Text No 1 2 " #

Text Types Expository Argumentative !escriptive Academic Narrative

Main Features This text presents facts on the how and why of an event and process

Narrative From $i%ipedia& the free encyc'opedia A narrative is a story that is created in a constructive format (as a wor% of speech& writing& song& fi'm& te'evision& video games& photography or theatre) that descri*es a se+uence of fictiona' or non,fictiona' events- The word derives from the .atin ver* narrare& /to recount/& and is re'ated to the ad0ective gnarus& /%nowing/ or /s%i''ed/-112 3'timate'y its origin is found in the 4roto,5ndo,European root gn-& /to %now/-122 The word /story/ may *e used as a synonym of /narrative/& *ut can a'so *e used to refer to the se+uence of events descri*ed in a narrative- A narrative can a'so *e to'd *y a character within a 'arger narrative- An important part of narration is the narrative mode& the set of methods used to communicate the narrative through a process narrationA'ong with exposition& argumentation and description& narration& *road'y defined& is one of four rhetorica' modes of discourse- More narrow'y defined& it is the fiction, writing mode where*y the narrator communicates direct'y to the reader6tories are an important aspect of cu'ture- Many wor%s of art and most wor%s of 'iterature te'' stories7 indeed& most of the humanities invo've stories- 8wen F'anagan of !u%e 3niversity& a 'eading consciousness researcher& writes that 9Evidence strong'y suggests that humans in a'' cu'tures come to cast their own identity in some sort of narrative form- $e are inveterate storyte''ers: ( Consciousness Reconsidered 1;<)-

6tories are of ancient origin& existing in ancient Egyptian& ancient =ree%& >hinese and 5ndian cu'ture- 6tories are a'so a u*i+uitous component of human communication& used as para*'es and examp'es to i''ustrate points- 6toryte''ing was pro*a*'y one of the ear'iest forms of entertainment- Narrative may a'so refer to psycho'ogica' processes in se'f,identity& memory and meaning,ma%ingContents 1hide2

1 >onceptua' issues 2 .iterary theory Narrative aesthetics " Narration as a fiction,writing mode # 4sycho'ogica' narrative ? Narrative case studies in the socia' sciences @ Aistoriography < 6ee a'so
o

<-1 8ther specific app'ications

; Beferences 1C Further reading 11 Externa' 'in%s

[edit] Conceptual issues 6emiotics *egins with the individua' *ui'ding *'oc%s of meaning ca''ed signs7 and semantics& the way in which signs are com*ined into codes to transmit messagesThis is part of a genera' communication system using *oth ver*a' and non,ver*a' e'emets& and creating a discourse with different moda'ities and forms-

5n On Realism in Art Boman Da%o*son argues that 'iterature does not exist as a separate entity- Ae and many other semioticians prefer the view that a'' texts& whether spo%en or written& are the same& except that some authors encode their texts with distinctive literary +ua'ities that distinguish them from other forms of discourse- Neverthe'ess& there is a c'ear trend to address 'iterary narrative forms as separa*'e from other forms- This is first seen in Bussian Forma'ism through Eictor 6h%'ovs%yFs ana'ysis of the re'ationship *etween composition and sty'e& and in the wor% of E'adimir 4ropp& who ana'ysed the p'ots used in traditiona' fo'%,ta'es and identified 1 distinct functiona' components- 1 2 This trend (or these trends) continued in the wor% of the 4rague 6choo' and of French scho'ars such as >'aude .Gvi, 6trauss and Bo'and Harthes- 5t 'eads to a structura' ana'ysis of narrative and an increasing'y inf'uentia' *ody of modern wor% that raises important epistemo'ogica' +uestionsI

$hat is text? $hat is its ro'e in the contextua' cu'tureJ Aow is it manifested as art& cinema& theatre& or 'iteratureJ $hy is narrative divided into different genres& such as poetry& short stories& and nove'sJ

$hy are narratives put into 'iteratureJ

[edit] Literary theory For genera' purposes in semiotics and 'iterary theory& a /narrative/ is a story or part of a story- 5t may *e spo%en& written or imagined& and it wi'' have one or more points of view representing some or a'' of the participants or o*servers- 5n stories to'd ora''y& there is a person te''ing the story& a narrator whom the audience can see andKor hear& who adds 'ayers of meaning to the text non,ver*a''y- The narrator a'so has the opportunity to monitor the audienceFs response to the story and modify the manner of the te''ing to c'arify content or enhance 'istener interest- This is distinguisha*'e from the written form in which the author must gauge the readersF 'i%e'y reactions when they are decoding the text and ma%e a fina' choice of words in the hope of achieving the desired response-

$hatever the form& the content may concern rea',wor'd peop'e and events7 this is termed /persona' experience narrative/- $hen the content is fictiona'& different conventions app'y- The text pro0ects a narrative voice& *ut the narrator *e'ongs to an invented or imaginary wor'd& not the rea' one- The narrator may *e one of the characters in the story- Bo'and Harthes descri*es such characters as /paper *eings/& and fiction comprises their narratives of persona' experience as created *y the author- $hen their thoughts are inc'uded& this is termed internal focalisationI when each characterFs mind focuses on a particu'ar event& the text ref'ects his or her reactions5n written forms the reader hears the narratorFs voice *oth through the choice of content and the sty'e L the author can encode voices for different emotions and situations& and the voices can *e either overt or covert L& and through c'ues that revea' the narratorFs *e'iefs& va'ues and ideo'ogica' stances& as we'' as the authorFs attitude towards peop'e& events and things- 5t is customary to distinguish a first, person from a third,person narrativeI =Grard =enette uses the terms homodiegetic and heterodiegetic narrative respective'y- A homodiegetic narrator descri*es his or her persona' and su*0ective experiences as a character in the story- 6uch a narrator cannot %now anything more a*out what goes on in the minds of any of the other characters than is revea'ed through their actions7 a heterodiegetic narrator descri*es the experiences of the characters who appear in the story and& if the storyFs events are seen through the eyes of a third,person interna' foca'iser& this is termed a figura' narrative- 5n some stories& the author may *e overt'y omniscient& and *oth emp'oy mu'tip'e points of view and comment direct'y on events as they occurTMvetan Todorov (1;?;) coined the term /narrato'ogy/ for the structura'ist ana'ysis of any given narrative into its constituent parts to determine their function(s) and re'ationships- For these purposes& the story is what is narrated as usua''y a chrono'ogica' se+uence of themes& motives and p'ot 'ines7 hence& the p'ot represents the 'ogica' and causa' structure of a story& exp'aining why its events occur- The term discourse is used to descri*e the sty'istic choices that determine how the narrative text or performance fina''y appears to the audience- 8ne of the sty'istic decisions may *e to present events in non,chrono'ogica' order& using f'ash*ac%s& for examp'e& to revea' motivations at a dramatic moment-

[edit] Narrative aesthetics The art of narrative is *y definition a high'y aesthetic enterprise- There are a num*er of aesthetic e'ements that typica''y interact in we'',deve'oped stories- 6uch e'ements inc'ude the essentia' idea of narrative structure& with identifia*'e *eginnings& midd'es and ends& or exposition,deve'opment,c'imax,denouement& with important inciting incidents& norma''y constructed into coherent p'ot 'ines7 a strong focus on tempora'ity that inc'udes retention of the past& attention to present action and protentionKfuture anticipation7 a su*stantia' focus on characters and characteriMation which is 9argua*'y the most important sing'e component of the nove': (!avid .odge The Art of Fiction ?@)7 a given heterg'oss of different voices dia'ogica''y at p'ay& 9the sound of the human voice& or many voices& spea%ing in a variety of accents& rhythms and registers: (.odge The Art of Fiction ;@7 see a'so the theory of Mi%hai' Ha%htin for expansion of this idea)7 possesses a narrator or narrator,'i%e voice& which *y definition 9addresses: and 9interacts with: reading audiences (see Beader Besponse theory)7 communicates with a $ayne Hooth,es+ue rhetorica' thrust& a dia'ectic process of interpretation& which is at times *eneath the surface& conditioning a p'otted narrative& and other at other times much more visi*'e& 9arguing: for and against various positions7 re'ies su*stantia''y on now,standard aesthetic figuration& particu'ar'y inc'uding the use of metaphor& metonymy& synecdoche and irony (see Aayden $hite& Metahistory for expansion of this idea)7 is often enmeshed in intertextua'ity& with copious connections& references& a''usions& simi'arities& para''e's& etc- to other 'iteratures7 and common'y demonstrates an effort toward bildungsroman& a description of identity deve'opment with an effort to evince becoming in character and community[edit] Narration as a fiction-writing mode As with many words in the Eng'ish 'anguage& narration has more than one meaning5n its *roadest context narration encompasses a'' written fictionAs one of the four rhetorica' modes of discourse& the purpose of narration is to te'' a story or to narrate an event or series of events- Narrative may exist in a variety of forms& inc'uding *iographies& anecdotes& short stories and nove's- 5n this context& a'' written fiction may *e viewed as narration-

Narrow'y defined& narration is the fiction,writing mode where*y the narrator is communicating direct'y to the reader- 5f& however& the *road definition of narration inc'udes a'' written fiction& and the narrow definition is 'imited mere'y to that which is direct'y communicated to the reader& what comprises the rest of written fictionJ The remainder of written fiction wou'd *e in the form of any of the other fiction,writing modes& such as description& exposition& summariMation& etc[edit] Psychological narrative $ithin phi'osophy of mind& the socia' sciences and various c'inica' fie'ds inc'uding medicine& narrative can refer to aspects of human psycho'ogy- 1"2 A persona' narrative process is invo'ved in a personFs sense of persona' or cu'tura' identity& and in the creation and construction of memories7 it is thought *y some to *e the fundamenta' nature of the se'f-1#21?2 The *rea%down of a coherent or positive narrative has *een imp'icated in the deve'opment of psychosis and menta' disorder& and its repair said to p'ay an important ro'e in 0ourneys of recovery-1@2 Narrative Therapy is a schoo' of (fami'y) psychotherapy5''ness narratives are a way for a person affected *y an i''ness to ma%e sense of his or her experiences-1<2 They typica''y fo''ow one of severa' set patternsI restitution& chaos& or uest narratives- 5n the restitution narrative& the person sees the i''ness as a temporary detour- The primary goa' is to return permanent'y to norma' 'ife and norma' hea'th- These may a'so *e ca''ed cure narrati!es- 5n the chaos narrative& the person sees the i''ness as a permanent state that wi'' inexora*'y get worse& with no redeeming virtues- This is typica' of diseases 'i%e A'MheimerFs diseaseI the patient gets worse and worse& and there is no hope of returning to norma' 'ife- The third ma0or type& the +uest narrative& positions the i''ness experience as an opportunity to transform onese'f into a *etter person through overcoming adversity and re,'earning what is most important in 'ife7 the physica' outcome of the i''ness is 'ess important than the spiritua' and psycho'ogica' transformation- This is typica' of the triumphant view of cancer survivorship in the *reast cancer cu'ture-1<2 [edit] Narrative case studies in the social sciences

Narrative is often used in case study research in the socia' sciences- Aere it has *een found that the dense& contextua'& and interpenetrating nature of socia' forces uncovered *y detai'ed narratives is often more interesting and usefu' for *oth socia' theory and socia' po'icy than other forms of socia' in+uiry- 4rominent socia' scientists have pointed out that a socia' science expressed in terms of narrative case studies wou'd provide *etter access for po'icy intervention than the present socia' science of varia*'es-1;2 [edit] Historiography 5n historiography& according to .awrence 6tone& narrative has traditiona''y *een the main rhetorica' device used *y historians- 5n 1;@;& at a time when the new 6ocia' Aistory was demanding a socia',science mode' of ana'ysis& 6tone detected a move *ac% toward the narrative- .awrence 6tone started it in 1;@;- Ae defined narrativeI it is organiMed chrono'ogica''y7 it is focused on a sing'e coherent story7 it is descriptive rather than ana'ytica'7 it is concerned with peop'e not a*stract circumstances7 and it dea's with the particu'ar and specific rather than the co''ective and statistica'- Ae reported that& /More and more of the Fnew historiansF are now trying to discover what was going on inside peop'eFs heads in the past& and what it was 'i%e to 'ive in the past& +uestions which inevita*'y 'ead *ac% to the use of narrative-/ 11C2 Aistorians committed to a socia' science approach& however& have criticiMed the narrowness of narrative and its preference for anecdote over ana'ysis& and c'ever examp'es rather than statistica' regu'arities-1112 [edit] See also

App'ied !rama >ase study Fiction,writing modes Fo'%'ore Nnow'edge management

Narrato'ogy Narrator Narreme as the *asic unit of narrative structure

8rganiMationa' storyte''ing 8rganiMation story

.iterary techni+ue Monogatari Narrative structure

4hronetic socia' science 6cenario 6toryte''ing

[edit] Other specific applications

A narrative case study is a case study that te''s a storyNarrative environment is a contested term that has *een used for techni+ues of architectura' or exhi*ition design in which Fstories are to'd in spaceF and a'so for the virtua' environments in which computer games are p'ayed and which are invented *y the computer game authors-

Narrative fi'm is fi'm which uses fi'med rea'ity to te'' a story& often as a feature fi'm-

Narrative history is a genre of factua' historica' writing that uses chrono'ogy as its framewor% (as opposed to a thematic treatment of a historica' su*0ect)-

Narrative poetry is poetry that te''s a storyA narrative verdict is a verdict avai'a*'e to coroners in Eng'and and $a'es fo''owing an in+uest-

Metanarrative& sometimes a'so %nown as master, or grand narrative& is a higher,'eve' cu'tura' narrative schema which orders and exp'ains %now'edge and experience youFve had in 'ife-

Text 1 : The Story of Bawang Merah and Bawang Putih

BAWANG Putih lived with her step mother and her step sister, Bawang Merah. Bawang Putih's mother died when she was a baby. Her ather remarried another woman and later her step sister was born. !n ortunately, not long a ter that her ather died. "in#e then, Bawang Putih's li e was sad. Her step mother and her step sister treated Bawang Putih badly and always as$ed her to do all the household #hores. %ne morning, Bawang Putih was washing some #lothes in a river. A##identally, her mother's #lothes were washed away by the river. "he was really worried so she wal$ed along the river side to ind the #lothes. &inally she met an old woman. "he said that she $ept the #lothes and would give them ba#$ to Bawang Putih i she helped the old woman do the household #hores. Bawang Putih helped her happily. A ter everything was inished, the old woman returned the #lothes. "he also gave Bawang Putih a gi t. 'he old woman had two pump$ins, one pump$in was small and the other one was big. Bawang Putih had to #hoose one. Bawang Putih was not a greedy girl. "o she too$ the small one. A ter than$ing the old woman, Bawang Putih then went home. When she arrived home, her step mother and Bawang Merah were angry. 'hey had been waiting or her all day long. Bawang Putih then told about the #lothes, the old woman, and the pump$in. Her mother was really angry so she grabbed the pump$in and smashed it to the loor. "uddenly they all were surprised. (nside the pump$in they ound )ewelries. *Bawang Merah, hurry up. Go to the river and throw my #lothes into the water. A ter that, ind the old woman. +emember, you have to ta$e the big pump$in,* the step mother as$ed Bawang Merah to do e,a#tly the same as Bawang Putih's e,perien#e. Bawang Merah immediately went to the river. "he threw the #lothes and pretended to sear#h them. Not long a ter that, she met the old woman. Again she as$ed Bawang Merah to do household #hores. "he re used and as$ed the old woman to give her a big pump$in. 'he old woman then gave her the big one. Bawang Merah was so happy. "he ran very ast. When she arrived home, her mother was impatient. "he dire#tly smashed the pump$in to the loor. 'hey were s#reaming. 'here were a lot o sna$es inside the pump$in-

'hey were really s#ared. 'hey were a raid the sna$es would bite them. *Mom, ( thin$ God )ust punished us. We had done bad things to Bawang Putih. And God didn't li$e that. We have to apologi.e to Bawang Putih,* said Bawang Merah. &inally both o them reali.ed their mista$es. 'hey apologi.ed and Bawang Putih orgave them. Now the amily is not poor anymore. Bawang Putih de#ided to sell all the )ewelries and used the money or their daily lives. "our#e/ www.elra..#o.##0english1te,ts0te$s1monolog0narrative0221bawang1merah1and1 bawang1putih.html

Reading a Narrative
Narrative is the most famous type of any text. Various purposes are communicated in a narrative type. However the way it is constructed is describing certain event, character or phenomenon in detail. Narrative prefer showing to telling and that the power of narrative. Reader will feel as he show by him self what happen in the text. Actually narrative can be fiction such as short story or novel and non-fiction li e memoirs. According to !adison smart "ell, the narrative design, or what we call form or structure, is of first and final importance to any wor of fiction. #n that structure, we will find elements of story$ characteri%ation, point of view, theme and plot. &lot is the way of the story constructed. 'hen we read a text, we can call it narrative as we see the following generic structure inside the text( Orientation$ the introduction of what is inside the text. 'hat text is tal in general. 'ho involves in the text. 'hen and where it happen. Compli ation$ what happens with the participants. #t explores the conflict among the participants. )omplication is the main element of narrative. 'ithout complication, the text is not narrative. *he conflict can be shown as natural, social or psychological conflict. Re!olution$ this is the phase where the participants solve the problem aroused by the conflict. #t is not matter whether the participants succeed or fail. *he point is the conflict becomes ended. Now let+s read the following example of narrative text ,Story of Ra""it and Bear -nce upon a time, there lived as neighbours, a bear and a rabbit. *he rabbit is a good shot. #n contrary, the bear is always clumsy ad could not use the arrow to good advantage. -ne day, the bear called over the rabbit and as ed the rabbit to ta e his bow and arrows and came with bear to the other side of the hill. *he rabbit was fearing to arouse the bear+s anger so he could not refuse it. He consented and went with the bear and shot enough buffalo to satisfy the hungry family. #ndeed he shot and illed so many that there was lots of meat left after the bear and his family had loaded themselves and pac ed all they could carry home.

*he bear was very gluttonous and did not want the rabbit to get any of the meat. *h e rabbit could not even taste the blood from the butchering as the bear would throw earth on the blood and dry it up. *he poor rabbit would have to go home hungry after his hard day+s wor . *he bear was the father of five children. *he youngest child was very ind to the rabbit. He was very hearty eater. *he mother bear always gave him an extra large piece of meat but the youngest child did not eat it. He would ta e it outside with him and pretended to play ball with the meat. He ic ed toward the rabbit+s house and when he got close to the door he would give the meat with such a great ic . *he meat would fly into the rabbit+s house. #n this way, the poor rabbit would get his meal un nown to the papa bear.

Text Narrative # Timun $ma!

-ne night, while they were praying, "uto #.o a giant with supranatural powers passed their house. He heard they pray. /0on+t worry farmers. # can give you a child. "ut you have to give me that child when she is 12 years old,/ said "uto #.o. *he farmers were so happy. *hey did not thin about the ris of losing their child letter and agree to ta e the offer. 3ater, "uto #.o gave them a bunch of cucumber seeds. *he farmers planted them carefully. *hen the seeds changed into plants. No longer after that, a big golden cucumber grew from plants. After it had ripe, the farmers pic ed and cut it. *hey were very surprised to see beautiful girl inside the cucumber. *hey named her *imun !as or 4olden )ucumber. 5ears passed by and *imun !as has changed into a beautiful girl. -n her 12th birthday, *imun !as was very happy. However, the parents were very sad. *hey new they had to eep their promise to "uto #.o the giant but they also did not want to lose their beloved daughter. /!y daughter, ta e this bag. #t can save you from the giant,/ said father. /'hat do you mean, 6ather7 # don+t understand,/ said *imun !as. Right after that, "uto #.o came into their house. /Run *imun !as. 8ave your life,/ said the mother. "uto i.o was angry. He new the farmers wanted to brea their promise. He chased *imun !as away. "uto #.o was getting closer and closer. *imun !as then opened the bag and threw a handful of salt. #t became sea. "uto #.o had to swim to cross the sea. 3ater, *imun !as threw some chilly. #t became a .ungle with trees. *he trees had sharp thorns so they hurt "uto #.o. However, he was still able to chase *imun !as. *imun !as too her third magic stuff. #t was cucumber seeds. 8he threw them and became cucumber field. "ut "uto #.o still could escape from the field. *hen it was the last magic stuff she had in the bag. #t was a shrimp paste or terasi. 8he threw it and became a big swamp. "uto #.o was still trying to swim the swamp but he was very tired. *hen he was drowning and died. *imun !as then immediately went home. *he farmers were so happy that they finally together again. 8ource( www.elra%.co.cc9english-texts9te s-monolog9narrative92:-timun-mas.html

Narrative # Romeo and %uliet

#n the town of Verona there lived two families, the )apulets and the !ontagues. *hey engaged in a bitter feud. Among the !ontagues was Romeo, a hot-blooded young man with an eye for the ladies. -ne day, Romeo attended the feast of the )apulets+, a costume party where he expected to meet his love, Rosaline, a haughty beauty from a well-to-do family. -nce there, however, Romeo+s eyes felt upon ;uliet, and he thought of Rosaline no more. *he vision of ;uliet had been invading his every thought. <nable to sleep, Romeo returned late that night to the ;uliet+s bedroom window. *here, he was surprised to find ;uliet on the balcony, professing her love for him and wishing that he were not a /!ontague/, a name behind his own. /'hat+s in a name7 *hat which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet./ Romeo was ready to deny his name and professed his love. *he two agreed to meet at nine o-cloc the next morning to be married. =arly the next morning, Romeo came to 6riar 3awrence begging the friar to marry him to ;uliet. *he 6riar performed the ceremony, praying that the union might someday put an end to the feud between the two families. He advised Romeo ept the marriage a secret for a time. -n the way home, Romeo chanced upon his friend !ercutio arguing with *ybalt, a member of the )apulet clan. *hat >urreling last caused !er>uito died. Romeo was reluctant no longer. He drew his sword and slew *ybalt died. Romeo reali%ed he had made a terrible mista e. *hen 6riar 3awrence advised Romeo to travel to !antua until things cool down. He promised to inform ;uliet. #n the other hand, ;uliet+s father had decided the time for her to marry with &aris. ;uliet consulted 6riar 3awrence and made a plot to ta e a sleeping potion for ;uliet which would simulate death for three days. *he plot proceeded according to the plan. ;uliet was sleeping in death. <nfortunately, *he 6riar+s letter failed to reach Romeo. <nder the cover of dar ness, he bro e into ;uliet+s tomb. Romeo issed the lips of his ;uliet one last time and dran the poison. !eanwhile, the effects of the sleeping potion wear off. ;uliet wo e up calling for Romeo. 8he found her love next to her but was lying dead, with a cup of poison in his hand. 8he tried to iss the poison from his lips, but failed. *hen ;uliet put out his dagger and plunged it into her breast. 8he died

Narrative Text &The Story of 'a(e To"a&

-nce upon a time, there was a man who was living in north 8umatra. He lived in a simple hut in a farming field. *he did some gardening and fishing for his daily life. -ne day, while the man was do fishing, he caught a big golden fish in his trap. #t was the biggest catch which he ever had in his life. 8urprisingly, this fish turned into a beautiful princess. He felt in love with her and proposed her to be his wife. 8he said$ /5es, but you have to promise not to tell anyone about the secret that # was once a fish, otherwise there will be a huge disaster/. *he man made the deal and they got married, lived happily and had a daughter. 6ew years later, this daughter would help bringing lunch to her father out in the fields. -ne day, his daughter was so hungry and she ate his father?s lunch. <nfortunately, he found out and got furious, and shouted$ @5ou damned daughter of a fishA. *he daughter ran home and as ed her mother. *he mother started crying, felt sad that her husband had bro e his promise. *hen she told her daughter to run up the hills because a huge disaster was about to come. 'hen her daughter left, she prayed. 8oon there was a big earth>ua e followed by non-stop pouring rain. *he whole area got flooded and became *oba 3a e. 8he turned into a fish again and the man became the island of 8amosir.

Narrative )naly!i! on Malin *undang Story

he !yth of !alin "undang A 'ong time ago& in a sma'' vi''age near the *each in $est 6umatra& a woman and her son 'ived- They were Ma'in Nundang and her mother- Aer mother was a sing'e parent *ecause Ma'in NundangFs father had passed away when he was a *a*yMa'in Nundang had to 'ive hard with his motherMa'in Nundang was a hea'thy& di''igent& and strong *oy- Ae usua''y went to sea to catch fish- After getting fish he wou'd *ring it to his mother& or so'd the caught fish in the town8ne day& when Ma'in Nundang was sai'ing& he saw a merchantFs ship which was *eing raided *y a sma'' *and of pirates- Ae he'ped the merchant- $ith his *rave and power& Ma'in Nundang defeated the pirates- The merchant was so happy and than%ed to him- 5n return the merchant as%ed Ma'in Nundang to sai' with him- To get a *etter 'ife& Ma'in Nundang agreed- Ae 'eft his mother a'oneMany years 'ater& Ma'in Nundang *ecame wea'thy- Ae had a huge ship and was he'ped *y many ship crews 'oading trading goods- 4erfect'y he had a *eautifu' wife too- $hen he was sai'ing his trading 0ourney& his ship 'anded on a *each near a sma'' vi''age- The vi''agers recogniMed him- The news ran fast in the town7 9Ma'in Nundang has *ecome rich and now he is here:An o'd woman ran to the *each to meet the new rich merchant- 6he was Ma'in Nundangs mother- 6he wanted to hug him& re'eased her sadness of *eing 'one'y after so 'ong time- 3nfortunate'y& when the mother came& Ma'in Nundang who was in front of his we'' dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that o'd 'one'y woman- For three times her mother *egged Ma'in Nundang and for three times he ye''ed at her- At 'ast Ma'in Nundang said to her /Enough& o'd womanO 5 have never had a mother 'i%e you& a dirty and ug'y womanO/ After that he ordered his crews to set sai'- Ae wou'd 'eave the o'd mother again *ut in that time she was fu'' of *oth sadness and angrinessFina''y& enraged& she cursed Ma'in Nundang that he wou'd turn into a stone if he didnFt apo'ogiMe- Ma'in Nundang 0ust 'aughed and rea''y set sai'-

5n the +uiet sea& sudden'y a thunderstorm came- Ais huge ship was wrec%ed and it was too 'ate for Ma'in Nundang to apo'ogiMe- Ae was thrown *y the wave out of his ship- Ae fe'' on a sma'' is'and- 5t was rea''y too 'ate for him to avoid his curse6udden'y& he turned into a stone(Be,written from www-st-rim-or-0p) Narrative #nalysis on $eneric Structure Many *e'ieve that a story can teach a society certain mora' va'ue- Most stories are *ui'd in narrative- Hecause it is a narrative story& it must consists of comp'icationThat comp'ication& in fact& is the mora' va'ue which 'i%e to *e taughtOrientation7 the first paragraph is set to *e the story introduction- Beading the orientation& reader wi'' %now that the story is characteriMed with Ma'in Nundang and his mother$es 6umatra is set as the p'aceComplication7 this is the main e'ement of narrative story- From the Ma'in Nundang myth& we %now that there are more than one comp'ication- Many stories are composed with mu'ti comp'ications- They are minor comp'ication and ma0or comp'ication- $hen Ma'in Nundang and her mother did 'ife hard& it can *e the minor comp'ication- this hard 'ife in the first time was so'ved *y his successfu' trading as new merchant- Aowever this narrative sotry is more interesting when we see the ma0or comp'ication among the participants, Ma'in Nundang denied his mother after *eing successfu' merchant- 5n every story& comp'ication must *e ended7 happy ending or sad one %esolution7 this is the end of the story& the sad ending one- Ma'in Nundang faces his curse of turning into a stone

$xample of Narrative Text+ The Smarte!t Parrot

-nce upon time, a man had a wonderful parrot. *here was no other parrot li e it. *he parrot could say every word, except one word. *he parrot would not say the name of the place where it was born. *he name of the place was )atano. *he man felt excited having the smartest parrot but he could not understand why the parrot would not say )atano. *he man tried to teach the bird to say )atano however the bird ept not saying the word. At the first, the man was very nice to the bird but then he got very angry. @5ou stupid bird,A pointed the man to the parrot. @'hy can?t you say the word7 8ay )atano, -r # will ill youA the man said angrily. Although he tried hard to teach, the parrot would not say it. *hen the man got so angry and shouted to the bird over and over$ @8ay )atano or #?ll ill youA. *he bird ept not to say the word of )atano. -ne day, after he had been trying so many times to ma e the bird say )atano, the man really got very angry. He could not bear it. He pic ed the parrot and threw it into the chic en house. *here were four old chic ens for next dinner @5ou are as stupid as the chic ens. ;ust stay with themA 8aid the man angrily. *hen he continued to humble$ @5ou now, # will cut the chic en for my meal. Next it will be your turn, # will eat you too, stupid parrotA. After that he left the chic en house. *he next day, the man came bac to the chic en house. He opened the door and was very surprised. He could not believe what he saw at the chic en house. *here were three death chic ens on the floor. At the moment, the parrot was standing proudly and screaming at the last old chic en$ @8ay )atano or #?ll ill youA. Note! on Narrative Text #t is important to now that the social function of the narrative text is to inform and entertain. Narrative text will tell the story with amusing way. #t provides an esthetic literary experience to the reader. Narrative text is written based on life experience. #n literary term, experience is

what we do, feel, hear, read, even what we dream. Narrative text is organi%ed focusing at character oriented. #t is build using descriptive familiar language and dialogue. *here are some genres of literary text which fit to be classified as the narrative text. 8ome of them are(

6ol tales, it includes fables, legend, myth, or realistic tales !ysteries, fantasy, science or realistic fiction

)ommonly, narrative text is organi%ed by the story of grammar. #t will be beginning, middle and end of the story. *o build this story grammar, narrative text need plot. *his plot will determine the >uality of the story. &lot is a series of episodes which holds the reader? attention while they are reading the story. )onflict is the main important element of the plot. *his conflict among the characters will drive the story progress. #n this conflict, readers will be shown how the characters face the problem and how they have ability to handle that problem Analysis the 4eneric 8tructure -rientation( #t sets the scene and introduces the participants9characters. #n that parrot story, the first paragraph is the orientation where reader finds time and place set up and also the participant as the bac ground of the story. A man and his parrot too place once time. )omplication( #t explores the conflict in the story. #t will show the crisis, rising crisis and climax of the story. #n the parrot story, paragraph B, C, D are describing the complication. Readers will find that the man face a problem of why the parrot can not say )atano. *o fix this problem, the man attempted to teach the bird. How hard he tried to teach the bird is the excitement element of the complication. Resolution( #t shows the situation which the problems have been resolved. #t must be our note that @resolvedA means accomplished whether succeed or fail. #n the last paragraph of the smartest parrot story, readers see the problem is finished. *he parrot could tal the word which the man wanted. *he parrot said the word with higher degree than the man taught the word to it. *hat was the smartest parrot.

T$,T T-P$S+ a omplete overview

"ased on generic structure and language feature dominantly used, texts are divided into several types. *hey are narrative, recount, descriptive, report, explanation, analytical exposition, hortatory exposition, procedure, discussion, review, anecdote, spoof, and news item. *hese variations are nown as 4=NR=8. N)RR)T./$ &urpose( *o amuse9entertain the readers and to tell a story 4eneric 8tructure( 1. -rientation B. )omplication C. Resolution D. Reorientation 0ominant 3anguage 6eatures( 1. <sing &ast *ense B. <sing action verb C. )hronologically arranged R$CO0NT &urpose( to retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event 4eneric 8tructure( 1. -rientation B. =ventEsF C. Reorientation 0ominant 3anguage 6eatures( 1. <sing &ast *ense B. <sing action verb C. <sing ad.ectives Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. "oth are telling something in the past so narrative and recount usually apply &A8* *=N8=$ whether 8imple &ast *ense, 8imple &ast )ontinuous *ense, or &ast &erfect *ense. *he ways narrative and recount told are in chronological order using time or place. )ommonly narrative text is found in story boo $ myth, fable, fol lore, etc while recount text is found in biography. *he thing that ma es narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, social conflict or psychological conflict. #n some ways narrative text combines all these conflicts. #n the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount applies series of

event as the basic structure 1$SCR.PT./$ &urpose( to describe a particular person, place or thing in detail. 0ominant 4eneric 8tructure( 1. #dentification B. 0escription 3anguage 6eatures( 1. <sing 8imple &resent *ense B. <sing action verb C. <sing adverb D. <sing special technical terms R$PORT &urpose( to presents information about something, as it is. 4eneric 8tructure 1. 4eneral classification B. 0escription 0ominant 3anguage 6eature 1. #ntroducing group or general aspect B. <sing conditional logical connection C. <sing 8imple &resent *ense $,P')N)T.ON &urpose( *o explain the processes involved in the formation or wor ing of natural or sociocultural phenomena. 4eneric 8tructure( 1. 4eneral statement B. =xplanation C. )losing 0ominant 3anguage 6eatures( 1. <sing 8imple &resent *ense B. <sing action verbs C. <sing passive voice D. <sing noun phrase G. <sing adverbial phrase :. <sing technical terms 2. <sing general and abstract noun H. <sing con.unction of time and cause-effect. )N)'-T.C)' $,POS.T.ON &urpose( *o reveal the readers that something is the important case 4eneric 8tructure( 1. *hesis B. Arguments C. Reiteration9)onclusion 0ominant 3anguage 6eatures( 1. <sing modals B. <sing action verbs

C. <sing thin ing verbs D. <sing adverbs G. <sing ad.ective :. <sing technical terms 2. <sing general and abstract noun H. <sing connectives9transition 2ORT)TOR- $,POS.T.ON &urpose( to persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done 4eneric 8tructure( 1. *hesis B. Arguments C. Recommendation 0ominant 3anguage features( 1. <sing 8imple &resent *ense B. <sing modals C. <sing action verbs D. <sing thin ing verbs G. <sing adverbs :. <sing ad.ective 2. <sing technical terms H. <sing general and abstract noun I. <sing connectives9transition *hen what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. #n simple word. Analytical is the answer of /How is9will/ while hortatory is the answer of /How should/. Analytical exposition will be best to describe /How will student do for his examination7 *he point is the important thing to do. "ut for the >uestion/ How should student do for his exam7/ will be good to be answered with hortatory. #t is to convince that the thing should be done PROC$10R$ &urpose( to help readers how to do or ma e something completely 4eneric 8tructure( 1. 4oal9Aim B. !aterials9=>uipments C. 8teps9!ethods 0ominant 3anguage 6eatures( 1. <sing 8imple &resent *ense B. <sing #mperatives sentence C. <sing adverb D. <sing technical terms 1.SC0SS.ON &urpose( to present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue EJ6or9&ros? and JAgainst9)ons?F 4eneric 8tructure( 1. #ssue B. Arguments for and against C. )onclusion 0ominant 3anguage 6eatures(

1. <sing 8imple &resent *ense B. <se of relating verb9to be C. <sing thin ing verb D. <sing general and abstract noun G. <sing con.unction9transition :. <sing modality 2. <sing adverb of manner R$/.$3 &urpose( to criti>ue or evaluate an art wor or event for a public audience dominant 4eneric 8tructure( 1. -rientation B. =valuation C. #nterpretative Recount D. =valuation G. =valuative 8ummation 0ominant 3anguage features( 1. 6ocus on specific participants B. <sing ad.ectives C. <sing long and complex clauses D. <sing metaphor )N$C1OT$ &urpose( to share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident 4eneric 8tructure( 1. Abstract B. -rientation C. )risis D. Reaction G. )oda. 0ominant 3anguage 6eatures( 1. <sing exclamations, rhetorical >uestion or intensifiers B. <sing material process C. <sing temporal con.unctions SPOO4 &urpose( to tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers 4eneric 8tructure( 1. -rientation B. =ventEsF C. *wist 0ominant 3anguage 6eatures( 1. <sing &ast *ense B. <sing action verb C. <sing adverb D. )hronologically arranged N$3S .T$M &urpose( to inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

0ominant 4eneric 8tructure( 1. Newsworthy eventEsF B. "ac ground eventEsF C. 8ources 0ominant 3anguage 6eatures( 1. 8hort, telegraphic information about story captured in headline B. <sing action verbs C. <sing saying verbs D. <sing adverbs ( time, place and manner
http/00understandingte,t.blogspot.#om034450460te,t1types1#omplete1overview.html

Narrative $!!ay
As a mode of expository writing, the narrative approach, more than any other, offers writers a chance to thin and write about themselves. 'e all have experiences lodged in our memories, which are worthy of sharing with readers. 5et sometimes they are so fused with other memories that a lot of the time spent in writing narrative is in the prewriting stage. 'hen you write a narrative essay, you are telling a story. Narrative essays are told from a defined point of view, often the author+s, so there is feeling as well as specific and often sensory details provided to get the reader involved in the elements and se>uence of the story. *he verbs are vivid and precise. *he narrative essay ma es a point and that point is often defined in the opening sentence, but can also be found as the last sentence in the opening paragraph. 8ince a narrative relies on personal experiences, it often is in the form of a story. 'hen the writer uses this techni>ue, he or she must be sure to include all the conventions of storytelling( plot, character, setting, climax, and ending. #t is usually filled with details that are carefully selected to explain, support, or embellish the story. All of the details relate to the main point the writer is attempting to ma e.
http/00essayin o.#om0essays0narrative7essay.php

S(ill 4o u!: .dentifying text !tru ture 5 narrative !tru ture ST)6$ 758: Supporting $S' Student!
Strategy
*ext deconstruction 8tudents analyse published texts to identify purpose and structure in narratives

Controlled 9modelled:
Exploring metalanguage (QTF)

8tudents are given copy of a short narrative *he short narrative is provided on -H* or as an enlarged copy. *he teacher models how to identify and highlight the orientation, complication and resolution sections on the text. 8tudents are given this proforma(

view and print

*eacher models how to deconstruct the text by recording details of the components of the text in the proforma. $xploring deep (nowledge 9;T4:

*he teacher provides several orientations from a variety of narratives on AC paper. 8tudents analyse the text orientations to identify common and differing elements.