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Chapter 3
Power Electronics
Chapter 3
3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-11 3-12 3-13 3-14 3-15
DC-DC Converters Switching Power-Pole in DC Steady State Simplifying Assumptions Common Operating Principles Buck Converter Switching Analysis in DC Steady State Boost Converter Switching Analysis in DC Steady State Buck-Boost Converter Switching Analysis in DC Steady State Topology Selection Worst-Case Design Synchronous-Rectified Buck Converter for Very Low Output Voltages Interleaving of Converters Regulation of DC-DC Converters by PWM Dynamic Average Representation of Converters in CCM Bi-Directional Switching Power-Pole
Vin
Vo
Vin , Vo
I in , I o
controller
Vo , ref (b)
(a)
Vin
iL vL
0 B
iL 0 q (a) (b)
t
In Steady State:
vL A
t
DTs Ts
Vin
iL vL
0 B
iL 0 q (a ) (b)
t
iL(t) = iL(t Ts )
Copyright Ned Mohan 2008
iL ( Ts )
diL vL = L dt
iL (0)
1 vL dt = 0 L0
Copyright Ned Mohan 2008
Ts
1 VL = vL dt = 0 Ts 0
Ts
vL
A
t
DTs Ts
Vin
iL vL
0 B
iL 0 q (a) (b)
t
dvC iC = C dt
vC ( Ts )
vC (0)
1 I C = iC dt = 0 Ts 0
Ts
Instantaneous:
i
k k
=0 =0
Average:
I v
k k
=0 =0
9
Average:
Example 3-1
If the current waveform in steady state in an inductor of 50 H is as shown in Fig. 3-3a, calculate the inductor voltage waveform vL (t ) .
Solution
di (4 3) 1 A = = . Therefore, dt 3 3 s
di (3 4) 1 A = = . Therefore, dt 2 2 s
di 1 = 50 ( ) = 25V . dt 2
3A
(a )
3 s
5 s
vL
16.67V
( b)
t 25V
10
Example 3-2
The capacitor current iC , shown in Fig. 3-4a, is flowing through a capacitor of 100 F . Calculate the peak-peak ripple in the capacitor voltage waveform due to this ripple current.
Solution For the given capacitor current waveform, the capacitor voltage waveform, as shown in Fig. 3-4b, is at its minimum at time t1 , prior to which the capacitor current has been negative. This voltage waveform reaches its peak at time t2 , beyond which the current becomes negative. The hatched area in Fig. 3-4a equals the charge Q
Q = iC dt =
t1 t2
0 0.5 A
3 s 2.5 s
t
2 s
vC ,ripple V p p t
( b)
t1
t2
11
12
Vin
vA q
vL
iC
Io
Vin Vo
vA
0
VA = Vo
t
Vo = VA = DVin
(a)
iL
vL
A (V V ) in o
0
(Vo )
B
Vin
vA
vL
Vo
iL ,ripple
0
iL
t
iL =
q =1
vL = Vin Vo (b)
iL
0
Vin
vA
vL = Vo
iL
I L = Io I in
I L = Io =
t
Vo R
Vin I in = Vo I o I in = DI L = DI o
iC (t ) iL ,ripple (t )
13
Vo
iin
0
q=0
vA = 0
(c)
Figure 3-5 Buck dc-dc converter.
(d)
Example 3-3
dc steady state under the following conditions: Vin = 20V , D = 0.6 , Po = 14 W , and
f s = 200 kHz . Assuming ideal components, calculate and draw the waveforms shown
Fig. 3-6
earlier in Fig. 3-5d. Solution With f s = 200 kHz , Ts = 5 s and Ton = DTs = 3 s . Vo = DVin = 12V .
The inductor voltage vL fluctuates between (Vin Vo ) = 8V and ( Vo ) = 12 V , as shown in Fig. 3-6.
3 s
t
5 s
V A = Vo = 12V
vA
0
Vin = 20
t
(Vin Vo ) = 8V
vL
0
Vo = 12V
t
0.5 A
0.5
iL ,ripple
0
iL =1A L
t
0.5 0.5 A
1.5 1.667 A
iL
0
0.667 A 0.5
I L = I 0 = 1.167 A
I L = I o = 1A
1.51.667 A
iin
Copyright Ned Mohan 2008
0
I in = 0.6 A
0.667 A
I in = 0.7 A
0.5
t 14
15
Simulation Results
16
12
-4
-8 450us I(C1)
465us
470us
475us Time
480us
485us
490us
495us
500us
16
iL
iL C vL
Vo
vL
Vo
Vin Vin
(a)
(b)
17
vL = Vin Vin
iL vA = 0
t
Vo v A = Vin
Vo
vA
0
Vo 1 = Vin 1 D
t
A
Vin
vL
0
t
(Vo Vin )
q =1
(a)
iL ,ripple
0
iL
iL =
t
iL
Vin I in = Vo I o
I L = I in =
iL
0
IL I diode (= I o )
Vo Vin
vL = Vin Vo v A = Vo
idiode
0
t t
iC
q=0
( I0 ) (b) (c)
Figure 3-8 Boost converter: operation and waveforms.
18
Example 3-4 In a Boost converter of Fig. 3-8a, the inductor current has iL = 2 A . It is operating in dc steady state under the following conditions: Vin = 5V , Vo = 12V ,
Po = 11W , and f s = 200 kHz . (a) Assuming ideal components, calculate L and draw the
waveforms as shown in Fig. 3-8c. Solution From Eq. 3-19, the duty-ratio D = 0.583 . With f s = 200 kHz , Ts = 5 s and
Ton = DTs = 2.917 s . vL fluctuates between Vin = 5V and (Vo Vin ) = 7V .
Using the
The average inductor current is I L = I in = Pin ( = Po ) / Vin = 2.2 A , and iL = I L + iL,ripple . When the transistor is on, the diode current is zero; otherwise idiode = iL . The average diode current is equal to the average output current:
I diode = I o = (1 D ) I in = 0.917 A .
The capacitor current is iC = idiode I o . When the transistor is on, the diode current is zero and iC = I o = 0.917 A . The capacitor current jumps to a value of 2.283 A and drops to 1 0.917 = 0.083 A .
Copyright Ned Mohan 2008
19
q
0
3 2.917 s s
5 s
t
v A = Vin = 5V
vA
0
Vo = 12V
t
Vin = 5V
vL
0
t
iL = 2 A
iL ,ripple
0
(Vo Vin ) = 7V 1A
1 A
t
3.2 A 1.2 A 3.2 A 1.2 A I L = 2.2 A
iL = iin
0
t
I diode ( = I o ) = 0.917 A
idiode
0
iC
0
20
21
Simulation Results
15
10
-5
-10
1.955ms V(L1:1,L1:2)
1.960ms
1.965ms
1.970ms
1.975ms Time
1.980ms
1.985ms
1.990ms
1.995ms
2.000ms
22
Vo Vin
1 1 D
1 0
IL DCM
I L ,crit
CCM
23
iL
A vL vA q
Vin
vA
Io Vo
Vin
vL
Io
iL
Vo
24
v A = Vin + Vo
DTs Ts
vA
(Vin + Vo ) VA = Vo
Vin
iin
iL
vL = Vin
Io
Vo
t
A
Vo Vin
vL
0
t
B
Vo D = Vin 1 D
iL = Vin V DTs = o (1 D )Ts L L
(a)
vA = 0 iL , ripple
0
iL
iin Vin vL = Vo
iL
iL
Io
Vo
IL I diode (= I o )
idiode (b)
0
t t t
I L = I in + I o Vin I in = Vo I o V D I in = o I o = Io 1 D Vin
I L = I in + I o = 1 1 Vo Io = 1 D 1 D R
iC ( I 0 0 ) (c)
Figure 3-12 Buck-Boost converter: operation and waveforms.
iC (t ) idiode ,ripple (t )
Copyright Ned Mohan 2008
25
Example 3-5 A Buck-Boost converter of 3-11b is operating in dc steady state under the following conditions: Vin = 14V , Vo = 42V , Po = 21W , iL = 1.8 A and f s = 200 kHz . Assuming ideal components, calculate L and draw the waveforms as shown in Fig. 312c. Solution Eq. 3-28
L= Vin DTs = 29.17 H . iL I o = Po / Vo = 0.5 A .
Fig. 3-13. The inductor voltage vL fluctuates between Vin = 14V and Vo = 42V . Using
Therefore,
I L = I in + I o = 2 A . When the transistor is on, the diode current is zero; otherwise idiode = iL .
The average diode current is equal to the average output current: I diode = I o = 0.5 A . The capacitor current is iC = idiode I o . When the transistor is on, the diode current is zero and
iC = I o = 0.5 A . 1.1 0.5 = 0.6 A .
26
q
0
3.75 s
t
5 s
vA
0
t
Vin = 14V
vL
0
t
Vo = 42V
iL ,ripple
0.9 A
0
0.9 A
iL = 1.8 A
t
2.9 A 1.1A I L = 2 A 2.9 A 1.1A
iL
0
idiode
0
I diode ( = I o ) = 0.5 A
t t
iC
0
27
28
Simulation Results
20
10
-10
-20
2.955ms V(L1:1,L1:2)
2.960ms
2.965ms
2.970ms
2.975ms Time
2.980ms
2.985ms
2.990ms
2.995ms
3.000ms
29
Vo Vin
D 1 D
0
DCM
I L ,crit
CCM
IL
30
31
vC
vL 2
idiode
(a)
Vin
q
iL 2
Vo
vC (b) Vin
q =1
vL 2
Vo
(c) Vin
q=0
vC vL 2 vL 2 = Vo
Vo
vL 2 = vC
DVin = (1 D )Vo
Copyright Ned Mohan 2008
Vo D = Vin 1 D
32
Cuk Converter
iL L1
vC
C
io
L2
(a) vC iin
Vin
q
Vo Io vC (c) iin io
io Vo
q =1
Figure 3-16 Cuk converter.
(b) Vin
Vin
Vo
q=0
DI o = (1 D ) I in
Copyright Ned Mohan 2008
I in D = Io 1 D
Vo D = Vin 1 D
33
TOPOLOGY SELECTION
Criterion Buck Boost Buck-Boost
Transistor V
Transistor I
Vin Io
DI o
Vo I in
DI in
(Vin + Vo ) I in + I o D ( I in + I o )
D ( I in + I o ) (1 D ) ( I in + I o )
I rms
I avg
DI o (1 D) I o Io
significant input
DI in (1 D) I in I in
little output
IL
Effect of L on C Pulsating Current
I in + I o
little both
34
WORST-CASE DESIGN
The worst-case design should consider the ranges in which the input voltage and the output load vary. As mentioned earlier, often converters above a few tens of watts are designed to operate in CCM. To ensure CCM even under very light load conditions would require prohibitively large inductance. Hence, the inductance value chosen is often no larger than three times the critical inductance ( L < 3Lc ) , where, as discussed in section 3-15, the critical inductance Lc is the value of the inductor that will make the converter operate at the border of CCM and DCM at full-load.
35
q+
T+
q+ Vin iL
0
vA
DTs Vin
Ts
T
q
0
vA Vo iL
Vo
t
IL
0
(a)
t t =0
(b)
36
INTERLEAVING OF CONVERTERS
q1
+
iL1 iL 2
+ Vo
Vin
q2
0
q1
q2
(a)
Figure 3-18 Interleaving of converters.
(b)
37
Vin
vc (t )
Vo
0
q (t )
vr d Ts
t
Ts
controller
1
t
Vo , ref
(a)
(b)
Figure 3-19 Regulation of output by PWM.
d (t ) =
vc ( t ) V r
38
ivp icp
vvp
Vcp
vvp
vcp
1: d (t )
vc (t )
vr (t )
q (t )
1: D
(a)
(b)
vc (t )
1
^
Vr
(c)
Vcp = DVvp I vp = D I o
Copyright Ned Mohan 2008
vcp (t ) = d (t ) vvp (t )
ivp (t ) = d (t ) icp (t )
39
iL
iL
iL
A
Vin
(a) Vin
q
vL
vo
Vo
Vin
q iL p q
Vo
iL
iL vo
1: d (t )
Vin
(b) Vin
vo
p 1: (1 d (t ))
Vin vo
1: d (t )
Figure 3-21 Average dynamic models: Buck (left), Boost (middle) and Buck-Boost (right).
40
41
42
Simulation Results
40
20
-20
-40 0s I(L1)
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms Time
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4.5ms
5.0ms
43
q =1
q = 0( q = 1) Vin
q
Vin
q
Vin q = (1 q ) (a)
q
q=0
q = 1( q = 0) q
q (b) iL = positive
(c) iL = negative
44
Average dynamic model of the switching power-pole with bi-directional power flow
Buck Boost iL q =1 iL iL
Vin
q
Vin
q = (1 q ) (a)
(b)
1: d (c)
Figure 3-23
Average dynamic model of the switching power-pole with bi-directional power flow.
45
46
2 Lf s (1 D ) 2 Lf s = D (1 D ) 2 2 Lf s = (1 D ) 2
47
vA
Vin
Vo
t Ts
Vo Vin
1 D
iL
0
I L
D 1
Doff ,1
Doff ,2
t Ts
IL
DCM
I L,crit
CCM
(a)
(b)
48
vA
Vo
Vin
t Ts
Vo Vin
iL
0
I L
t Ts
1 1 D
1 0
D 1
Doff ,1
Doff ,2
DCM
I L ,crit
CCM
IL
(a)
(b)
49
Vin + Vo
Vo
t Ts
Vo Vin
iL
0
I L
D 1 D
0
D 1
Doff ,1
Doff ,2
(a)
t Ts
DCM
I L, crit
CCM
IL
(b)
50
ik
d2 (Vin v0 ) diL 2 Lf s d2 Vin diL 2 Lf s d2 Vin diL 2 Lf s
ivp vvp
vk
icp
vcp
icp
vk
ivp
ik
1: d (t )
(a) Buck and Buck-Boost
vcp (1 d ) :1
(b) Boost
ik
vvp
Figure 3-28 Average representation of a switching power-pole valid in CCM and DCM.
51
Summary