Algebrai

approa hes:
Quasi-exa tly-solvable
problems

(Lie-algebrai theory of polynomial solutions

of dierential and nite-dieren e equations)
Alexander Turbiner

UNAM { ITEP

Spe ial Fun tions in the Digital Age

IMA, Minneapolis MN
July 2002
Generalities
Dierential equations
One-variable ase
Two-variable ase
Fo k spa e representation
Finite-dieren e equations
One-variable ase
Hahn equation
Anharmoni os illator

GENERAL IDEA:

Take a Lie algebra g spanned by generators

J 2 g ;  = 1; 2 : : : dim g
Assume g has nite-dimensional representation and Vn
is its representation spa e:

J : Vn 7! Vn ;  = 1; 2 : : : dim g
Any operator P (J ) made out of
generators J has Vn as invariant subspa e,
P (J ) : Vn 7! Vn

Denition

(i) If a linear operator Q has nite-dimensional invariant

subspa e with expli itly-des ribed basis, it is alled
quasi-exa tly-solvable (QES) operator;
(ii) If the invariant subspa e oin ides with a representation
spa e of a Lie algebra g, QES operator is alled
g-Lie-algebrai QES operator.

Take innite set of linear spa es Vn with a property:

V  V  V  : : :  Vn  : : : V
0

where V is omplete spa e. Su h an obje t is alled

ag V .
If dimension dim Vn = dim Vn + 1 the ag is lassi al,
otherwise non- lassi al.
if an operator
+1

E : Vn 7! Vn ; n = 0; 1; 2; : : : ;
that implies E preserves the ag V .
Denition

(i) If an operator E preserves an innite ag V , this operator

is alled exa tly-solvable (ES) operator with ag V .
(ii) If ag V onsists of representation spa es of Lie algebra
g, ES operator is alled g-Lie-algebrai ES operator.
If spa es Vn are irredu ible representation
spa es of algebra g, then Lie-algebrai QES or
ES operators an be written in terms of generators of g.

(Proof is based on appli ation of the Burnside theorem)

REMARK.
It is rather ommon for algebras of dierential operators
that nite-dimensional representation spa es as fun tions of
spin(s) form ag (see below).

Why polynomials ?

For all known Lie (super)algebras of dierential operators

the nite-dimensional representation spa es an be
asso iated with polynomials !

An approa h tra es ba k to a question posed by

S. Bo hner (1929)
A formalism omes ba k to 1988 (A.T. '88)

Part 1.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

I. ONE-VARIABLE

CASE

There exist one maximal Lie algebra of 1st order di

operators a ting on line, gl :
2

J
E

11

= 

=  ; E = 
0

Jn = E =   n
with Casimir operator
1
1
n n
C = fJn ; J g
(E + E ) =
( + 1)
2
4
2 2
Realizations for dierent n an not be related
gl (n ) $ gl (n )
+

11

If n is integer, irreps appear

Pn = h1; ;  ; : : :  n i
2

Jn ; E ; E ; J : Pn 7! Pn
+

11

Irreps orresponding to dierent n form innite lassi al ag

P:

P  P  P  : : :  Pn  : : : P
0

Theorem.(A.T. '91)

(i) Linear dierential operator of kth order Qk (;  )

preserves Pn (in other words, it is QES) i
Qk = P olk (Jn ; E ; J ) (plus annihilator if k > n )
+

(ii) Linear dierential operator of kth order Ek (;  )

preserves ag P (in other words, it is ES) i
Ek = P olk (E ; J )
11

Proof. If part is evident, only if part is proven by using the

Burnside Theorem.

Se ond order dierential equations.

I. gl -Exa tly-Solvable operators
The most general gl -ES operator
E = E + 2 E J + J J + 2 E + J +
2

00

2
11

11

11

or, in dierential form

E = p ( ) + p ( ) + p ( )
where the pj ( ) are polynomials of j th order
2

p =  + 2  + ;
p = (2 + ) + ;
p = :
with arbitrary oe ients.
2

00

00

Hen e, E is hypergeometri al operator with spe tra

k = k + 2( + )k +
and
lassi al Ja obi, Hermite, Laguerre, Legendre
operators are gl -Exa tly-Solvable operators
2

00

00

| Orthogonality.
We use a tri k of redu tion E to S hroedinger (self-adjoint)
form.
Introdu e new variable
2

x =

d
;
p ( )

and then a fun tion

( (x)) = e
and make gauge rotation

R  p1 
p2

(x)E (x)
1
+ (A0 )
=
2 x
0

ES

d logx0

e

A(x) ;


A00 + p ;
0

Polynomial eigenfun tions of E are orthogonal with

weight in x spa e.
2

2
0

(main) Example.
Laguerre operator

E = 2E J + 2E
2

2 + (2

1)

Its eigenfun tions are the asso iated Laguerre polynomials

Ln
(

If x =

p

1 2)

( ) =

n
X
`=0

a` =  ` ;
(

1 2)

and = e ! , then
0

1
(x)E (x)
!
0

 H = 12 x + ! x
ES

HARMONIC OSCILLATOR !

II. gl -Quasi-Exa tly-Solvable operators

2

The most general

Q = Jn Jn +2 Jn En + Jn J +2 En J + J J +
Jn + 2 En + J + ;
The most general gl -QES operator in dierential form
2

++

+0

Q = P ( ) + P ( ) + P ( )
2

where

P ( ) =
4

++

 + 2  +
4

+0

 + 2  +
2

P ( ) = 2 (1 n) +[ (2 3n)+  ( n 2 ) n+ ;
P ( ) = n  + n( n ) n + :
It's restri ted Heun operator whi h depends on 9 ontinuous
parameters and dis rete one n. Generi Heun operator
depends on 12 parameters.
3

++

++

+0

+0

| Orthogonality.
We use the same tri k of redu ing Q to the S hroedinger
form.
Introdu e new variable
2

x =

d
;
P ( )

10

and then a fun tion

( (x)) = e
and make gauge rotation
0

R  P3 
P4

d logx0

e

A(x)

(x)Q (x) 

+ (A0 ) A00 + P ( (x)) ;
H = 21 x
Polynomial eigenfun tions of Q are orthogonal with
weight in x spa e.
1

ES

2
0

For what values of and domain x, the fun tion is

normalizable ?
0

IN TOTAL, TEN DIFFERENT PHYSICALLY

RELEVANT QES HAMILTONIANS WERE
FOUND with x on the line, half-line and interval
(periodi and double-periodi ).
Finite number of their eigenfun tions an be found
algebrai ally

The ompete investigation is done by Gonzales-Lopez et al,

'93.

11

Example. Take the operator

Q = 2E J + 2g! Jn + 2E
2

2 + (2g!  + 2
2

p

(n + 1)J

1)

2g! n ;
2

 , then
2
4! 2
and

=
e
!
1
(x)Q (x) 
!

3
g
!
H = 12 x
(2n + )gx + g!x + x
+[
2
2
2
Polynomial quasi-exa tly-solvable potential !
(n + 1) eigenfun tions are polynomials of degree n:

If x =

QES

i = P olni ( (x)) e
( )

! x2
2

g 4
x
4

; i = 1; 2; : : : (n + 1)

It is unique anharmoni os illator with exa t solutions !

Remark
(what we are doing, or what is QES).

We look for orthogonal polynomials among

polynomials of the xed degree (!), whi h
are eigensolutions of nite-order dierential
equation.
12

II. TWO-VARIABLE

CASE

There exist three maximal Lie algebras of 1st order di

operators a ting on plane:

gl

sl

...

2
1
0

..

 sl

..

gl n C r ; r = 2; : : :

[ nr ]
1
n

h x1 p1 x2 p2 j p1 p2 n i
Pn(2)
0

.
.
..

...

+1

h x1 p1 x2 p2 j p1 rp2 n i
0

13

gl

gl in terms of rst order dierential operators

3

J = 1 ; J = 2
1

E ; =  1 ; E ; =  2
E ; =  1 ; E ; =  2
1 1

1 2

2 1

2 2

E (n) = n  1
0

 2
2

J (n) =  E (n) ; J (n) =  E (n)

If n is a non-negative integer, there is ommon
nite-dimensional invariant subspa e
Pn = ( p1  p2 j0  (p + p )  n);
+

where it a ts irredu ibly. Pn as fun tion of n form innite

(non- lassi al) ag. We all it P .
(2)

Operator Q( ;  ; 1 ; 2 ) has Pn as invariant subspa e

i Q = F (J ; E ; Eij ; J (n)).
Operator E ( ;  ; 1 ; 2 ) preserves ag P i
E = F (J ; Eij ).
1

(2)

14

Example 1.
Take

2
= 2(E ; +3E ; )J + E ; 2!(E ; +3E ; ) 2(1+3 )J
3
or, expli itly,

Cal

Cal

1 1

2 2

2
1 2

1 1

2 2

2
= 2 1 1 6 1 2 +  2 2 2[2! +(1+3 )1 6! 2
3
1

2
1

It preserves ag P , hen e, it is gl exa tly-solvable

operator.
(2)

Eigenvalues p1 ;p2 = 2!(2p + 3p ); p ; p = 0; 1; : : :

1

15

| Orthogonality.
We use the same tri k of redu ing to S hroedinger form.
Introdu e new variables
 = y y y y ;  = y y (y + y )
Step 1. Take h at ! =  = 0
2
hd = 2 1 1 + 6 1 2
  + 21
3 2 2
2 


)
= (
+
3 y
y
y y
it is 2d at Lapla e operator !
2
1

2
2

Cal

2
1

2
1

2
2

Step 2. Add term Y and introdu e new oordinates

xi ; i = 1; 2; 3
2

Y =
then

3
X

j =1

1
Y ; i = 1; 2
3

xj ; yi = xi

hd + 3Y = x1 + x2 + x3

it is 3d Lapla e operator and xi are Cartesian oordinates !
2

Step 3. Introdu e fun tion

(x) = j(x
0

x )(x
2

x )(x
3

x1 +x2 +x3
)j e ! 2

16

and make gauge rotation

(x)h (x)
0

1
=
2i

3
X

Cal


+ ! xi +  (
xi
2

=
1)

3
X

i<j (xi xj )
It is elebrated 3-body Calogero Hamiltonian, whi h is
hermitian at  ( 1) > 1=4.
Cal

=1

Polynomial eigenfun tions of h

with weight in x spa e:

Cal

2
0

are orthogonal

1<x <x <x <1

3

and is ground state eigenfun tion.

0

17

Example 2.
Take

2
2(E ; + 3E ; )J + E ; E ; 2(1 + 3 )J
3



8
1

E ; + E ; E ; + E ; +(4 + )(E ; + E ; ) + E ;
2
3
3
24
or, in dierential form

Suth

1 1

2 2

1 2

1 2

2
1 1

1 1

2
2 2

2 2

1 1

Suth


(2 +
2

2
2 1

2 2



4
2
)1 (6+  ) 1 2 +( 
 )2
24
3
3
2


1
1
2 (1 + 3 ) + ( + )  1 2( + )  2
3
3
It preserves P , hen e, it is gl exa tly-solvable operator.
2

2
1

2
2

(2)

Eigenvalues

2
p1 ;p2 =
(p
3

2
1

2
2

2p )(p + p ) 3p + 2(2p
2

where p = 0; 1; : : : ; p = 0; 1; : : : ;
1

p ) ;
2

p 
1

18

| Orthogonality.
We use the same tri k of redu ing to S hroedinger form.
Step 1. Introdu e new variables
1
 =
[ os(y ) + os(y ) + os((y + y )) 3 ;

2
 =
[sin(y ) + sin(y ) sin((y + y ))

and gauge phase
1

(x) = j sin (x
0

x ) sin (x
2

x ) sin (x
3

x )j ;
3

Again taking h
at  = 0
4
2
 
)1 +(6+  ) 1 2 ( 
hd; = (2 +
2
24
3
3
2 


1 +

+2 1 +
3
3 2
2 


= (
)
+
3 y
y
y y
Suth
2

2
1

2
2

2
1

2
2


 )2
2
2

2
1

2
2

It is the 2d at Lapla e operator for any  !

19

Step 2. Introdu e new oordinates xi ; i = 1; 2; 3

Y =

3
X

j =1

1
Y ; i = 1; 2
3

xj ; yi = xi

then add term Y

2

hd + 3Y = x1 + x2 + x3

2

it is 3d Lapla e operator and xi are Cartesian oordinates !

Step 3. Making gauge rotation
(x)h
0

1X
=
2i
3

Suth

(x)


+ ! xi +  (
xi
2

=
1)

3
X

i<j (xi xj )
It is elebrated 3-body Sutherland Hamiltonian, whi h is
hermitian at  ( 1) > 1=4.
Suth

=1

Polynomial eigenfun tions of h

with weight in x spa e.

Suth

2
0

are orthogonal

20

Example 3.
Take
h e; 2 = 4J (n)(E + E ) + 2(2n + 1 + 4 + 6)J (n)
(

1)

11

BC

22

12E E
16E E
gE E
gE E
4(3 + 2 + 6)E
g (1 + )E
gE J
2g E J
g E J + 2g E J
g (1 + 2 + 2)J + 2g J
2g J J ;
or, in dierential form
11

21

21

22

21

11

21

12

22

12

12

11

12

22

h e; 2 = [4 ( 3 ) g  2g 1 1
+2[4 ( 2 ) 2g  g  1 2 +[4  g   g ( 2 )2 2
+[2(3 + 4 + 6) 4(3 + 2 + 6) g (1 + 2 + 2)1
+[2(3+4 +6)  g (1+) +2g 2 2n(2n+1+4 +6) :
(

1)

2
1

2
1

BC

2
1

2
2

2
1

It preserves the spa e Pn , hen e, it is gl QES operator.

Its n(n + 1)=2 eigenfun tions are polynomials and an be
found algebrai ally.
Introdu ing new variables
 = }(x ) + }(x ) ;  = }(x )}(x )
(2)

and a gauge fa tor

e; = (}(x ) }(x )) (}0 (x )}0 (x ))

(

1)

21

The Hamiltonian form of the operator



+
x x

e =
HBC

( )

2
1

2
2
2

+2 ( 1) [}(x

x ) + }(x + x ) +
2

f2[( +3)(2 +1)+(4 1)+2n(2n+1+4 +6)g

4( 1)

2
X

i=1

2
X

i=1

}(xi )+

}(2xi ) ;

where the Weierstrass fun tion } is dened as

(}0 ) = 4} g } g .
2

It is the Hamiltonian of so- alled ellipti BC model.

(Gomez-Ullate et al, 2000)
2

22

gl n C
2

Generators

L = ;
L = 
L = ;
1

(2)

L =   n=3
n=6; L =   + 2  
L =  ;
2

g

= h p1  p2 j0  p + 2p

(1 2)

fn;k = h p1  p2 j0  p + 2p
W
1

L = 
7

For xed n series of reps

Pn ;
[

n

So, Pn ; is redu ible

 ni
 n ; p  ki
2

(1 2)

n
2

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000000000000000000000000000000
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0

Adding

T = 
makes Pn ; irredu ible and form ag P ; .
2

(1 2)

2
1

(1 2)

L ::: and T are generating operators of innite-dim Lie

Algebra g
1

(2)

23

Example 1.
Take

h r2 = 6L L 36L L + 8L L
6[1 + 3( +  )L 4!L 12!L + 4(1 + 2 )L :
( )

or, in dierential form

hG2 =

6 1 1
1

36 1 2 + 8  2 2

2
1

4! + 6[1 + 3( +  ) 1 + 12! + 4(1 + 2 ) 2 :

1

2
1

It preserves ag P ; , hen e, it is g
operator.
(2 1)

(2)

exa tly-solvable

Eigenvalues p1 ;p2 = 4!(p + 3p ); p ; p = 0; 1; : : :

Making transformations similar to above-shown, we get the
Hamiltonian
1

1X
r
H 2=2
k
3

( )

=1

 ( 1)

3
X

k<l (xk

xl )


+ ! xk +
xk

+3( 1)

of elebrated G -rational model

3
X

k<l ; k;l6 m (xk + xl

=

2xm )

24

Example 2.
Take


= 6L L 36L L +8L L
(3L L +8L L +3L L )
2
1
6[1 + 3( +  )L + 4(1 + 2 )L (6 + 8 + ) L
2
1


+ 6( +  )  L + T :
2
8
or, in dierential form

3

 ) (36 + 8  )  +
hGt2 = (6 +
2
8


(8  6  )
6[1+3( +  )+2(1+3 +4 )   +


4(1 + 2 ) [7 + 12( +  )   :
hGt2

( )

2
1

2
1

( )

2
2

2
1

2
2

2
1

It preserves ag P ; , hen e, it is g
operator.
(1 2)

(2)

12

exa tly-solvable

Eigenvalues

p1 ;p2 = [(n 2m 1)(n + m + 1) + 3n + 2(2n m) + 1 
where n and m are quantum numbers,
n
n = 0; 1; 2; 3; : : : ;
0m
:
2

25

| Orthogonality.
We use the same tri k of redu ing to S hroedinger form.
Step 1. Make sense hGt2 as ms Hamiltonian and form the
operator
2hGt2 + 3X
( )

( )

Step 2. Introdu e new variables


2


 =
sin ( (x x ))+sin ( (x

2
2
2

 =
2

4
sin((x


x ))+sin((x

x ))+sin((x
3

x ))

2

X =x +x +x
1

and


x ))+sin ( (x x )) ;
2

t (x) = (
trig (x)) (
trig (x)) ;

where
trig (x);
trig (x) are the trigonometri analogies
of the Vandermonde determinant
( )

trig) (x) =

trig) (x) =

3
Y

i<j

3
Y

k<l;k;l6=m

j sin 2 (xi xj )j ;
j sin 2 (xi + xj 2xk )j :
26

Gauge transforming 2hGt2 + 3X and then hanging variables

to the new ones xi
( )

1X 
1
 ( 1) X
=
+
2
2 k xk
4
k<l sin ( (xk
3

=1

xl ))

3( 1) X
1
+
4
k<l;k;l6 m sin ( (xk + xl 2xm ))
we get the Hamiltonian of elebrated G -trigonometri
model !
3

These above mentioned six Lie-algebrai ES

operators are absent in Krall-Sheer lassi ation of
2d operators having innitely many polynomial
eigenfun tions

27

Part 2.
FOCK SPACE REPRESENTATION
FOCK SPACE:

Take ai ; bj s.t.
[ai ; aj = [bi ; bj = 0; [ai ; bj = ij ; i; j = 1; 2; : : : m. It
is h m Heisenberg algebra.
Consider all ordered monomials bp1 : : : bpmm aq1 : : : aqmm ,
form linear spa e with multipli ation  Heisenberg-Weyl
algebra.
Introdu e va uum, ai j0i = 0; i = 1; 2; : : : m
2

+1

DEFINITION:
Fo k Spa e asso iated with h m is
Heisenberg-Weyl algebra + va uum
2

+1

Spe tral problem in Fo k Spa e

Take L(b; a), polynomial of nite order in a; b. The spe tral
problem is dened as
L(b; a)(b)j0i = (b)j0i ; ()
where  is spe tral parameter.
So, solving this spe tral problem () is redu ed to a problem
of reordering.

28

Example. One-dimensional Harmoni Os illator in Fo k

spa e


 ( 1)
H = 12 y
+! y +
y }
{z
|
A Calogero model
2

= y e

 =y

!
2

y2

h= !

Finally,

1
h = 2 + 2( 
)
2 
hen e the Harmoni Os illator in Fo k spa e is given by
1
)a
h = 2ba + 2(b 
2
h : Pn 7! Pn ; E = 2n; n 2 N ;
where Pn = h bp j 0  p  n i.
2

n = Ln

1
2)

Eigenfun tions:
(b) ,
 21
where Ln (b) is asso iated Laguerre polynomial.
(

29

Part 3.
DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

30

Take spe tral problem

L(b; a)(b)j0i = (b)j0i ; ()
where  is spe tral parameter.

THEOREM
Dierent realizations of h m Heisenberg algebra
with the same va uum lead to isospe tral spe tral
problems ()
2

+1

Three (minimal) realizations of h

d ; b=x
 a = dx

(I )

 a = D ; b = x (1 D )

(II )

9
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
=

(III )

>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
;

 a = Dq ;

b = xq  (q 1)x

d
dx
d

1+x

x dx

1+

j0i = 1

fx ,
where D f (x) = f (x  ) f (x) and Dq f (x) = f qx
xq
dis rete or Ja kson derivative.
(

1)

(II) is due to Yu. Smirnov and A. T. '95

(III) is due to C. Chryssomalakos and A.T. `01

31

Take () and substitute (I), (II) or (III)

L(x;
For (II)

L(x

(1

);D+

d
)(x) = (x);
dx

) (x

(1

) j0i =  (x

(I )
(1

) j0i;

(II )

what is  for this ase?

Assume a solution of () is

(b) =
(I) if b = x , then

k bk

bk j0i = xk

(II) if b = x (1 D ) , then bk j0i =

= x (1 D )


x (1 D ) = x (x )


(x (k 1))
|
{z
}
k times

xk

( )

Following I.M. Gelfand,

Denition:
x)
(
x k = k x
is alled quasi-monomial:
( k)
( )

32

Finally,
d)
L(x; dx

(x) =

isospe tral

k xk

L(x (1 D ); D )

e(x) =

k x k

( )

We have a dis retization s heme, whi h

leaves spe tra invariant and preserves
polynomiality of solutions.

Borel algebra b

J = x D ; J = D ; then [J ; J = J
0

()

Let h = P (J (b  gl  )), where P is a polynomial

in generators of b (the Borel subalgebra of the
algebra gl ) taken in realization (),
then the linear nite-dieren e operator h preserves
the innite ag (ltration) of polynomials P :
P  P : : :  Pn  : : : .
(

33

Remark:
sl -algebra realized by nite-dieren e operators on
four-point uniform latti e
2

J = x D + x[x (n + 1)D nx
J = xD n2
J = D
with Pn = h 1; x; x ; : : : xn i as invariant subspa e
(2)

34

Example. Harmoni Os illator (-Dis rete form)

In the Fo k spa e Harmoni Os illator has the form
1
)a
h = 2ba + 2(b 
2
and its eigenfun tions are the asso iated Laguerre
polynomials
2

Ln
(

1
2)

(b) =

n
X
`=0

a`
(

Substitute a and b in form (II)

4
1
h (y; D ) = [y + ( + )D

2
+

1
2)

b` ;
1
4(1 + )yD

The operator hd (y; D ) is a non-lo al, three-point,

nite-dieren e operator
s

(y )

(y)

(y + )

35

The orresponding spe tral problem

4
1

1 
4
4
y+( + ) (y+)
(2+)y+( + ) (y)+ (1+)y(y )

= E(y)
2

Eigenfun tions an be alled -modied asso iated Laguerre

polynomials

L^ n
(

1
2)

(y; ) =

n
X
`=0

a`
(

1
2)

y`

( )

(in fa t, there are Meixner polynomials)

and eigenvalues are
En = 2n

36

Another dis retization (q-dis retization):

d
! Dq
dx
or what happens for the ase (III).
L(xq ; Dq ) (xq ) j0i =  (xq ) j0i;
what is  for this ase?

(III )

Assume as before that a solution of () is

(b) =
then

xq k j0i =

k bk

k! k
fkg! x

where fkg = qq is a q-number (Euler number) and

fkg! = f1gf2g : : : fkg is a q-fa torial.
There exists an invarian e:
k

xq D q = x

d
dx

37

Remark:
sl -algebra realized in dierential-dieren e operators
d
J = xq x dx
nxq
d n
J = x dx
2
J = Dq
2

with Pn = h 1; x; x ; : : : xn i as invariant subspa e

2

38

Finally,
isospe tral

L(x; dxd )
(x) =

k xk

L(xq ; Dq )

e(x) =

k fkkg xk
!

We have another dis retization s heme,

whi h leaves spe tra invariant and preserves
polynomiality of solutions.

And also

L(x (1 D ); D )
+

(x) =

k x k

( )

isospe tral

L(xq ; Dq )

P
^(x) = k fkkg xk
!

It onne t uniform and exponential latti es !

39

Example. Harmoni Os illator (q-Dis rete form)

Take the Harmoni Os illator in the Fo k spa e
representation
1
h = 2ba + 2(b 
)a
2
2

Substitute a and b in form (III)

d
d
hd (yq ; Dq ) = 2y Dq + 2y
dy
dy

(2

1)Dq

The operator hd (yq ; Dq ) is a dierential-dieren e operator

with eigenfun tions whi h an be alled q-modied
asso iated Laguerre polynomials

L^ n
(

1
2)

(y; q) =

n
X
`=0

a`
(

1
2)

`! `
f`g! y ;

By onstru tion this operator is isospe tral to the Harmoni

Os illator.

40

Generalized Hahn Polynomials

Take H f (x) = f (x),

1
(A + A x + A x )f (x + )

1
[A (A 2A + A )x + 2A x f (x) +

1
[(A A + A )x A x f (x ) = f (x) :

It has innitely-many polynomial eigenfun tions fk (x) with

A
k = k + A k; k = 0; 1; 2; : : : :

Hierar hy:

| If
A = 1; A = N 2 ; A =   1; A = ( +1)(N 1) ;
1

fk (x) = hk; (x; N ) | Hahn polynomials of ontinuous

argument x (Yu.Smirnov & A.T.'95).
(

; )

| If N 2 N ; = 1 and x = 0; 1; 2 : : : ; (N 1),

then hk; (x; N ) V hk; (x; N ) | standard Hahn

polynomials of the dis rete argument.
(

; )

41

The Hahn polynomials ontain as degenerations

Meixner, Charlier, Ts hebys hov and Krawt houk
polynomials.
Let's represent

hk; (x; N ) =
(

; )

Pk

i=0 i x

( )

| If x is ontinuous and N is integer , then for k  N

hk; (x; N ) = x N pk N (x) ;
where pk N (x) is a Hahn polynomial of degree (k N ).
It explains why a nite number of the Hahn polynomials
exists if ontinuous argument x is restri ted to the nite
latti e x = 0; 1; 2 : : : ; (N 1).
(

; )

| sl(2) Lie-algebrai representation of

1
H = A b a b a (a + ) + A b a + A b a + A a

is given by
H = A J J (J + ) + A J J + A J + A J + A
1

d ; b = x we arrive at a
Repla ing a ; b ! a; b with a = dx
isospe tral, 3rd-order (!) linear dierential operator

d
d
A
A
d
+[(A + A )+ xx +[A +( + A )x
H =A x
dx

dx

dx
3

42

having innitely-many polynomial eigenfun tions related to

the Hahn polynomials
k
X
;
)
h~ k (x; N ) = i xi
i=0
(

and

h~ N; (x; N ) = N xN :
H is non-hermitian !
(

In realization (III) an isospe tral dierential-dieren e

operator
d d
1
d
d
Hq = A x x (Dq + ) + A x Dq + A x + A Dq :
dx dx

dx
dx
It has innitely-many polynomial eigenfun tions
1

k
X
i!
;
;q )
hk
i xi
(x; N ) =
i=0 fi!g
(

and

N! N
fN !g x ;
Su h a form of hN hints that the operator Hq is not
self-adjoint.
()

hN; q (x; N ) = N
(

; )

43

Anharmoni os illator (quasi-exa tly-solvable model)

qes)

1 
!
=
+[
2 x
2
2

3
g
(2n + + p)gx + g!x + x
2
2
2

where p = 0; 1 is parity, (n + 1) eigenstates of parity p are

known algebrai ally.

Algebrai form:

h qes (y; y ) =
(

1 p !x2 = gx4 =
(x e
)
!
2

H qes (xp e
(

2yy + 2(gy + y

with polynomial eigenfun tions:

Pnk p (y) =
( ; )

n
X
i=0

!x2 =2 gx4 =4 ) j
y=!x2

1
)
2 y

2gny ;

i k yi ; k = 0; 1; : : : ; n ; p = 0; 1
( )

Fo k spa e rep:

h qes =
(

2ba + 2(gb + b p
2

1
)a
2

2gnb

44

form
hqes (y; D ) =
2
1
1
[y + (p + )D + 2[(1 + )y + gy(y + (n 1))D

2gy D D
2gny ;
non-lo al, four-point nite-dieren e operator with (n + 1)
polynomial eigenfun tions:
(

(2)

Pnk p (y) =
( ; )

n
X
i=0

i k y i ; k = 0; 1; : : : ; n ; p = 0; 1
( )

( )

q form
hqqes =
(

2y

d
d
Dq + 2gyq (y
dy
dy

n) + 2y

d
dy

(2p + 1)Dq

dierential-dieren e operator with polynomial

eigenfun tions:

Pnk p

( ; )

(y) =

n
X
i=0

i k

( )

i! i
fi!g y ; k = 0; 1; : : : ; n ; p = 0; 1
( )

45

CONCLUSION
}

We studied dierential eqs with gl ; gl ; g -inspired hidden

algebrai stri tures. Taking gln we generate n-dimensional
dierential eqs possessing polynomial eigenfun tions. Among
examples are many-body Calogero-Sutherland models, BCn
rational and trigonometri systems. The Hamiltonians of the
so- alled F ; E ; ; systems also possess polynomial
eigenfun tions related with hidden algebrai stru tures.
2

(2)

+1

6 7 8

There are two approa hes leading to matrix polynomial

eigenfun tions:
(i). With superalgebra gl(N jN 1) as hidden algebra,
super-Calogero-Sutherland models, super-BCn rational and
trigonometri systems,
(ii). With hidden algebra gln realized by dierential
operators with matrix oes. No related Hamiltonians are
known so far.

Perturbation of Lie-algebrai ES operators an be studied. If

a perturbation is an element of a nite-dimensional
representation spa e, any perturbation orre tion an be
found by algebrai means.
Su h a perturbation theory an be developed dire tly in the
Fo k spa e. It allows to study perturbations of dierential
and dieren e equations on the same footing.

46

glN -algebra
+1

(almost degenerate or totally symmetri )

(n; 0| ; 0{z
; : : : 0})
N

Ji
0

i = 1; 2 : : : N ;

Jij

Ji


;
xi

= xi ;
xj
=

N
X
i=1

= xi J

xi
0

i; j = 1; 2 : : : N ;


xi

n;

0
N
X
= xi  xj

j =1


xj

nA ; i = 1; 2 : : : N :

(N + 1) generators
if n = 0; 1; 2 : : : n-dim irreps
2

PnN = hx p x p : : : xN pN j 0  pi  ni
(

47

gl(N jM )-algebra
(simplest realization)

Eij = Jij
0

= i


;
 j

E =J = n+
00

j

 X 
+ 
 j



E i = Ji = i


Ei = Q i =  i

E = Q =  T

 

where ( i ji = 1; 2; : : : ; N 1)) are even and
( j = 1; 2; : : : ; M ) are odd variables, orrespondingly,
i; j = 1 : : : N 1 and ;  = 1 : : : M
(N + M ) generators
if n = 0; 1; 2 : : : n-dim irreps
Ei = Ji =  i J ;

E i = Q i =  i ;


E = Q = ;

E  = T  =
+

PnN;M = h i


NiN 


MM j 0 

(

NX1
k=1

ik +

M
X
k=1

k  ni

48

glN -algebra
+1

(mixed realization)
Take

E~ij = i j ; i; j = 1; : : : n :
and Mij 2 gln s.t.
[E~ij ; Mnm = 0 :
and also

Ji = i ; i = 1; : : : ; n ;

s.t.

[Ji ; Mnm = 0 ;

E =

Ji =
+

i (

j j

j j
k)

k
X

j Mij

Then Ji ; Eij  (E~ij + Mij ); E ; Ji span the algebra gln .

If k is integer, n-dim irreps appear.
0

+1

49