Comparative Account Of Heart:-

1) The heart is primarily a pulsating tube derived from the fusion of two veteline veins. It becomes divided into chambers called Atrium and Ventricles. 2) In addition to accessory chambers may be present called sinus venosus and conus arterioses respectively. 3) Cyclotomes and fishes have two chambered heart with one atrium and one ventricle. 4) Dipnol and Amphibians with three chambered heart have two artria and one ventricle. 5) The three chambered heart of reptile is like that of amphibians but an incomplete partition appears in the ventricle. 6) In crocodiles and Aligators this becomes complete forming a two chambered heart with two Artria and two Ventricles. 7) Birds and Mammals have four chambered Heart of various types which regulate the direction of blood flow. 8) Animals with two chambered heart have the single type of circulation in which only deoxygenated blood passes through the heart which pumps it to the gills for circulation.

Human Heart Viewed from the front, which means the right side of the heart is on the left of the diagram.

Development Of The Heart:1) The messenchyma of an embryo elongated below the pharynx in a group of a endo-cardiac cells which form two thin endothelial tubes. 2) The two endotheial tubles fused to form a single endo cardial tubles lying below the pharynx longitudinally 3)This splanchnic mesoderm present below the endoderm makes longitudinal around the endocardial tube. 4) The two layered tube thus formed eventually gives rise to heart. This splanchnic mesoderm thickens to form myocardium of epicardium, endocardial tube makes the lining of the heart of endocardium. 5) The folds of splanchnic mesoderm develope mesocardium on the dorsal side. The mesocardium suspends the heart in the body cavity. 6) The lower layer of mesoderm becomes the partial wall of peri-cardial cavity 7) The heart which is straight tube increases in length since its ends are fixed it becomes S shaped due to increase in length. 8) Three or Four chambered hearts are formed by differential thickening of its wall , constriction, partition and appearance of valves.

Aphioxus
Single median contractile vessel lies ventral to the pharynx is considered as one-chambered heart. It is spoken up as the branchial artery endostelar artery or tronchus arteriosum. It walls are provided with muscles which constracts more or less, rhythmically form posterior to anterior ends on either side of the vessel lateral branches arises which pass through the pri gill bars.

Cyclostomes: Heart is 2 chambered, athin walked atrium and the untrocle. A small aperture present between atrium and ventricle guarded by artio-ventricular values. Ventricle is provided with thick muscular walls. The lining of the ventricle is irregular and provided with top cord called corditendinal. From the ventricles, blood is forced through the poorly developed consus into the ventral which distributes it to the gills.

A thin walled sinus venosess less in the crevice between atrium through a small aperture guarded by a pair of syno-atrial values. This sinus venosus receives 3 vesselso A large common cardinal vein. o A small interior jugular vein. o A small hepatic heart.

Fishes:
Heart is 2 chambers consisting of atrium and ventricle but it varies from the cyclostomes in the relative position of the atrium and ventricle, arrangement of veins and arrangement of values in the lonus arteriosus. Single type of circulation occurs. The Semilunar values which prevents the backward flow of blood into the heart are most numerous in the Elasmobranches.

Amphibians:
The heart is 3-chambered and there is double type of circulation. The sinus venosus opens into the right atrium. The partially oxygenated blood from most of the body parts enters through sinus venosus into the right atrium and dense to the right side of the ventricle. The oxygenated blood from the lungs enters into the left atrium and dense passes to the left side of the ventricle. The system of the vessels coming from lungs to the heart and from the pulmonary circulation and those which are distributes to the body and then return to the heart constitute the systematic circulation.

Consus arteriosus is made up of 2 regions. The part next to the ventricle is pylangium and the distal part is synangium. Pylangium is more muscular than sylangium. The anterior end of synangium is divided into 2 trunks, each of which in turn is separated into 3 arteries 1. The carotid 2. The systemic 3. Pulmocutaneous artery.

Reptiles:
Reptiles are the 1st group of chordates, which are truly terrestrial. Because of efficient pulmonary circulation. Several changes has developed in the structure of the heart. Heart is though incompletely 4 chambered. A large sinus venosus is present, in certain reptil es, in most cases it is greatly reduced but not completely lost.

Birds:
A complete double circulation occurs in birds for the 1st time. Since, there is no point where mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood occurs. The sinus venous has disappeared and two precavals and one post cavales open into the right auricle. Pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from lungs to the left atrium. The ventricles are completely separated and the muscular wall of the left ventricle is much heavier than that of the right. Blood from the left ventricle is distributed over a considerable distance to all the parts of the body. The comparative thin coiled right ventricle forced blood only a short distance through pulmonary arteries to the lungs. The opening of right auricle ventricular aperture is guarded by a very well developed single muscular value. The left aurico ventriculum aperture is guarded by 2 valves knows as bicuspid valve.

Mammals
The four chambered Mammalian heart is similar to birds heart, the two side of the heart being completely separated from each other by inter arterial and inter-ventricular septum. A thin area, the fosa ovalis, in the inter-aterial position represents the position of an opening, the Foramen ovel which is present during foetal life. The heart is a muscular organ which is as big as our fist. Because both oxygen and carbon dioxide have to be transported by the blood, the heart has different chambers to prevent the oxygenrich blood from mixing with the blood containing carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide-rich blood has to reach the lungs for the carbon dioxide to be removed, and the oxygenated blood from the lungs has to be brought back to the heart. This oxygen-rich blood is then pumped to the rest of the body. We can follow this process step by step. Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs comes to the thin-walled upper chamber of the heart on the left, the left atrium. The left atrium relaxes when it is collecting this blood. It then contracts, while the next chamber, the left ventricle, expands, so that the blood is transferred to it. When the muscular left ventricle contracts in its turn, the blood is pumped out to the body. De-

oxygenated blood comes from the body to the upper chamber on the right, the right atrium, as it expands. As the right atrium contracts, the corresponding lower chamber, the right ventricle, dilates. This transfers blood to the right ventricle, which in turn pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. Since ventricles have to pump blood into various organs, they have thicker muscular walls than the atria do. Valves ensure that blood does not flow backwards when the atria or ventricles contract.