Boost =

Rcrit , Buck = Rcrit , Boost Rcrit , Buck Boost

2 Lf s (1 D ) 2 Lf s = D (1 D ) 2 2 Lf s = (1 D ) 2

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

47

Buck converter in DCM

vA

Vin

Vo
t Ts

Vo Vin
1 D

iL
0

I L

D 1

Doff ,1

Doff ,2

t Ts

IL
DCM

I L,crit

CCM

(a)

(b)

Figure 3-25 Buck converter in DCM.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

48

Boost Converters in DCM

vA

Vo

Vin
t Ts

Vo Vin

iL
0

I L
t Ts

1 1 D
1 0

D 1

Doff ,1

Doff ,2

DCM

I L ,crit

CCM

IL

(a)

(b)

Figure 3-26 Boost converter in DCM.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

49

Buck-Boost converter in DCM


vA

Vin + Vo

Vo
t Ts

Vo Vin

iL
0

I L

D 1 D
0

D 1

Doff ,1

Doff ,2

(a)

t Ts

DCM

I L, crit

CCM

IL

(b)

Figure 3-27 Buck-Boost converter in DCM.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

50

Table 3-2 vk and ik Converter Buck Boost Buck-Boost


vk
2 Lf s iL 1 vo ( V v ) d in o 2 Lf s iL 1 (Vin v0 ) Vin d 2 Lf s iL 1 vo Vin d

ik
d2 (Vin v0 ) diL 2 Lf s d2 Vin diL 2 Lf s d2 Vin diL 2 Lf s

ivp vvp

vk

icp
vcp

icp

vk

ivp

ik
1: d (t )
(a) Buck and Buck-Boost

vcp (1 d ) :1
(b) Boost

ik

vvp

Figure 3-28 Average representation of a switching power-pole valid in CCM and DCM.

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

51

Summary

Application Use of Switching Power Pole Various DC-DC Converters Steady State Operation Average Representation for Dynamic Operation Design Considerations DCM Operating Mode
52

Copyright Ned Mohan 2008

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