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NOT QUITE THE EGYPTIAN WORDLIST

An Amateuristic Quest for a Voice Long Lost


Sami Paldanius
Last edit: November 2012
First draft 2005 (online 2006)
Key
(see also Literature Consulted at the end of file)
.... 1. an open back vowel of unspecifiable length / 2. in Hebr./Aram.
........... references = qametz
AL .... Antonio Loprieno (two sources : see /LI/, /EotW/)
BA .... Biblical Aramaic
CGr. .... Classical Greek
DEV .... Takcs, Gabr : Development of Afro-Asiatic (Semito-Hamitic) comparative........... historical linguistics in Russia and the former Soviet Union
Dem. .... Demotic
e .... 1. possible 'schwa' / 2. vowel of uncertain qualities (= V) / 3. dialecta
l
........... variant vowel (cf. spoken Semitic languages)
E .... stressed vowel of uncertain qualities
EotW .... Otler, Nicholas : Empires of the Word (with Loprieno's vocalization)
LE .... Late Egyptian
LI .... Loprieno, Antonio : Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction
ME .... Middle Egyptian
MnEng .... Modern English
NDNM .... Zaborski (ed.) : New Data and New Methods in Afroasiatic Linguistics
OEng .... Old English
OS .... Orel, Vladimir E. & Stolbova, Olga V.
PAA .... Proto-Afro-Asiatic (1/falling, 2/rising, 3/level are the tones as
........... reconstructed by Ehret)
PIE .... Primitive Indo-European
STS .... Stuart Tyson Smith
Sum. .... Sumerian
ts. .... (cuneiform) transcription
above, over (prp) .... Haree, Hari [H-r-y, H-r || Vycichl: "from *_Haryaw_?" ||
AL
........... *Har, LI 32 (id.?) || same as /top: on top of/?]
advice (n) .... zaaH [z-H #1]
also (adv) .... garu, garwa, garaaw [g-r(-w) || cf. Arabic -wan: _9afwan_ = dial
.
........... _l-9afu_!]
among (prp) .... ma'em, maam; mimmi [m-m]
answer, reply (n) .... wa'aashub (i/a), wa'uusheb, waashuub-u (or *wishb-Vw)
........... [w-sh-b || Copt. _uooshb, ueshb-, uashb-_ || metathesis of Hebr. #sh
-w-b
........... : heshiiv 'he replied'; t6shuuvaa 'a reply' (Belova; DEV 119) || cf.
........... /river/; /wolf/]
antelope (n) .... baHak-, baHHaak-u [b-H-k < PAA *bahakw-]
Anubis (pr n) .... (y)anuupuu > (y)anpuu [j-n-p-w || w/ STS]
arm (n) .... 9a [9 || cf. Akkad. _ahu_ and Sum. _a_-2]

arrive (v) .... saapar [s-p-r < PAA *-sap- (Ehret)]; puuH- [p-H || Copt. _pooh_,
........... BCopt. _foh, feh_]
arrow (n) .... shasar, shasiir [sh-s-r]; 9aHii' [9-H-3 || Copt. _hi_]
ascend, mount up (v) .... 9aar- [9-r < PAA *-9al- (Ehret) || Copt. _ool, ol_,
........... SCopt. _ale_ || any relation to Akkad. _naqaaru_?]
assembly, mixture (n) .... zumaa'uu[1]; zamii3-uu[2] [z-m-3-w || [1] cf. /balanc
e/;
........... [2] as in Arab. _khaliiT_, etc. (abstract n with same voc. : /life/)
]
attack (v) .... paaH- or paHH- [p-H]; Haan- or Hann- [H-n]
axe (n) .... manyuuba.t, mannuuba.t, mayy-uuba.t, -aaba.t (vs. minyaba.t, minnab
a.t)
........... [m-j-b.t, m-n-j-b.t, m-n-b.t (Takcs); ?m-j-n-b (Hieroglyphs.net) || t
he
........... first varia might indeed be preferable; cp. Arabic instr. name _minq
ab,
........... -at-_ (Wehr) & Hebr. _miqT r t_, _maqs.uu9at-_ ('chisel'), vs. the likes
........... of Hebr. _magzeraa_ 'axe']; (R)aqHuu, (R)iqHuu [3-q-H-w]
back (n) .... yaa'e.t, yaa'a.t [j-3.t #1 || STS || cf. /office/; /father/]; saaR
-u,
........... saa'-u [s-3 #1 < PAA *sa1r- (Ehret) || SCopt. _soi_ || same as Akkad
.
........... _Seeru_?]
bad; be bad (adj/v) .... bayu(u)n, ba'u(u)n / baayan, baa'an [b-j-n < PAA *bayan
........... || SCopt. _boo'n_ 'evil, misfortune' (< *baayVn-) || AL *bAAyin, LI
33,
........... *bA3na.t 'a bad thing', LI 60 || Swa. _baya_; also compare voc. in
........... synonymous Arab. perfect _saa'a_]; (v) Duw(w)-, Dewiww- [D-w #1, vn.
........... D-w.t > *Dawwa.t, *Diwwa.t, *-yy- (*Di'uut, *Daawa.t) || Hebr. #S-w(
-:)
........... ('filth', nf _Soo'at-_) would seem to to follow the apparent correla
tion
........... D <> S (s.), but of interest is also Sem. #d-w-:/h (Hebr. 'one was
........... weak/unclean from menstrual bleeding', Aram. 'it was grief-causing,
sad,
........... [Syr.] wretched'); another reminiscent word, Aram. _dayw-aa_ 'demon'
is
........... to be dismissed as suspected relative due to its probable PIE origin
]
ball (n) .... *pe3aaD/pa(a)3d > paaD (paadz) [p-3-D]
balance (n) .... (y)awaasuu; (y)uwaasuu [j-w-s-w || cp. Arab. _tawaaz-un_ 'id.';
........... et al.]
basket (n) .... naabu(u).t [n-b.t #2 || v. n-b 'to tie' given in Ehret's paper (
In
........... Memoriam W. Vycichl, p. 43)]; dinni(i).t; dinaaya.t [d-n-j/y.t < PAA
........... *din- (OS) || probably related to Sem. _Sinn-_, (Arab.) _Sann-_
........... (Schneider)]
bear children, give birth (v) .... ma(a)s-ii, ms(y)uu (subj. misy-) [m-s-j ||
........... nom. verbal marker *-ii < Akkad., Arab., Hausa (see e.g. Kienast,
........... "Sprachwissenschaft" pp. 467, 477); subjunctive voc. /i/: Allen 19.2
]
beauty (n) .... nfr-uu; naafaar-uu [n-f-r-w || SCopt. adj. _nufe_ 'beautiful';
........... cp. the CGr. theonym _Onnophris_]
become; happen (v) .... khaapar (act part fem *_khaapura_) [x-p-r < PAA *-ghaap........... 'to rise, arise' (Ehret)]
beer (n) .... Hinqa.t, Hunqa.t, Hinaqya.t [H-n-q.t || Copt. _hnke_; cf. /offer/
||
........... #1 would parallel a later-discovered pattern of *_pirye(t)_ > _prre_

by
........... Thacker as well; also note Vycichl's *_mulHa.t_ > _mlhe_ ('saltiness
')]
beer-pot (n) .... namiisa.t, namussa.t; numaasi.t [*n-m-s.t || < Salonen 1945; c
f.
........... /cauldron/]
beg (v) .... daabaH [d-b-H]
begin, start (v) .... shaaRa9 [sh-3-9 || = Sem. s^-r-9 : Syr. sharrii, Arab.
........... shara9a (Takcs)]
below, beneath (prp) .... h_ur, h_ir [h_-r < PAA *xoor- 'ground' (Ehret) || SCo
pt.
........... _ha-_, BCopt. _kha-_ || AL has arrived on *h_ur as well; LI 58]
beneficent, efficient; be ~ (adj/v) .... maanikh/maanekh [m-n-x]
between (prp) .... imiitew, imaytew [j-m-y-t-w || AL: "from the nisba-adj _j-m_
'in'
........... || Copt. _et-meet-e/i_ || compare Hebr. _yachdaaw_, esp. in Deut. 25
:11]
bird (n) .... (3)aapid [3-p-d < PAA *pVd- 'move quickly' (OS) || vocalized 1aa2i
3
........... by Vycichl also || Arab. _aabid, aabida_]
black; be black (adj/v) .... kummi/kumam(m) [k-m(-m) < PAA *kum- (OS) || Copt.
........... _kmom, kmam_ be(come) black; _kame, kmme, kam, (F) kem(i)_ black ||
........... Aram. _ukkaam-_ 'black'; note Sum. _kum_-2/-4 '(to be) hot' || AL
........... suggests v. *kamAm, LI 88 || also q.v. /Egypt/]
blessing (n) .... Hizwa.t, Hizuu.t, Huzuwwa.t, Huzaawa.t [H-z-w.t]
blood (n) .... zanaaf-u; zunuuf-u [z-n-f(-w), ME s-n-f < PAA *-zanf- 'to seep ou
t'
........... (Ehret) || Copt. _snof_; Arab. #n-z-f > _nazf_, _naziif_
........... 'haemorrhage'; Chad. _zaamb-_, Omotic _zumbi, zunPi_ 'blood' || cf.
........... Semitic variation, e.g. vocalizations of Arab. #S-b-9 'finger' (Wehr
)]
body (n) .... h_uuwa.t > h_uu.t (pro *h_iw.t) [h_(-w).t (cf. h_.t 'belly, womb')
||
........... Copt. _hee_ || LI 41]
bone (n) .... qss-, qoos-; qisas [q-s < PAA *k.(w)as- (OS) / *k'os- (Ehret) ||
........... Copt. _kas, kees, kiis, ke's, kes_ || Hausa _k'shii_, pl.
........... _k'asuusuwa_ 'bone'; Arab. _qassa_ 'it hardened', nf _qaswa_ 'hard
........... state, harshness']
book, writings (n [*pl]) .... shif(VV)d-awwuu, -aawuu [sh-f-d-w || on vocalizing
........... the masc. pl., cf. Hausa plurals _-uwa_, _-aCuu_ (Ge'ez _abaw_; Arab.
........... _dhawuu_, pl. of _dhuu_; cf. _-aa'_ in pl. of _ba9iid_), _-ayee_ & se
e
........... /bone/, /two/]
bow (n) .... piiDa.t [p-D.t || Copt. _pite/pide_ || LI 57]
box (n) .... guut- (or *gutt-) [g-t < PAA *gut- 'container' (OS)]
boy (n) .... yuud-a/u [j-d < PAA *-9uz- 'young' (Ehret)]
branch (n) .... ya(a)Ruu'a.t, yuRaa'i.t [j-3-3.t < *yal- 'branch, scepter' (OS)
||
........... cf. (a since discovered!) pattern in Arab. ya9buub 'torrent' < #9-bb];
........... saabaar-u [s-b-r < PAA *cabar- (OS)]
brand (v) .... Rubuwwa, Rubuwaa (Rubw-, Ribw-) [3-b-w #1 || Arab. 1a2aa (< 1-2-w
)
........... verbs have the vn _1u2uww_; cf. WSem. #p-t-w yielding _-taa_ as well
;
........... Hausa has vn _-uwaa_ (cf. Arab. _1a2wa_, an alt. vn form to _1u2uww_
)]
bread (n) .... pasinn- [p-s-n || from PAA *sVny- 'seed, corn' (OS) : Cush. *sann
-?];
........... (loaf) tii [t (OS: t-3) < PAA *ti'- (OS) / *iit- (Ehret)]

breast (n) .... manaaD-u [m-n-D; ME m-n-d || Copt. _mnot/mnod_, pl. _-i_]; (du,
the
........... breasts) bunna.t', binna.t' (also < *bVnyat-) [b-n.t-y || compare
........... Arab. _binyat-, bunyat-_ 'build, frame, structure of the body'; /u/,
/a/
........... in Mn related items in Takcs 2001; concerning the dual suffix, see
........... /land/]
breath (n) .... Tii'uu (or *Ti''uu; *Taw'uu) [T-3-w (OS suggests PAA *kiw/y- bas
ed
........... on Chadic) || Copt. _teew_, BCopt. _theew_]
breathe (v) .... saasan (or caus. *sassIn / *sussun / *sisin [AL 4.2]? see /kiss
/)
........... [s-s-n]; khaanam [kh-n-m]; khaanap [x-n-p || compare Hebr. #n-p-H (G
en.
........... 2:7), Arab. #n-f-kh]
breeze: cool breeze (n) .... qaabuu [q-b-w]
brick (n) .... Daabu.t (dz-) [D-b.t || Copt. _toobe_]
brother (n) .... saan-u (or *sinnu), pl. sen-awwuu, -aawuu [s-n < PAA *san-/*sin
- ||
........... SCopt. _son_, al. _san_, pl. _sneeu/sniiu_; note also Arab. _s.inw_
(pl.
........... _-aan_) 'male twin'; Hurrian _shen-, she-en-_; EChad. _sn_ 'brother'
||
........... AL *san, LI 46 etc.]
build (v) .... qaad- (beta-stem *quud-) [q-d #1 || SCopt. _koot/kood_ || in all
........... curiosity note Hebr. #9-w-d in the sense 'support, prop up' (for mor
e
........... on my theoretical q/9 correlation, see /life/ and /Milky Way/) || AL
........... *quudaw (qd.w) 'it was built', LI 78]
bull (n) .... kaaR, kaa' [k-3 #3/#4 || SCopt. _ko_]; ya(a)wii(R), ya(a)wuu(R) [j
-w-3
........... < PAA *lawi'- (OS) / *yaw-, *yawr- (Ehret)]
bury (v) .... qaaras [q-r-s]
but (p) .... se'uut, suut [s-w.t || < STS || note Hebr. #s-w-t 'to lead astray'
and
........... #s'-w-T 'to be led astray' (Ps. 40:5)]
by, near, during; to (prp) .... khar [x-r #1 || EotW 114]
cake (n) .... fiqiR (or *fiqqaR) [f-q-3 #1 || any connection to Sum. _gar_-3?]
calf (n) .... baHiz-, buHayz- [b-H-z, later b-H-s || SCopt. _bahse_ || Arab.
........... _baHzaj_ (1u2ay3- = diminutive pattern in Arabic)]
call (v) .... yaaRash, yaa'ash [j-3-sh || abstract nouns *_yaRsh-u_, *_ya'uush_
(cf.
........... Sem. patterns & /bad/; /ruin/)]
calm, content; be ~ (adj/v) .... (pp/stat >) Hatpi / (v) Haatep [H-t-p || #_hatp
i_
........... in cuneiform ts., Robinson: The Story of Writing p. 96 || q.v. /plea
se,
........... make content]
canal (n) .... muur-a/u, murr-u (> */i/?) [m-r #2 < PAA *-mur- 'to flow' (Ehret)
........... || cf. /wretched/]
candle, torch, lamp (n) .... tikuR, tukuR [t-k-3 < PAA *-tikw-/*-tukw- 'to light
'
........... (Ehret) || SCopt. _tik_ || note PAA *tuka'- 'burn' (OS)]
cat (n) .... muyuu, mu'uu [m-j-w || Copt. _amu, emu_ || similar Sem. alternation
:
........... LSArab. _mataa_ > Coll. _imta, emta_; Eastern Aramaic (BA) _mthay,
........... eymthay_ ~ Syr. _em(m)ath_ ('when?') || from a metathetic variant to
........... the root that gave Akkad. _uumu_? also cp. Arab. _muwaa'_ 'mewing' (
vn)]

cauldron (n) .... waHuRRa.t [w-H-3.t #2/#1 < *h.ul- (Belova) || Arab. _Hullat-_;
cf.
........... /beer-pot/]
cave (n) .... magaara.t [m-g-r.t || Arab. _maghaarat-_, Hebr. _m69aarat-_ (Mosca
ti,
........... 1969)]
cavern (n) .... qiraari.t, quraari.t [q-r-r.t || = SCopt. _kelool, kulool_? || A
rab.
........... waqrat- 'cavity'; Ge9ez waqara 'to excavate, dig'; also cf. Hebr.
........... #q-r-r, pertaining to a cool or cold state]
cease; tarry (v) .... (R)uub(-ii/-yuu) [3-b || cf. et q.v. /brand/]
chief; overseer (n) .... im(m)iir, am(m)iir [j-m-y-r || cf. /friend/; /guide/;
........... /servant/]
child (n) .... kheenuu; khaa'inuu [x-n-w < PAA *-xwayl- (Ehret)]; (male ~; calf)
........... muss-a, miss-a [m-s < PAA *moots- 'baby' (Ehret) || Copt. _mas_,
........... F/ACopt. _mes_ 'young' (n); subsequently discovered is Amharic _moss
a_
........... 'young child' (Takcs) || a trad. voc: */mis(yu)/; cf. entry /below/,
........... with Eg. */u/ < PAA */oo/]
childhood (n) .... nakhnu.t, nukhuuna.t [n-x-n.t]
choose (v) .... saatap [s-t-p || pp. *_satE(e)p_ < cuneif. ts. /sha'-te-ep-/ (LI
........... 29)]
circle; cartouche (n) .... shuunuu, shiinuu [sh-n-w]
city, town (n) .... naawa(a).t (vs. *nuuwa.t < Akkad.) [n-j-w.t; n-w.t #1 ||
........... presuming a connection with Hebr. _naa'aa, naawaa_ (qq. Naayooth, 1
........... Sam. 19:18?) and/or _nii-n6weh_ 'Nineveh = immense city' || cf. /sky
/
........... (#3); /wave/ (#2)]
clay (n) .... sayiin, sa'iin [s-j-n < PAA *-t'ay-/*-t'iy- (Ehret) || cf. Arab.
........... _t.iin_ 'mud, clay' (& Takcs: Aram. _s6yaan-_ 'mire')]
clever, skilled, excellent; be ~ (adj/v) .... yaqri/yaaqer [j-q-r || cf. Aram. &
........... Hebr. #j-q-r]
clothing, clothes (n) .... masiida.t (ii/uu); masudda.t [m-s-d.t]; Habs-iwwaa?
........... -aawuu? (pro *Hbuus-?) [H-b-s-w || voc. of plural: see /book/]
cloud (n) .... (y)uguup-; ya'guup-u/i [j-g-p < PAA *-guup'- 'to soak' (Ehret) ||
........... SCopt. _cheepe_]
colour (n) .... (y)aawiin; yawn, yoon [j-w-n || Sem./Arab. _lawn_ || AL *(y)awin
,
........... LI 31, 35]
come (v) .... a(a)w-ii, w(y)uu [j-w-j || Thacker: inf. *_iiwe.t_ > Copt. _eioue_]
come! come ye! (v imp irr) .... (m) mu'aa, em(m)u; (f) mu'ii, em(m)i; (mpl.) mu'
uu
........... [m(-j) < PAA *may- || Copt. _amu_ (msg.), _amee/amii_ (fsg.); East
........... Cushitic _a-mi, am-u_ 'come!' (sg.)]
cool, calm (v) .... qubabb- [q-b-b < PAA *k'a1b- (Ehret) || Copt. _kbo, kvo_,
........... BCopt. _khbob/khvov_ || cf. Hebr. #q-p-: > _qaaphaa_ 'freeze, congea
l,
........... stiffen' || AL *qabAb, LI 42 || noun q-b-w = _qaabuu, qibbuu, qubaab
uu_
........... 'cold breeze']
copulate (v) .... (?naa'ak,) naak- (alt. stem *niik-) [n-k || EArab. naak, impf.
........... yiniik (the pejorative verb)]
cough (n) .... surree.t, sur(aa)ya.t [s-r-y.t (note: a word with identical radic
als
........... means 'fan') || Arab. _su9lat-_ || consonants given by Ehret (In
........... Memoriam W. Vycichl, p. 52)]
count, reckon (v) .... Haasab [H-s-b < PAA *-haas- 'voice' (Ehret) || Arab.
........... _Hasab(a)_, etc.]
crocodile (n) .... musaaH-u, misaaH-u; mis(a)H-, masiiH [m-s-H (Ehret: m-z-H) <
PAA

........... *meHas- (OS) / *-moodz- 'to become wet' (Ehret; he also promotes PAA
........... */oo/ > Eg. */i/) || Copt. _(e)msah_, pl. SCopt. _(ne)mso'h_ (cf. Ar
ab.
........... mataa > emta) || also in Lambdin: *_nim-sha-hu_ (Akkad. ts., pre-110
0
........... BC) < n-3 m-sh-H-(w) -- acc. to Takcs, this contains the [broken] pl.
;
........... ergo the suggested (highly probable) variants *mis(a)H-, *masiiH]
crown (n) .... mu'H-, mi'H- > muHH- [m-3-H || LCopt. _mahnchnut_ 'crown of...' |
|
........... cf. Sem. word for 'brain']; wiraari.t [w-r-r.t; w-r-r-j.t]; khii9 [x
-9]
cry out (v) .... saabaH [s-b-H]
cut (v) .... sa(a)k-ii, sk(y)uu (= *sVVk-a[a]) [s-k; s-q < PAA *sak.- (OS; note
........... *suk- 'spear' from same source) : for a similar v form see /proclaim
/]
dance (v) .... khab-ii, khb(y)uu (subj. khiby-) [x-b-j < PAA *h(.abay-]
daughter (n) .... ziiRa.t > sii'et, sitt [z-3.t || q.v. /son/, the id. construct
ion
........... _z.t Hm.t_ (for 'woman', q.v.) & Eg. Arab. _sitt_ 'woman, lady']
dawn (n) .... 9anDuu [9-n-D-w < PAA *-9an- or *-9aan- 'to come into view' (Ehret
)]
day (n) .... hura(a)'-uu, hira(a)'-uu; haar-uu (or *haraawV) [h-r-w < PAA *hVraw
/y........... || Copt. _hrew; (e)hou(e)_ || STS: *_haaru_; Vycichl: *_haariwaw_ ........... possibly same voc. type as /jar (#2)/]; suw-a, suww-a (vs. saaw) [sw
........... || voc. by STS]
death (n) .... muut [m(-w)-t || Akkad. _muutu_]
decapitate (v) .... Haasaq [H-s-q || v. root & tl. given by Ehret in the Vycichl
........... memorial volume, 2004 (p. 50)]
defecate (v) .... fuugun, fugan(n)- [f-g-n < PAA *-fug- 'to drain out' (Ehret)]
desert (n) .... samya.t (*simmee.t? *samuuya.t?) [s-m-y.t]; khuRsu; khuRsa.t (u
vs.
........... a!) [*x-3-s(-w); fem. x-3-s.t 'desert hills, a foreign land', given
as
........... 'desert' in Allen 25.4; credibly theorized as being related to Ugar.
........... x-r-sh-n and Aram. _chursh-aa_ (Hebr. _chor sh_) in Takcs, but derived
........... from PAA *-ka19- in Ehret || Class. Arab. had a similar fem. formati
on,
........... _barSat-_ 'desert' (Steingass 1884)]
difficult; be ~ (adj/v) .... qsni, qaasin / qaasen, qisann- [q-s-n || Hebr.
........... _qaash _ (adj), _qaashaa_ (v) 'it was difficult']
dig (v) .... shaaRad, shaa'ad [sh-3-d]
dinner (n) .... masuuya.t, musiiwa.t, (?maswi.t,) musii.t, musayya.t [m-s-y.t <
OK
........... m-s-w.t < PAA *-mas- 'to become evening' (Ehret) || Takcs: "akin to
........... Sem. *mushy- : OAkkad. mushjum 'night' > Akkad. muushu & mushiitu
........... 'Nacht' vs. mashuu 'to spend the night'; Ebl. mushum [*muushum] ~ va
r.
........... mesu [*miishu(m)]" || not to be confused with the inf. of /bear
........... children, give birth/]
divine (adj) .... naaTarii? nuTuurii? (naTrii?) [n-T-r-j || cf. adjective variat
ion
........... in Eg. Arabic!]
dominion; scepter (n) .... wa's-, waas- [w-3-s #1]
dream (n) .... raswa.t, -i.t, risuu(wa).t ~ rusuwwa.t [r-s-w.t < *rasVw- (OS) ||
........... SCopt. _rasu_, ACopt. _resu_, FCopt. _lesvi_, LCopt. _resue_ || Vyci
chl

........... suggests *_risw-_ : see note on vocalization under /glass/ & compare
........... /joy/]
drink (v) .... *sVVwVr- > suur-, w/ poss. beta-stem *saar- [s-w-r || SCopt. _soo
_
........... || cf. Bedja _suura_ 'pool, vat'; Hausa _shaa_ 'to drink']; (sip)
........... naaDab [n-D-b, n-d-b]
drown (vi) .... ma(a)H-ii, -(y)uu (subj. miHy-, mhy-) [m-H-j < PAA *-maah.- 'to
........... get wet' (Ehret)]
eager; be ~ (adj/v) .... Tnri / Taaner (not *Tinar-r-?) [T-n-r < PAA *-tl'a1l- 't
o
........... burn, make hot' (Ehret)]
ear (n) .... masDur, (later?) masDer [m-s-D-r || SCopt. _mashdz, maadze,
........... meshte/-de_]
east (n) .... *yV3(V)bVt- > yii(')ba.t [j-3-b.t || SCopt. _eiebt_, BCopt. _yebt_
||
........... Vycichl: *ya3iiba.t; cf. p-3 >> LE _pi-_]
eat (v) .... waanam (*wannum-?) [w-n-m || Copt. _uoom_ || Vycichl: *_wanm-_; Bel
ova
............ suggests the PAA root *num & connects this with Arab. _niimaa_
............ 'nourishment' < *niwm-at- (DEV 118) - cf. the characteristic /u/'s
in
............ modern Arabic dialects (Egyptian, Iraqi imperfect & imperative)]
ebony (n) .... habnee, habnii [h-b-n-y || = Pers. _abnus_; Hebrew has a qametz
........... chatuf (long /aa/ [] becoming /o/ phonetically) in this word: _hovn _
........... < hb6n h]
efficient, functional; be ~ (adj/v) .... mankhi / maanekh [m-n-x]
egg (n) .... sawaaHu.t, -a.t, sa(a)uHa.t, sawiHHa.t [s-w-H.t < PAA *sawVH- ||
........... SCopt. _souhe_, BCopt. _soowhi_]
Egypt (pr n) .... kuuma.t (pro *kuumu.t) [k-m.t || AL concurs, EotW 127/LI 42 ||
........... Copt. _keeme_, FCopt. _keemi_ || as a curiosity, note the "similar"
........... vocalization in Arab. _suudaa'_ || q.v. /black/; /land/]
eight (num) .... khamuunu; khamuuna.t [x-m-n-w (m.); x-m-n.t (f.) || Copt. _shmu
n;
........... shmune_ || *_khamaan-_, *_khamuun-_, NDNM 25]
elephant; ivory (n) .... (3)iibuu, i'buu [3-b-w #2 || Copt. _ebu_* 'ivory']
embalm (v) .... sadwIkh [s-d-w-x || with causative _s-_, cf. Aram. Shaphel]
enclosure; temple (n) .... Hawt, Hayu.t [H-w.t || var. *Heyt, EotW 124]
enemy, adversary (n) .... khiffitee, khifaftee [x-f-t-y || Copt. _shaft(e)_
........... 'iniquitous, impious']; raqq-uu [r-q-w || Akkad. _raggu_]
erect (caus v) .... sa9He9 (vs. *su9Hu9[1]) [s-9-H-9 || [1] voc. < Akkadian]
escape, go away (v) .... ra(a)w-ii, -(y)uu (rawa''a?) (subj. rawy-, riwy-) [r-wj <
........... PAA *-ra1-, *-ra1w- 'to continue, keep on' (Ehret) || Copt. _lo_]
eternity (n) .... nuHuuH-, naHiiaH; naHiHH- > naHHiH- [n-H-H || Copt. _eneh_,
........... A/LCopt. _aneehe_ || cf. *_HaH_ 'infinite number' by AL]; Dii'a.t,
........... Daa'u.t [D.t #3, < PAA *-gaad- 'to stay' (Ehret)? || also adv 'forev
er';
........... contrast /self/ (#2) || has been compared with Akkad. pl. _Siaatu_ [
<
........... *s.i'aat-] 'distant times, the future' (Takcs); any relation to Hebr.
........... _9ad_ 'eternity; booty'?]
event (n) .... haRbuu > haabuu; he'aab-uu [h-3-b-w || Copt. _hoob/hoov_ || LI 59
]
every .... Tunnuu, Tinnuu [T-n-w (ME t-n-w) < *klw = Sem. kull- (Takcs)]; nemb-u/
i
........... [n-b #2 < PAA *reb- (OS) || Copt. _nibe(n)_, SCopt. _nim_ (*bb > *mb
>
........... m?), FCopt. _nibi_ || AL *nib, EotW 114; here is applied *e-Nasal-V
>

........... i-Nasal (e.g. in Romance) which fits the root by OS]


everyone .... bu(u)-nambi (*baaw-? *biw-?) [b-w - n-b || cf. the Lat. spelling
........... _Buubastis_ (a theonym with same #_b-w_?) : for more biconsonantals
see
........... /day (#2)/, /island/, /time (#2)/, /water/]
evil (n) .... Dawwa.t, Diwwa.t [D-w.t < D-w #1, see /bad, be/]
excellent, skilled, clever; be ~ (adj/v) .... yaqri/yaaqer [j-q-r]
except (adv) .... wuupuu-Har, wiipuu-Har [w-p-w - H-r || LI 100]
eye (n) .... yiiru.t, iiru.t [j-r.t < PAA *9i2l- (Ehret) || SCopt. _ia, ier_, LC
opt.
........... _y(e)ire_ || du. *_yeruwya, -w'_ (cf. *_ijruwy_, EotW 113) : see
........... /land/ || Hebr. #9-w-r 'to wake up' : _9iwruuth_ 'blindness'; also c
f.
........... Hebr. #:-w-r : _oorat-_ 'light', and the concord of Hebr. y- = Arab.
w-]
face (n) .... Har-a [H-r #2 (ME h-r, > *hr-?) || SCopt. _ho_ || = STS = AL (LI
........... 56)]; khannit, khint-u [x-n-t || Hausa _han-ch_ 'nose' (DEV 145; cf.
........... _kun-ch_ 'cheek')]
fall (v) .... kharr- (alt. stem khurr-) [x-r #2 || Arab. kharra (impf. yakhurru)
];
........... huu'-ii, -yuu [h-3-y || Copt. _hee', heeye, hee'i, heei, haie_]
family (n) .... (3)aaba.t? (3)aabu.t? [3-b.t]
fat (adj) .... khaapin; khappiin, -uun [x-p-n < PAA *-gha1p- (Ehret)]
father (n) .... yu't-, yi'uu't- [j-t; j-t-j || Copt. _(e)ioot_ || Herodotus II 1
72
........... has "Siouf" < *-yuut-ef; Vycichl considers this a local variant of
........... *yaat- || cf. /back/; /office/]
fear (n) .... sanaaD-u, senaaD- (pro *seniDD-?) [s-n-D, ME s-n-d < PAA
........... *-tsul-/*-tsal- 'to disapprove' (Ehret) || Copt. _snat, snad_]
feather (n) .... shiwaay, shiwwee [sh-w-y || cf. Hebr. #sh-w-: : trad. voc. _sha
aw'_
........... 'vanity' || voc. model #1 after Iraqi Arabic _qaLaay_ 'tin']
feet (n dl) .... ra'd(u)wya, -w' [r-d-w-y || Cern 1976/2010 promotes an
........... essentially identical conclusion on p. 140 (see also /foot/ below);
........... on vocalizing the dual, see /land/]
fertile land (n) .... (3)aaHa.t [3-H.t]
festival (n) .... Haab- [H-b; H-3-b < PAA *-Haab- 'to proclaim' (Ehret) || cf.
........... /send/]
field (n) .... saakhu.t, saxxu.t [s-x.t #1 < PAA *caq- (OS) || Copt. _sooshe_
........... 'field, meadow, country'; Akkad. _saxxu_ ('arable field') || AL:
........... *_saakha.t_, LI 53; Vycichl: pl. *_sakhwet_]
fighting (vn) .... 9aHaaR-, 9aHaa'- (var. *9aHiiR-?) [< v. 9-H-3]
fill (v) .... miH- > mEH- [m-H]
find (v) .... gim-ii, -(y)uu (subj. gimy-) [g-m-j < PAA *gim- || BCopt. _dzimi_
||
........... Touareg _egmi_ 'to find']
finger (n) .... Diiba9, Diib9a [D-b-9 < PAA *c.ibV9- || SCopt. _tee'be/tii'be_]
fire (n) .... khat, khEt [x.t #2]
fish (n) .... rimm-a/u (ixt. *ri'm-, cf. Arab. ra's) [r-m #1 || Copt. _rame, ra'
me
........... (*ra:me?), ri_, BCopt. _rami_]; maHee.t, maHii.t; ma-/muHayya.t[1]
........... [m-H-y.t, < PAA *Haw/y-at-? || [1] common Iraqi Arabic pattern, e.g.
........... _(i)bnayya_ 'girl'; also cf. Eg. Arab. adj preference _'uSayyar_ etc
.]
flee (v) .... waa9ar [w-9-r < PAA *wa'ar-/*wa9ar-]; bh'- [b-h-3 < PAA *-ba1h........... (Ehret) || cf. /plough/; /recognize/; /write/]
flesh (n) .... (*iywaf- >) iwwaf, iyyaf (or *uu'af : cf. /wine/) [j-w-f, ME j-f
||
........... Copt. _af, a'f/aaf, ef_]

flood (n) .... bi9aH, ba9aH [b-9-H]


flower (n) .... Huraari.t (vs. *Huruuri.t, -u.t) [H-r-r.t || Dem. H-r-r-y; SCopt
.
........... _hreere_ || from same root as Hausa _furee_ 'id.'?]
fluid, efflux (n) .... raa'iDuu; raaDuu (raadzoo) [r-D-w]
fly (n) .... 9iff(iif), 9uff- [9-f-f || SCopt. _af_, ACopt. _ef_ || compare Clas
s.
........... Arab. #:-f-f & /flesh/]
fly (v) .... piR(R)-, pi'(')- [p-3 < PAA *-pi1r- (Ehret) || Copt. _peei_; cf. /s
ky,
........... heaven/]; 9a(a)kh-ii, 9kh(y)uu (subj. 9akhy-) [9-x-j < PAA *9ah(-]
food (n) .... waniimuu, winmuu [w-n-m-w]; winma.t [w-n-m.t || Arab. fi9lat-;
........... credible proof also in Arab. _niimat-_, see /eat/]
fool (n) .... wikhuR; wa(a)khiR [w-x-3]
foot (n) .... rdd-a, ra'd-, ri'd- [r-d #1 < PAA *rad- (OS) / *ri2iz-, or *-r-d........... 'to walk' (Ehret) || SCopt. _rat/rad_ || cf. Som. _raad_ 'footprint'
........... and Hebr. #r-d-d (perf. raadad) 'to flatten, stamp, beat' and #r-d-h
........... (raadaa) 'to rule oppressively; to tread the wine press']
forehead (n) .... tihn-ii, tahn-ii [t-h-n || Copt. _tehne, tehni_]
forest (n) .... su9uur-u? su9r-a/u? [s-9-r < PAA *su9Vr- (OS)]
forget (v) .... saamakh? (or caus.) sammIkh? simikh? [s-m-x || possibly causativ
e,
........... moreso if #m-x equals synonymous Akkad. _mash-uu_?]; mu(u)h-ii (muhy
uu)
........... Haree [m-h-j H-r]
form, shape (n) .... yuruu, yir'uu [j-r-w]; h_urbuu [*h_r-b-w || put forth by
........... Vycichl (an alternative to *_khupruu_) as the ancestor of Copt. _hrv
_,
........... for which Cern suggests the root etymology #h_-r-b ('change into st')
]
four (num) .... yifdaaw(u), ifdaaw(u) [j-f-d-w < PAA *fa1zw-/*ifz- (Ehret) || Co
pt.
........... _fdow_; Akkad. _ipTau_; Hausa _fud'u, hud'u_ || *_yifdaw_, LI 71 &
........... Austin 2008]
fraternize (dur v) .... sansun, sansin [s-n-s-n]
friend (n) .... khunmuus, khanammuus, khanammas [x-n-m-s || voc. < poet. Arabic
&
........... Hebrew]; simmiir; summar; samr-u [s-m-r || old Sem. vocalizations (<
........... poetic Arabic, Akkadian) : 1u22a3 = 1a2ii3! (Steingass 1884 pp. 3201,
........... cf. also /servant/)]
front: in front of (prp) .... khun(u)t [x-n-t < PAA *ghunt- (Ehret) || Copt.
........... _shant_]; em-baRH, em-baaH (+ pn suff) [m - b-3-H || lit. 'in the
........... presence (of)']
fruit (n) .... diqr- (var. of *diqqir-?) > Late diigee' [d-q-r(-w) || Dem. t-g-y
........... 'fruit'; SCopt. _tiche_, BCopt. _jiji_ 'root crop' || compare /plan/
]
functional, efficient; be ~ (adj/v) .... maanikh/maanekh [m-n-x]
gate (n) .... ruut, root; var. raawa.t [r-w.t < PAA *-ra1-, *-ra1w- 'to continue
,
........... keep on' (Ehret) || Copt. _ro_; cf. /mouth/]; sabaR [s-b-3 #2 < PAA
........... *cab-/*cib- (OS) || contrast /star/]; (qq. 'barrier') sibkha.t (pro
........... *sb(aa)khu.t) [s-b-x.t || cf. the synonym s-b-3 #2, vocalized *_siib_
........... by STS]
gather (v) .... Duuru9? intr. Dura9-? [D-r-9 < PAA *gwar- or *gu/ar- 'harvest' (
OS)]
gazelle (n) .... gaHHaas-, gaHuus- (never *gaHas-?) [g-H-s || cf. Copt. _ch'hos_
]

girl (n) .... yudii.t, yudayya.t [j-d-y.t, j-d.t < PAA *-9uz- 'young' (Ehret) ||
........... see /fish/, #2; /lady/]
give (v) .... riD(D)-, stem #2 raD(D)- [r-D-j, r-d(-j), d-j || Copt. ti, di = Eg
.
........... Coll. Arab. _idda (impf. yiddi)_]; (put, cause) yim-ii, yum-, im'........... [j-m-j < PAA *-9iim- (Ehret) || Copt. _ma_, impt. _meei, moi_]
glass (n) .... TaHnu.t (tshaHnut)? TiHna.t? (note that at least in Semitic, seve
ral
........... voc. variations of supposed structure may actually coexist) [T-H-n.t
]
go, fare (v) ... saa'-ii, s'(y)uu (*suu'-?) [s-j-j (Thacker: s-j-y) || syn. stem
........... sh-m(-j) > subj. 1pl sh-m.n = *_shimy.n(u)_ 'let's go!' (Allen 19.5)]
go away, depart (v) .... ra(a)w-ii, rw(y)uu (= *rVwaayuu; subj. rawy-, riwy-)
........... [r-w-j < PAA *-ra1-, *-ra1w- 'to continue, keep on' (Ehret) || Copt.
........... _lo_]
go out, leave (v) .... pa(a)r-ii, pr(y)uu (= *pVVr-a[a]) [p-r < PAA *par-/*pir........... (OS) / *-pi(i)l- 'to drive, chase' (Ehret) || SCopt. _p(e)ire_ (inf.
........... also _prre_ [< *pirya.t, *purya.t : /take/!]); cf. /house/, /cut/,
........... /proclaim/ (of similar verb class)]
god (n) .... nuTTar[1] (AL: naaTar) [n-T-r || EotW 114, 132 || Copt. _nute_; usu
ally
........... considered related to Sem. #n-k-r 'to be unknown, disguised' (instea
d
........... of #n-T-r 'to keep an eye on', Aram. naaToor- 'guardian'...); Lipins
ki
........... also points out Agaw _nk@ra_ 'soul, spirit' || [1] vocalization atte
sted
........... in Semitic (Arabic, Steingass 1884); of interest is also Lith. _nutrt
i_
........... 'to enact, decree, decide, resolve']
gold (n) .... nu'ub-; nu'aib-uu (Vyc./AL: naabaw) [n-b-w || EotW 127 || Copt.
........... _nub/nuv_ ("noub") || Hebr. #n-w-b : _yaanuuv_ 'to flourish', vs. no
te
........... by Vycichl: "Ethiopian n-h-b could correspond well to n-w-b and this
........... root can be represented by n-b-y in Egyptian." || with voc. #2 cp.
........... LSArab. _lujain_ 'silver'; alt-ly, bear in mind the development of M
nEng
........... clove 'nail of garlic' < OEng clufu /'kluvu/]
good; beautiful; be ~ (adj/v) .... naaf-ir, -ur, nafri / naafer [n-f-r < PAA *fi
r........... 'be good' (cf. Aram. _shappiir_ of id. meaning) || Bedja _nefir_ 'go
od']
goose (n) .... samuun-i, sumuun-i, samunn-u [s-m-n || Copt. _smune_ 'Nile goose'
]
granite (n) .... mi3T-, miiT-a/u [m-3-T < PAA *mik- 'stone']
great (adj) .... waar (v. *_waarar_ or *_warr-u_ 'to be great') [w-r || EotW 113
];
........... (+ 'of length') (R)iw? (R)aaw? [3-w (= 9-3?) || Copt. _aw, oo_]
grow, flourish (v) .... ruud- w/ stem raad- [r-d #3 || Copt. _root/rood_; cf.
........... /drink/; q.v. /plant/]
grow weary, tire (v) .... wuuruD [w-r-D || v. root & tl. by Ehret (In Memoriam W
.
........... Vycichl, p. 43)]
guide (n) .... sishsh-iim, -uum; sashi(i)m-u; saysham; sashm-u ~ sushm-i [s-sh-m
||
........... voc. = old/rare Sem. patterns for nomen agentis (< poetic Arabic,
........... Akkadian); cf. /chief/, /servant/ with attested Arabic cognates]
hand (n) .... Daaru.t [D-r.t || S/ACopt. _toore_, BCopt. _toori_ || cf. Aram.
........... _d6raa9-_ (f), Arab. _dhiraa9_ (m/f) 'arm' || AL *_Daara.t_, LI 42]

happen; become (v) .... khaapar (act part fem. *_khaapura_) [x-p-r < PAA *-gha1p
........... 'to rise, arise' (Ehret)]
harp (n) .... baayina.t (pro *buuyanu.t) [b-j-n.t || SCopt. _boine, (!)bine_, BC
opt.
........... _uooini_ || Vycichl: *_bayna.t_]
he, it (ind pn) .... nita(a)f- > (e)ntAf [n-t-f || AL *(ja)ntaf, LI 65]
head (n) .... tap(p)- (pro reg. *tip(p)-) [t-p || cf. SCopt. _ape_ || AL *tap, L
I
........... 72, 100]
hear (v) .... saaDam (saadzam) [s-D-m; _saaDam en-_ 'obey' || AL & Otler agree,
........... EotW 114 || Copt. _sootm_]
heart (n) .... yibb-u/a, yib [j-b < PAA *libb-, *lubb- (OS) / *li3b- (Ehret) ||
cf.
........... SCopt. _bai, be_ || in EotW on p. 114]; Haa'ti (pro *Huu3tj-?) [H-3t-j]
heaven, sky (n) .... pi('i).t, piiya.t [p.t || Copt. _pe, phe_ || AL *pi.t, LI 5
7]
henna (n) .... taftaaf, tiftaaf [t-f-t-f < PAA *taf-taf-]
herd (n) .... y'daar > yaadaar; ya'duur [j-d-r; j-3-d-r || cf. pattern displayed
in
........... Arab. ya9buub 'torrent' < 9-b-b]
here (adv) .... 9ayya (< *9a33a or /y/ unmarked) [9-3 || STS]
hide (v) .... du(u)g-ii, dugiy-, dug-(y)uu [d-g-j || */u/ by OS]
high: on high (adv/prp) .... tiip- (vs. *ta'p-) [t-p || cf. /head/]
hill (n) .... qu''uR (pro *quu'uR?) [q-3-3 < PAA *-k'u'- (k'+u+glottal) 'to rise
'
........... (Ehret) || Copt. _koye_]; khaa9 [x-9 < PAA *-ghaa9- (Ehret)]
horizon (n) .... (R)aakha.t? (R)aakhu.t? [3-x.t || cf. /sunlight/]
horn (n) .... dibb-u/a, dib [d-b || Copt. _tap_]
Horus (pr n) .... Hu(u)ru [H-r-w; H-r #1 || Akkad. ts. /-h.uru/; q.v. /day/]
hour (n) .... (*wnaww-? >) wanwa.t, wanuu.t [w-n-w.t || Copt. _(u)nu, naw, no_]
house (n) .... par-a/i [p-r < PAA *par- 'house, enclosure' (OS) || SCopt. _per-_
||
........... Hebr. _par9oo_ "Pharaoh, the Great House" (cf. Hebr. _par_ 'bull') |
|
........... see DEV 19 for homographic terminology in other Near Eastern languag
es]
how? (int) .... mi(ye) ma [m-j m]
human (n) .... raamiT (-tsh) [r-m-T, r-m #2 || Copt. _roome_ || Vycichl:
........... *_raamiT_]
hunger (n) .... Hiqur-u, Huqur-u [H-q-r(-w) || Copt. _heeke, heeki_ 'poor']
I (ind pn) .... a(a)naaku > naak [j-n-k || Copt. _anok_ || Akkad. _anaaku_; Hebr.
........... _aanokhii_]
ibis (n) .... hab(b)aay, hubbu'y-u [h-b-y || Copt. _hibooi, hifui, hbui, hip_]
image (of a god) (n) ... shazp-u; shazp-i [sh-z-p || CGr. Sphingx < Eg. sh-z-p
........... 9-n-x?]
impressiveness (n) .... baaRuu, baa'uu [b-3-w]
incarnation (n) .... Hiim- (pro *Haam-?) [H-m]
injustice, wrong (n) .... yazfa.t (< *yaazifa.t?) (pro *yaziifa.t) [j-z-f.t < PA
A
........... *-9adz- (Ehret)]
instead of .... (e)r-DebuuR [r - D-b-3 (Middle Kingdom) || = Hebr. #9-b[-w]-r
........... (Rssler); alternatively related to Arab. _jabara_ 'he restored']
is not, will not .... nuun [n-n #2 || STS; cf. also LI 127 (where < *nj+n)]
island (n) .... (y)aaw-; (y)uuw-a [j-w #2 || var. #1 assuming an old connection
........... with Hebr. _yaawaan_ 'Greece'; also compare Hebr. _ii_ ('ij) 'island
',
........... _iyyoon_ ('ij.won) 'islet' with the morphological twins _uuvaal_ /

........... _yaavaal_ (ixt. /day [#2]/, q.v.!) || same noun type as Hebr. _qaaw,
........... qaaw _ ('measuring line'), with /water/?]
ivory (n) .... kimaaree (> *kimree) [k-m-r-y < PAA *kilam- (apparent metathesis)
]
jar (n) .... khabaabi.t, khabeebi.t [x-b-b.t < PAA *ghwi1b- / *ghwa1b- (Ehret) |
|
........... Copt. keebi; BCopt. ka(a)bi (Crum 99) || probable variation /i/ ~ /a
/
........... due to the guttural]; Hin'-uu, Hiny-uu; Hina''-uu, Hunaa'-uu [H-n-w
||
........... Copt. hnaw, hnou; cuneiform ts. /khi-na/ || same voc. type as /day/?
]
joy (n) .... rishwa.t, rishya.t [r-sh-w.t || Copt. _rashe_, BCopt. rashi_ ||
........... Vycichl; cf. /dream/]
king (n) .... nisuu(t) (poss. var. *nisaawi(t) - see /pelican/) [n-s-w(-t)]
kingship (n) .... nisuuya.t, nisaawiyya.t, niswiyya.t [n-s-y.t; n-s-w-y.t]
kiss; smell (air) (v) .... sinn-, sunn- [s-n < PAA *-tsoon- or *-coon- (Ehret) |
|
........... common Cush. _sunk'-_; related may be also Amh. _sam_ 'a kiss']
knee (n) .... *pi'(V)d- > puud-, piid- [p-3-d; p-d < PAA *pV'ud- (OS) / *piiz-,
........... Berb. *puuz- (Ehret) || SCopt. _pat/pad_, #_fud-_ abounding in Berbe
r
........... cognates; Akkad. _puudu_ 'shoulder' || per interest compare PIE
........... *ped-/*pood-/*pod-, CGr. _pous, podos_ 'foot']
knife (n) .... shu(u)9a.t, sho(o)9a.t [sh-9.t < PAA *c^u9- (OS) / *-e19- 'to cut
........... off' (Ehret) || the fem. suffix of instruments might also be *-i(i).
t
........... < *-iya.t]
know .... see /learn/
lady (n) .... niiba.t, -ii.t, nibayya.t [n-b.t #1 || q.v. /lord, owner/; /girl/]
lake (n) .... shaa'-a, shaay-a [sh-j; sh || AA languages in Tanzania have
........... _c^aw-_, and Cushitic Dahalo has _c^'a_ 'id.' (DEV 70)]
land (n) .... taa(R) [t-3 #2 < PAA *te2r-/*to2r- 'earth' (Ehret); du. t-3-w-y >
........... *_ta(R)awya, -w'_ 'The Two Lands, Egypt' (cuneif. ts. ta-a-w-a :
........... http://www.jstor.org/pss/544408 ) - compare Swa. _wa-_ (animate pl);
........... Arab. _aba-wayn_, cstr. _-waa_ 'the parents' and the developments
........... _yansaa_ < *yansayu (Abu-Chacra), _mataa_ < *mataya (e.g. Blau) ||
........... Copt. _to_ 'land']
lap (n) .... miRsu.t, miisu.t; ma3(aa)se.t, -a.t [m-3-s.t || related to Akkad.
........... _meshreetu_ (metathesis)? || cf. another anat. feminine, /back/]
laugh (v) .... saabaT [s-b-T (Ehret: z-b-T) < PAA *-zab- 'to call' (Ehret) || ME
........... s-b-t]
law (n) .... happ-u/a, hipp-u/a [h-p || note Hebr. #H-p-p 'to cover, protect' :
........... _chippuui_ 'giving of cover', _chappuuth_ 'innocence' (jur.)]
laze around; hesitate (v) .... wuuzuf (*wazuf-u?) [w-z-f || D'jakonov suggests P
AA
........... root *3uf- (DEV 35)]
lead (v) .... khaarap [x-r-p || Copt. _shorp_ 'first' (LI 72)]
leaf (n) .... giibuu, guubuu [g-b-3 < PAA *-guH-/*-giH- (Ehret)]
learn; know (v) .... rakh- (never *rukh--?) [r-x < PAA *rah(-/*'arH- || cf. Arab
.
........... #H-r-y (metathesis?) > _itHarra_ 'he investigated, inquired']
leather (n) ... duHuur, edHuur (vs. diHr-u; daaHiir-u) [d-H-r || cf. Hebr. _9oor
_]
leave, go out (v) .... pa(a)r-ii, pr(y)uu (= *pVVr-a[a]) [p-r < PAA *par-/*pir........... (OS) / *-pi(i)l- 'to drive, chase' (Ehret) || SCopt. _p(e)ire_ (inf.
........... also _prre_ [< *pirya.t, *purya.t : /take/!]); cf. /house/, /cut/,

........... /proclaim/ (of similar verb class)]


leg, bird-leg (n) .... sima9, sim9a [s-m-9 < PAA *cim9-]
leopard (n) .... (3)aabii (var. *3abaay?) [3-b-y || cf. Hebr. _laavii_ 'lion']
lick, lap up (v) .... naasab [n-s-b || Class. Arab. _lasaba_ 'he licked; he bit'
];
........... saanak [s-n-k || rarer]
lie, deceive (v) .... giirig [g-r-g || Class. Arab. #q-r-q (not in Wehr; also no
te
........... #gh-r-r of identical meaning); SCush. _gil-_ 'deceive']
life (n) .... 9aanuukh, 9aaniikh, -u [9-n-x(-w) < PAA *-9anghw- 'to rise, grow'
........... (Ehret) || Copt. _onee/onii_ 'live; life' || based on the comparison
........... of Eg. _9_ to Sem. _q_ (q.v. /Milky Way/), an argument can be formed
........... of possible relation to Hebr. #q-l-H 'sprout', or perhaps rather
........... #q-n-h (II) 'create, cause to be']
light (n) .... wi'n-, wa'n-; wayn-i/ee (dial. *wany-i/u?) [w-n < PAA *wan- (OS)
||
........... Copt. _uo(e)in_, BCopt. _uooini_ || voc. analogously with #j-p(-y).t
(=
........... Hebr. :eefaa), whence Copt. oeipe, ooipi (see Cern 121, Vycichl 155);
........... this even fits the root theory of OS || note vowel offglide developm
ent
........... similar to Faroese and English; compare /physician/]
lion (n) .... mR(u)y-V > moo'ee, -'ii [m-3-j < PAA *mary- (OS) || Copt. _mui_ ||
........... Thacker: *_ma(a)3uya_ > *_ma(a)3ey_]
lip (n) .... sepaat- [s-p.t < PAA *sapat- or *c^a(n)f- || Copt. _spotw_ 'lips';
........... Aram. _siphthaa_, Akkad. _shaptu_ 'lip']
little, some, a bit (adv) .... nkiit; nikkat, -ut; nukayyit [n-k-t || cp. Arabic
........... _ka9t_ 'short, small']
live (v) .... 9aanakh [9-n-x || Copt. _onee/onii_ 'live; life' || see /life/]
loathe (v) .... buut-; alt. stem bawat- > baat- (w/ n. b-w-t > _bawt(-u), buutee
,
........... biwta.t_ 'disgust') [b-w-t]
locust (n) .... si(i)D-a/u [s-D || Copt. _shje_]; zinHaamu, zunHaamu [z-n-H-m(-w
) ||
........... Copt. sanneh (Vycichl); Hebr. _sl9aam_ || LI 34: "[common] Afroas.
........... *sulxam"]
lord, owner (n) .... niib-u/a [n-b #1 || /i/ recorded in Akkad. ts. || Copt.
........... _neeb/niib_; in CGr. _-neefis_, LI 55; cf. also Arab. _naab_ 'tribal
........... chief']
love (n) .... muruuwa.t, mirya.t (LE *mirre, *miir) (STS: marwa.t) [m-r-w.t || a
lso
........... cf. Iraqi Arabic _mruwwa(t-)_ 'kindness, fine quality' & see below]
love (v) .... mu(u)r-ii, muriy-, mur-(y)uu (subj. miry-) [m-r-j, m-r || Copt. _m
e,
........... mei, m(e)ie, maie, meei, mere, mrre-_ || Vycichl: vn. *_mirya.t_ ||
note
........... Akkad. _raamu_ and Arab. _raam_ (impf. _yaruum_) 'wish for, aspire';
an
........... ultimate origin from #m-r-r 'be bitter, sad' has also been suggested
by
........... some scholars]
marsh (n) .... *khu3r(V)t- > khuu.t [x-3.t < PAA *-gu9- 'to become wet' (Ehret)]
;
........... shuuR [sh-3]
mat, reed-mat (n) .... tumuuRi.t; tmiiRi(.t); temRuuya.t [t-m-3(-y.t), t-m-j.t ||
........... SCopt. _tmee, tom_ || cf. Sum. _muru_ 'reed mat' = Akkad. _buruu_ ||
cp.
........... with /spear/ (above vocalization #2!)]
mighty; be ~ (adj/v) .... sakhmi/saakhem [s-x-m || compare Sum. _shumah_ 'mighty

';
........... Hebr. _shacham_ 'granite' (for curiosity qq. _9aaSam_ 'he was mighty
',
........... LSArab. _9aZuma_); LSArab. _shaHuma_ 'he was/has become fat']
Milky Way (pr n) .... misqa.t suqqud-/siqqood-/saqqad-iwwaa (vs. *-aawuu) (for t
he
........... voc. of II, see /voyager/ [& LI 89]) [m-s-q.t s-q-d-w 'path of erran
t
........... ones' || #q-d #2 (caus. #s-q-d) appears in SCopt. _sarakoote_
........... 'wanderer' || concerning the voc. for I, consider Hebr. _miS9aad_
........... 'pacing, tread', et al. (Arab. pattern fi9lat- : Thackston 2004 85)]
monkey (n) .... kaay-u/-ee [k-y || cf. Hebr. _qaaw_ 'loud-talking; boom-voice';
........... also note Hausa _ki_ 'top']; (baboon) buunuu; buuniwi [b-n-w < PAA
........... *bun- || Chadic *buni-]
month (n) .... (3)iibaad-u [3-b-d < PAA *-'aab-/*-iib- (Ehret); but note also *'
i........... 'time period', *bad- 'separate', and *ibad- 'lose, be lost' (OS) ||
........... Copt. _evate/-de, evot/evod_ || AL *_3abAd_, Kienast *_3abAt_ (Eg. d
........... as a form of /t/ : Allen 2.4)]
moon (n) .... yuu9aH, yu9H-, yu9uuH- [j-9-H < PAA *-li9- 'to shine' (Ehret) ||
........... Copt. _oh, o'(o)h, (y)ooh, yoh, ah, a'h/aah_ || Hebr. _y rach_
........... 'month', _yaareach_ 'moon'; Akkad. _(w)arkhu_ 'month']
morning (n) .... bakaR, bukuuR [b-k-3 < PAA *-ba1k- (Ehret) || Arab. #b-k-r (id.
........... vocalizations for this and #sh-r-q 'sunrise'); Hebr. _boq r_ (also cf.
........... #b-k-r)]; daw'uu; f. daw(i)'a.t [d-w-3-w, f. d-w-3.t < PAA *daw- ||
=
........... Copt. _(h)towe, (h)tawe_? (& Arab. _Daw'_ 'light'?) || adj. d-w-3-j
=
........... *_daw'ii, duwuuRii_]
mother (n) .... mii3wa.t, ma'iwa.t[1] [m(-j)-w.t, m-3-w.t || Copt. _ma(a)w, moo,
........... meew_ || AL suggests *me3wa.t, LI 245; a close curiosity is obviousl
y
........... also CGr. _maia_ 'good mother, foster mother' || [1] as discovered
........... after this theorem, Semitic actually has attested variation like
........... _zaibaq, zi'baq_ (Arab., 'mercury')]
mountain (n) .... Daaw- [D-w #2 < PAA *-dla1- 'to grow, swell' (Ehret) || Copt.
........... _tow_ || some connect this with Hebr. _Suur_ (1 Chron. 11:15) :
........... www.oldtestamentstudies.net/languages ; however cp. /island/, /water
/]
mouth; speech, spell (n) .... ruu(w-a); raaw [r #2 (OS: r-3) || Copt. _ro; roo;
........... tapro_; cf. /gate/ || AL *ra3, LI 58]
myrrh, incense (n) .... 9anatyuu? 9antaayuu? (not *9i-?) [9-n-t-j-w || probably
........... not connected with Sum. _nade_-3, _nadeg_ 'incense']
naked (adj) .... Haa'ii? Hi''ay? [H-3-y || cf. Aram. -aay vs. (more original
........... Afroasiatic?) Arab. -ii]
name, identity (n) .... rinn-, runn- [r-n || AL *rin, LI 46/EotW 125 || Copt.
........... _ran_, FCopt. _len_ || voc. given in cuneiform ts.; commonly associa
ted
........... with Class. Arab. #r-n-n: ranna, raniin, ranam; see /servant/]
neck (n) .... wis(s)aara.t [w-s-r.t < PAA *sar- (OS) / *-wic'- 'to swallow' (Ehr
et)
........... || cf. Hebr. _Sawwaa'r(-)_ & Aram. _Sawraa_ < #S-w-r (though Takcs
........... argues that Sem. /S/ should = Eg. /D/, DEV 110)]; (throat) khukhkh-a
........... [x-x < PAA *ghoogh- (Ehret) || Copt. _khakh_ || cf. /child/ (#2)]
necklace (n) .... munayya.t, munuuya.t, munya.t [m-n-j.t || Yaaku (Cush.) _mnyr_
........... 'chains'; cf. Arab. _munyat-_ 'object of desire' & Skr. mnyaa 'neck']
;
........... shab(b)-ee.t, -ii.t; shabayya.t, shabaayi.t [sh-b-y.t || stem vowel
*a

........... in Central Chadic & East Cushitic (OS)]


need (n) .... *DaRr- > Daaruu, Darruu (*Daa'uuruu?) [D-3-r-w]; naahuu (*niihuu?)
........... [n-h-w]
night (n) .... ga(a)raaH-u (vs. giraH-, guraaH-) [g-r-H #1 || cf. /wing/]
nine (num) .... pisiiD(u), pisD(i?)u [p-s-D; p-s-D-w || Copt. _phis_ || *_pisiiD
-_,
........... NDNM 29; *_pisiijaw_, Austin 2008]
no, not (adv/intj) ... na'i, nai [n-j || STS]
nod (v) .... haanan [h-n-n]
nose (n) .... funD-, funaaD- [f-n-D < PAA *fung- (OS) / *fi2l- (Ehret) || Oromo
........... _fun(n)n-_; Amh. _af6nch.a_]
oar (n) .... Haamuu (*Hamw-?) [H-m-w #1]; wsuru, wsiri, wisar [w-s-r || SCopt.
........... _uosr_, BCopt. _uoser_ || no connection with Sum. _ngisal_, Akkad.
........... _gishallu_?]; Haapi.t, Haapiye.t [H-p.t || Sudanic *kepi, Proto-Bant
u
........... *-gapi 'paddle']
oasis (n) .... wiH'a.t [w-H-3.t || SCopt. _uahe_, BCopt. _vah_, FCopt. _uehi_ ||
........... Arab. _waaHat-_ 'id.' || accidental similarity in Hebr. _yichur_
........... 'young shoot'?]
obelisk (n) .... takhuun-u, tukh(i)n-u [t-x-n]
observe (v) .... paatar [p-t-r || SCopt. _poo'(oo)re, po'(o)r_, BCopt. _foor,
........... fer-_ || Vycichl: *_patr-uu_ 'les voir']
of (conj) .... ni > en [n #2, n-j < PAA *ni (Ehret) || cf. Tigre _naay-_, Hausa
........... _na-_ (Lipinski 36.31) || Copt. _n-_]
offer (v) .... Haanak [H-n-k || Hebrew #H-n-k, whence _Chanookh_ 'Enoch, the
........... (one who was) dedicated']; Daarap [D-r-p < PAA *-da1r- (Ehret)]
office (n) .... (ya')uu.t [j-3.t #2 || cf. /back/; /father/]
official (n) .... sVr(e)yV > saar-i [s-r-j; s-r < PAA *car- 'elder, chief' (OS)
||
........... Hebr. _s'ar/s'aar-_, Akkad. _sharru_; any relation to Hebr. _saariis
_
........... < #s-r-j-s? (Gen. 37:36, 2 Kings 20:18)]
oh! (interj) .... ye! ya! [j]; haa! (hii?) [h-3]
oil (n) .... Hiknuu, Heknoo [H-k-n-w]; (+ 'ointment') mirHa.t, miraaHa.t [m-r-H.
t
........... || probably related to Hebr. #m-r-H (whence _maarach_ 'he besmeared'
&
........... _mirchat-_ 'ointment')]
oil tree (n) .... baq [*b-q || < Salonen 1945]
one (num) .... wi99u (or *wa(a)9u) [w-9(-w) || Copt. _ua_ || Proto-Khoisan *ui
........... 'one/alone' (Takcs) may be related; AL gives *_wu99uw_]
open (v) .... waan- (alt. stem *wiin-?) [w-n < PAA *wan- (OS/Ehret) || Copt.
........... _uoon_]; wu(u)p-ii, -(y)uu (subj. wipy-) [w-p-j w/ n. *wap- [= Akkad
.]
........... < PAA *wup- || Copt. _uoop_, archaic form _ueep_ (Crum 482)]
order (n) .... wiiD? waD? [w-D]
ornament, decoration (n) .... h_akaar? h_uku(u)r? [h_-k-r]
orphan (n) .... nimiH ("def."/elab. namHuu)? namuuH-u? [n-m-H; n-m-H-w]
Osiris (pr n) .... wasiir, wissiir [w-s-j-r; product of #w-s-r '(be) strong,
........... powerful' [reg. *waas-ir, -ur] from PAA *-we2c- 'to be hard, solid'?
]
ostrich (n) .... nuu'uu, nii(y)uu (or -aau) [n-j-w]
over, upon (prp) .... Hari [H-r-y, H-r || Vycichl: "from *_Haryaw_?" || AL *Har,
........... LI 32 (id.?)]
overthrow (v, caus?) .... saakhar (saxxIr, suxxur, sikhir?) [s-x-r]
palace (n) .... 9iiH [9-H || *ii also in nouns like _rii(a)9_ 'sun']
palette (for writing) (n) .... gesta(a)', gista(a)' [g-s-t-j || Hebr. _q s th_
........... 'writing kit', Ez. 9; note Sum. _ngesh_ (determinative) + _da_ 'plan

k'
........... || AL promotes an equation with Hebr. _q sh th_ 'bow' < earlier *qasht
........... (LI 245)]
papyrus (n: plant) .... Tuufee [T-w-f-y || = Hebr. _suuph_ (coll.) 'reeds'
........... (Lipinski 2.5)]
pass time (v) .... saak-ii, sk(y)uu [s-k-j < PAA *-ca1ak- 'to stay still, in
........... place' (Ehret) || a verb with id. radicals means 'to sink, go down']
path, road (n) .... khaa(R) [x-3 < PAA *ghwaax- (Ehret) || Copt. _xo_]
pelican (n) .... Hinaawi.t, Hunaawi.t [H-n-w.t || BCopt. _hmee/hmii_ (*-nVw- >
........... -m-?) || fem. of AA agental suffix *-aawii (Ge9ez -aawi, Hausa -yii)?
........... : see Lipinski 29.44]
penis (n) .... *bu3(V)H- > buuH [b-3-H < PAA *bu'uh- (OS)]
pharaoh (n) .... par9oo' [p-r-9-3 || q.v. /great/]
physician (n) .... za'inuu, zi'(')inuu > ziyyun (or *za'n[y]uu, *zi'nuu) [z-j-nw,
........... z-w-n-w || SCopt. _sa(e)in_, ACopt. _se(')ine_, B/FCopt. _seeini_ ||
........... AL *ziinuu, Vycichl *zinyaw; compare with old Semitic patterns, Clas
s.
........... Arab. 1i22ii3, BHebr. 1aa2ii3 (var. 1e2ii3); also the history of Eng
l.
........... diphthongs || cf. /flesh/ & see /light/ with similar vowel offglide
........... development]
pier, dock (n) .... maDDaH-u, muDaH(H)-u, maDaH- [m-D-H || Hebr. _mezach:
........... m6zaach-_ and _maachooz: m6chooz-_]
pillar, column (n) .... 9ii(R) [9-3 < PAA *-9ir- (Ehret)]; wuhhuR, wihaaR [w-h-3
]
place, put (v) .... waaRaH, waa'aH [w-3-H || Copt. _uooh_]; waad-ii, wd(y)uu (=
........... *wVda[a]yu) [w-d-j || Ge9ez _wadaya_; also note Arab. #w-D-9; #w-d-9
:
........... for other genetically traced simulacra of 'tertiae infirmae', see
........... /sail (#2)/, /strike (#2)/]
plan (n) .... si(i)khir? sakhiir-u? [s-x-r || BCopt. _shishi_, n. < _ershishi_ '
to
........... hold power' || compare /fruit/]
plant (n) .... siim (not *summ-a/u?) [s-m]; raaduu [r-d-w || Copt. _root/rood_ |
|
........... AL *raaduw, LI 58]
please, make content (v) .... Haatap [H-t-p || AL *Haatip (ap) 'pleasing', LI 36
]
pleasure (n) .... si(i)'maa' [s-j-m-3 || SCopt. _sime_; also v. _sei_ 'be filled
,
........... satisfied, enjoy' || reconstructed with pattern 1i23aa4 (Arabic)]
plough (n) .... hib(b)i [h-b || SCopt. _hbbe_, BCopt. _hebi/-vi_ || = Sum. _apin
_,
........... Akkad. _epinnu_; based solely on SCopt., Thacker's model would yield
........... *_hibya_ (which would have to be a vernacular survivor as well)]
plough (v) .... sik'- [s-k-3 || Copt. _ske_ ("skai", vi.), _sek-_ (Crum 328) ||
cf.
........... /flee/; /recognize/; /write/; & next]
pluck, tug; fall out (v) .... fq'- [f-q-3 #2 < PAA *-faak'- 'to break off' (Ehret
)
........... || SCopt. _fooche_, BCopt. _fooji_]; fa(a)d-ii? fu(u)d-? (subj. fidy
-)
........... [f-d-j || WChad. _fita-_]
poison (n) .... mitwa.t [m-t-w.t || SCopt. _matu_, BCopt. _mathui_, FCopt.
........... _metvi/-bi_]
portal (n) .... 9aaru.t [9-r.t (OS: 9-r-w.t) || resembles Berber *_Hur-_ 'door';
AL
........... connects the Eg. word with PSem. *dalt (LI 31); yet compare also Heb
r.

........... #q-r-: (#2) 'come to meet' : _q6ra'th_ 'vis--vis', & #q-l-T 'close' |
|
........... if same as 9-r-r-y.t in Allen p. 456, read *_9irru.t_, var. *_9irree
.t_]
pot, cauldron (n) .... duuda.t, dudda.t [d-d.t < PAA *dud-]
powerful; be ~ (adj/v) .... sakhmi/saakhem [s-x-m || see /mighty/ for cross-lang
uage
........... comparison]
prayer (n) .... niiH-u [n-H || cf. /eternity/ & Hebr. _naa'_ 'he pleased/prayed'
]
previously, before (adv) .... khnaateu (or from stative *khanteu?) [x-n-t-w || as
........... prep 'before': q.v. /front/]
priest, laypriest (n) .... wi9(9)ab; wu9b-i [w-9-b || Copt. _uee'b/uii'ib_ || AL
........... *wii9ab, LI 30]
proclaim, announce; pronounce (v) .... duum-ii, dum(y)uu (= *dVVm-a[a]) [d-m < P
AA
........... *-du1m- (Ehret) || Bantu _-dimi_ 'tongue' (Lipinski 1.4) - concernin
g
........... the rather fitting inf./vn suffix *_-ii_, see /bear children/; also
cf.
........... Arab. #m-d-H 'praise, extol' (metathesis?) and structurally BHebr.
........... _s.uudh_ (Jastrow), inf. of _s.aadh, -aa_ 'he hunted, stalked']
protect (v) .... naaD- or naDD- [n-D || note Akkad. _naSaaru_]; mEk-ii, -yuu (su
bj.
........... miky-) [m-k-j]
punish (v) .... naayak, naa'ak [n-j-k]
Punt, Land of (pr n) .... p(e)waani.t [p-w-n.t || due to an obscure subject, the
re
........... is little to be considered besides Swahili _pwani_ 'coast' (Takcs)]
pure; be ~, purify (adj/v) .... wu9bi, wi9bi / wuu9ub? wu9ab(b)? (pro *wa99ab-)
........... [w-9-b < PAA *-wa29- (Ehret) || AL: (unspecified) fut. form *_uw9obu
_,
........... EotW 125 || Copt. _uop_; SCopt. _ua'b_ 'pure']
pyramid (n) .... maar [m-r #1 < PAA *mar- 'house' (OS) || in addition to CGr.
........... _pyy-ra(a)m-is_, cf. also Hebr. _haaraam: h(a)raam-_ (Metathesis in
........... both, w/ prefix? -- note potentially identical mt. in the base for
........... /love/, > Arab. _raam_. The Hebrew word might be a certain-degree
........... adaptation to native base #r-w-m, though.)]
raft (n) .... shadad, shiid-, shadiid- [sh-d || compare Arab. _shadda_ 'he tied'
; &
........... also a curiously abiding /sh/ <> /s/ correlation in Hebr. _raphsooda
a_];
........... mih_naawa.t (for ?muh_anniwa.t, *mih_niiu.t[1]) [m-h_-n(-w).t < h_-n
-j
........... || [1] cp. Hebr. millee't < m-l-: (Song 5:12), m6naqqiith < n-q-h]
rainstorm, tempest (n) .... neshaan-a(a)/i? (or / > ME) nish(a)na? [n-sh-n-j]
raven (n) .... 9ab(b)aaq-u [9-b-q || Copt. _abook, avook_ || note the side meani
ng
........... 'rob, despoil' of Hebr. _qaaba9_ (Sem. q <> Eg. 9 : cf. /life/)]
read, recite (v) .... sha(a)d-ii, shd(y)uu (= *shVda[a]yu; subj. shidy-) [sh-d-j]
rebel (n) .... suubi (*saabi? *sibi?) [s-b-j]
recall, bring to mind (v caus) .... saxxuuR-ii, saxxu(u)Ryuu (pres. or subj.
........... sixiR-) [s-x-3-j || the inf. stem may also be *suxxu(u)R-, cf. Akkad
.]
receive (v) .... (obtain) shaasap [sh-s-p || Copt. shoop]; (accept) saazap? sizi
p?
........... [s-z-p || WChadic _*s^ap-_]
recognize (v) .... sii'iR? saayaR? [s-j-3 < PAA *si'- || cf. SCopt. _so[o]un_
........... 'know' < stem like *_saayuu-_? || contrast /go/, q.v.]

red(, be ~) (adj) .... dshri, dushri / daasher? dushar(r)? [d-sh-r || cf. Copt.
........... _toorsh_, SCopt. ?_tshre_ (Crum) 'be red, blush' || Vycichl: *_daash
ir_
........... (mt. *_daarish_) 'red']
Red Land (pr n) .... dashra.t, dshra.t (*-i.t?) [*d-sh-r.t || also see /desert/]
refuge, shelter (n) .... yaabuu, yabbuu [j-b-w < PAA *-yab- 'to protect' (Ehret)
]
relax (v caus) .... saqbuuH-ii, -(y)uu (saqbIH-) [s-q-b-H || the inf. stem may a
lso
........... be *suqbu(u)H-, cf. Akkadian]
relaxation (cstr phr) .... nfru yib [n-f-r j-b]
remainder, rest (n) .... DaaRi.t, DaRii.t, DaRiyyu.t (or *-a.t [after a guttural
?])
........... [D-3.t || cf. the Cairene vocalizations of the Arab. synonym, #b-q-y
.t]
remote, faraway (adj) .... Hoor(a) [H-r #4]
rescue, save (v) .... naaHam [n-H-m]
respect (v) .... sha(a)f-ii, shf(y)uu (= *shVfa[a]yu; subj. shify-) [sh-f-j]
retreat (v) .... Hu(u)m-ii, Hum(y)uu (= *HVma[a]yu; subj. Himy-) [H-m-j]
rich (adj) .... khaawid [x-w-d]
ring (n) .... yiw9ee (< *yVwa9-j-); yawii9i(y-) [j-w-9-j]
rise (v) .... wuubun (*wabun-u?) [w-b-n < PAA *bul-? || q.v. /spring, source/]
river (n) .... (y)itaar-uu, yataar-uu [j-t-r-w || AL *iatr-aw, -uw, LI 47 vs. Eo
tW
........... 122 || Copt. _(e)ioor_, ACopt. _yoo're_, FCopt. _yaar, yaal_ || Hebr
.
........... _y6'oor_ 'canal; river', _ha-y'oor_ 'the Nile']
riverbank (n) .... waDaab-u, waDb-u [w-D-b < PAA *-wadl- 'to flow' (Ehret)]; (al
so
........... 'shore') muuree.t, muraayi.t [m-r-y.t || cf. Copt. _meer/miir_ <
........... *muur- (AL)]
road, way (n) .... waa'e.t (or *wooRe.t) [w-3.t (OS: w-3-(y).t) < PAA *-wa1a'........... 'start out to' (Ehret) || mdn. relatives have *u(u), see Takcs,
........... "Dictionary" p. 99]; maTaan [m-T-n, < *m-kl < PAA *kVl- 'move'?];
........... (path) khaa(R) [x-3 < PAA *ghwaax- (Ehret) || Copt. _kho_]
roast (v) .... maa9aq [m-9-q]; (R)uushur [3-sh-r < PAA *^cur- (OS)]
rob (v) .... 9uun-, alt. stem *9awan- > 9aan- [9-w-n || any connection with Hebr
.
........... #:-w-n 'evil action'? (*q-w-n/l would be expected)]
room (n) .... 9uut [9.t || Copt. _eei_ 'house' (Takcs); note Coll. Arab. _9ooDa_]
;
........... (chamber) 9ah_nuutee (*-niwt-?) [9-h_-n-w-t-y]
root (n) .... siR(R)-, si'(')- [s-3 #2 < PAA *sa2r-/*si2r- (Ehret)]
rope (n) .... nuuH-, nooH- (< *nawH-?) [n-w-H || Copt. _nuh_]
rot (n) .... khazaad-u [x-z-d < PAA *h(a3ad- || any relation to Arab. _Hasad_
........... 'envy'?]
ruin (n/vn) .... waRaas, wa'aas [w-3-s #2 || apparently similar hypothesis by
........... Vycichl; q.v. p. 232 || contrast /scepter/]
sack (n) .... sa'qu, saqqu [s-q; (OS: s-3-q) || Copt. _sok_ || Akkad. _sakku_,
........... Aram. _saqqaa_, Hebr. _saq_]
sail (n) .... Hu(u)tuR, Hu(u)tiR [H-t-3 || cf. Copt. _hoot_ 'to sail']
sail (v) .... saagar? sigir? [s-g-r || Copt. _s'cheer, shcheer_ (< vn/al. with
........... /u:/?)]; kha(a)n-ii, khn(y)uu (= *khVna[a]yu; subj. khany-, khiny-)
........... [x-n-j < PAA *h(anaw/y- : for other genetically traced simulacra of
........... 'tertiae infirmae', see /place, put (#2)/, /strike (#2)/]
salt (n) .... HamuuRa.t, Hamuu'a.t [H-m-3.t < PAA *-h.am- 'to spoil > sour' (Ehr
et)
........... || Copt. _hmu_, FCopt. _hemu_; Oromo _amool-ee_ 'bar of salt']
sand (n) .... shu9(9)ee [sh-9-y, ME sh-9 < PAA *^ce9- (OS) || Copt. _shoo_ ixt.

........... _shuu, shu'_ ("shou, shouou"); North Omotic _shiiya, siya_, South Om
otic
........... _shayi, shaayo, sayy_ || regularly, PAA */e/ would appear to yield /
a/;
........... also cf. /Tanis/ (another noun with */u/ + guttural)]
satisfy; pacify (caus v) .... saHtIp (suHtup?) [s-H-t-p || AL uses the same voc.
, LI
........... 81 (note also stress, < LME /sHtep/)]
save, rescue (v) .... naaHam [n-H-m]
scale(s) (n sg) .... mikh(R)a.t, mikh'a.t [m-x-3.t]
scalp (n) .... sumaa-', -R (pro *summuR?) [s-m-3 < PAA *su2m- (Ehret)]
scepter; dominion (n) .... wa'uus [w-3-s #1 || contrast /ruin/]
scroll (n) .... maDuuRa.t, miDRa.t [m-D-3.t]
sea, ocean (n) .... waaD-waar (waadz-waar) [w-3-D - w-r]; (LE) yaam, yamm [j-m #
2,
........... prob. from Semitic || SCopt. _iom_]
seal, shut (v) .... khaatam? khiitim? [x-t-m || probably the cognate of common
........... Semitic #h.-t-m (Aram. _chaatham_, Arab. _khaatim_ 'a seal')]
seat (n) .... Himaas-u, Hims-u [H-m-s || Copt. _hmo's_ 'to sit down', caus. _ems
o,
........... emse-, themso, themsa_ || on voc., cf. Arab. _qiwaam_ 'support, prop
']
see (v) .... maaRa'- (possible var. maa'aR-) [m-3-3-n, m-3-3 < PAA *meri'- || Ak
kad.
........... _amaaru_ 'to see'; cf. Hebr. _mar' _ 'seeing, looking; the look'; and
........... concerning -n, the Egyptian Arabic vn suffix _-aan_?]
seed (n) .... pira.t? piru.t?[1] [p-r.t < PAA *-fir- 'to flower, bear fruit' (Eh
ret)
........... || SCopt. _ebra_ (distinctive voicing due to _epra_ 'vanities'?), ma
ybe
........... also in _fre_; probably of same origin as Hebr. _p6rudooth_ 'seed gr
ain'
........... (Joel 1:17) and #p-r-h > _p6rii_ 'fruit' || AL *purUt, LI 57] [1]
........... *pirVt- > *peree > *ebra; see /cat/]
seek, search (v) .... wkhR-, wkh'- (Thacker would give *waakheR) [w-x-3 < PAA
........... *-wax- 'to look at' (Ehret) || Copt. _woosh_]
self, person (p) .... Diss-u/a, dzis [D-s < *g-s = Sem. *g-th-th : Arab. _juthth
aa_
........... 'body' (Takcs)]; (of body) Daat [D.t || Arab. _dhaat_]
send (v) .... haa'ab [h-3-b < PAA *hVwab- (= Sem. #w/y-h-b?) || cf. /festival/]
sentence (n) .... Tiis-, Tiss-u [T-s]
servant (n) .... wadiip-uu (*widdiip-uu, *waddaap-uu) [w-d-p-w || Arab. _was.iif
_];
........... bu'ku [b-3-k < PAA *bi'ak- (OS) || in cuneiform ts. /bu-kur-ni-ni-ip
/ =
........... b3k n rn.f 'servant of his name' || Copt. _book_ || STS: *ba3aak- (a
bstr
........... noun, 'service'?)]; Haamuu, (f.) Haamu.t [H-m-w #2; H-m.t < PAA *Ham
........... || per interest compare Hebr. _chaam_ 'father-in-law', _chaamooth_
........... 'mother-in-law', & #H-m-d 'to consider desirable']
seven (num) .... safkhu; safkha.t [s-f-x-w (m.); s-f-x.t (f.) < earlier *sab9- |
|
........... Copt. _sashf; sashfe_ || *_safkh-_, NDNM 24; *_safkhaw_, Austin 2008
]
shade, shadow (n) .... shiwwa.t, shiwwee.t [sh-w.t < PAA *^ci'-/*^ciw- 'darkness
'
........... (OS) || cf. SCopt. _ha_? || Akkad. _shiwiitu_ ?'evening']
shape, form (n) .... yuruu; (y)irCuu [j-r-w || cf. also Aram. #r-b-w > ribboo
........... 'myriad' vs. #r-b-w > r6vuu 'greatness']

sharp; be ~ (adj/v) .... sapdi/saaped [s-p-d || AL *sapIdtVj 'thou (m.) art shar
p',
........... LI 78 (*/sa:-pid-ta:/?)]
shave (v) .... h_aa9aq (*h_uu9uq?) [h_-9-q || SCopt. _hoo'ke_]
shepherd (n) .... manii'uu, manee'uu [m-n-j-w || Amarna ts. /ma-ni-e/ = _manee_
........... 'Shepherd', name of the envoy of Amenhotep III || compare /soldier/]
shield (n) .... ya'kuum-u, yakkuum-u; yakm-u [j-k-m(-w) < PAA *-yakw- or *-yaakw
........... 'to conceal' (Ehret)]
shine (v) .... paasaD [p-s-D < PAA *-pas'-/*-pac-/*-pats- (Ehret)]
ship (n) .... yuum-u [j-m(-w) #1]; (convoy ship) wuu'iR, wayyaaR [w-j-3]
shore; riverbank (n) .... muraayi.t, muuree.t [m-r-y.t || cf. Copt. _meer/miir_]
shrine (n) .... kuur? kiir? [k-3-r; from PAA *kur- 'be round; a mountain'?]
side (n) .... gass-? gaas-? [g-s < PAA *gac- (OS) || phrase example: (wj) r gs.k
........... '(I am) at your side']
sight (of eyes) (n) .... maaRa' [m-3-3 || voc. & radicals (cf. /see/) < EotW 113
]
silver (n) .... HiDD-u/a (pro *HaDD-) [H-D < base H-D 'to be white' (see also
........... /tooth/; /white/ || Copt. _hat(e), ha't(e)_]
sing (v) .... Ha(a)s-ii, Hs(y)uu (= *HVsa[a]yu; subj. Hasy-) [H-s-j < PAA *-hes'........... 'to sing' (Ehret) || Copt. _hoos_]
sister (n) .... saana.t [s-n.t || LI 53/EotW 122 || Copt. _soone_ (Crum 343) ||
........... q.v. /brother/]
sit (v) .... Haafad [H-f-d < PAA *-Haf- 'to lay' (Ehret)]
skilled, clever, excellent; be ~ (adj) .... yaaqur, yaqri / yaaqer [j-q-r || cf.
........... Aram. & Hebr. #y-q-r]
skin (n) .... *CVnaam-u > in(n)aam- [j-n-m < PAA *ilam- (OS) / *nim-/*nam- 'pers
on'
........... (Ehret) || Copt. _anom_ (Ehret: "from earlier *_inam_")]
sky, heaven (n) .... pi('i).t, piiya.t [p.t || Copt. _pe, phe_ || AL *pi.t, LI 5
7];
........... Haara.t [H-r.t < PAA *Har- 'sky' (OS)]; niwwa.t, niiwa.t [n-w.t #2 <
........... PAA *liw- (OS) || contrast /city/; /time/ (#2); /wave/ (#2)]
slate (n) .... bauhan, boohan [? (*b-w-h-n) || source: Salonen 1945?]
slave (n) .... minaH, minH-u [m-n-H #2 < PAA *monVh.- (OS) : see /crocodile/]
sleep (v) .... qidd- [q-d(-d) || SCopt. n. _kiite/kiide_, al. _kate_; cf. Hebr.
........... #q-d-d > _qaadad_ 'he has bowed down' || so also Vycichl: inf.
........... *qiidi.t, *qidya.t]; saaDar [s-d_-r || stat. sd_r.(w) = *_saD[i]raw_
........... 'asleep']
snake (n) .... Haaf3VV > Hf'uu; poss. var. *HfiiRuu? [H-f-3-w || SCopt. _hof_ ||
........... Vycichl/AL: *_Haf3aw_ || cf. Hebr. _sh6fiifon_ "horned snake"]; naa9
uu
........... [n-9-w < PAA *Na9w- (nasal /n/) 'python' (Ehret)]
sneak, be surreptitious (v) .... katkat, katket [k-t-k-t < PAA *kat(kat)-]
soldier (n) .... wi(i)9uu; wu9ii'-u [w-9-w || cuneiform ts. /u'-i-u'/, LI 39 ||
cf.
........... esp. /shepherd/ ixt. /one/, /traveller/]
son (n) .... *zii3V > ziiR-i/u [z-3 || OCopt. _si-_ x2 in pr names; cf. also SCo
pt.
........... _sheere/shiire_ 'son, child' || Vycichl proposes one-time *z-3-y =
........... *_za3iiy-_ - compare to AL's (LE?) *_shiirij_, LI 60]
sound, voice (n) .... khiruu [x-r-w < PAA *xwir- 'to rumble' (Ehret) || Copt.
........... _hr-_ in _hrui_ "grande voix" || due to */i/ not = Hebr. #q-(w-)l?]
south (n) .... ruusuu, riisuu [r-s-w || Copt. _rees/riis_]
southern (adj) .... ruusii? ruusay? [r-s-y || cf. Aram. -aay vs. (more archaic?)
........... Arab. -ii; old *-ay > nominal _-ee_?]
speak (v) .... muduwwa, maduwaa [m-d-w; m-d-w-j || see /brand/; cf. /word/]
spear (n) .... mkiri (> *mekiRi?) [? || STS || cf. m-x-3 'pierce with a spear' &
........... Hausa _maashi_ 'spear']
spirit (n) .... (3)aakh- [3-x]; (life force) kuu'(-u) [k-3 #2 || /-ku-u/ x2 in

........... cuneiform ts.; Hausa _kurwaa_ 'soul' (< *kuru)]


spit (v) .... ba(a)sh-ii, bsh(y)uu (= *bVsha[a]yu; subj. bishy-) [b-sh-j < PAA
........... *bic^-]; tuf(f)-, tif(f)- [t-f < PAA *-tuf- (Ehret) || SCopt. _taf_
||
........... Hebr. n. _toph th_ (Job 17:6) < #t-p +t, fem. nom.]
spring, source (n) .... wubu(u)n; ?wa'buun* [w-b-n < PAA *bul- (OS) || verb
........... counterpart: /rise/? || * w/ same pattern as Arabic _yanbuu9_ 'id.'?
]
staff (n) .... te'aasuu; ti'uusuu ('/y) [t-j-s-w]
stairway (n) .... ra(a)uduu, rawaaduu [r-w-d-w < PAA *-ra2w-/*-ra2y- 'to rise'
........... (Ehret)]
star (n) .... siiba'-u; sib3-u/a, siibu(u)'-u [s-b-3 #1 < *-c'u2b- (Ehret) || Co
pt.
........... _siu, siou, sew, sow-_ || coll. sb3w.t 'constellation' (*_sVb'uu.t_
or
........... *_sVb'iiwa.t_), LI 60 || contrast /gate/, #2]
stay, remain (v) .... maan (alt. stem *miin-/*muun-) [m-n || = Sem. #:-m-n; inf.
........... *_maan-_ in Kienast, &al.]
sting (v) .... Diidib, Duudub [D-d-b < PAA *-gwad-/*-gwid- 'to cut' (Ehret) || c
f.
........... Som. _gud_ 'to circumcise']
stone (n) .... (y)a'niir, aaniir [j-n-r || Copt. _oone_, SCopt. _ene_, B/FCopt.
........... _ane_ || Belova gives PAA *nir/*nar (DEV 115); any connection with
........... Sum. _(na-4)nir_ 'a valuable stone'?]
strength; fame (n) ... piHt' [p-H-t-j, !p-H.t-j (a dual according to Vycichl: see
........... /land/) || Copt. pahte]
strike (v) .... saakhat? (or caus. sixxuut-ii? [AL:] sixit?) [s-x-t #2]; Haaw-ii
,
........... Hw(y)uu (= *HVwa[a]yu; subj. Hiwy-) [H-w-j < PAA *Haway-]; saaHar
........... [s-H-r || v. root & tl. by Ehret in the -04 Vycichl memorial volume
........... (p. 42)]
strong; successful, victorious; be ~ (adj/v) .... naakhit (*nakhuut?) / naakhat
........... [n-x-t]
suck, suckle; nurse (v caus) .... sunnuuq-ii, -(y)uu [s-n-q < PAA *nik.-/*nuk............ (OS) / *-nuuk'- (Ehret) || Copt. _soonk_ || similar Coptic forms:
........... /answer/, /window/, /wolf/]
summer, harvest season (n) .... sha'muu, shaamuu [sh-m-w #2 || Copt. _shoom_ ||
........... cf. AL, LI pp. 58-60; Vycichl: *_shamm-_; note panlingual /o:/ < /a:
/
........... || contrast /traveller/]
summon (v) .... naayas [n-j-s < PAA *-|nay- (palatal /n/) 'to speak loudly'
........... (Ehret)]
sun, (idiom.) day (n/pr n) .... riia9, rii9-a [r-9 || Copt. _ree_]
sunlight (n) .... (3)aakhuu? (3)iikhuu, -aau? [3-x-w || cf. /horizon/]
sweat (n) .... faatee, faatii [f-t-y || SCopt. _foote_, BCopt. _footi_]
sweet; be ~ (adj/v) .... naaDim? naDmi? / naaDem [n-D-m || AL *naaDim 'sweet', L
I
........... 32]; (+ 'pleasant') baanir/baaner [b-n-r]
take, seize (v) ... ya(a)t-ii, yt(y)uu (= *[y]ita[a]yu; subj. [y]aty-, [y]ity-)
........... [j-t-j || Hebr. #H-t-h : perf _Haathaa_ (inf *_Hthoo[th], Hith'ath-_
........... = possible Eg. nominal variants *_[y]itaaya.t, [y]itya.t_ [-y/-w] ........... the latter would indeed parallel *_pirya.t_ "go out" (q.v.) by Thack
er
........... (1954)!]
Tanis (pr n) .... Du9(a)ni.t [D-9-n.t || SCopt. _ja'ne_, BCopt. _jani_ || AL has
........... *_Du9na.t_ from *s.u9n- which gave Hebr. _Soo9an_ (obv. Ps. 78:43);
LI
........... 39, 245]
tarry; stop, cease (v) .... (3)aab- (alt. stem *(3)iib-) [3-b || cf. /brand/]

taste, experience (v) .... taap- [t-p < PAA *-dap- (Ehret) || SCopt. _toop_]
tempest, rainstorm (n) .... neshaan-a/i? (or / > ME) nish(a)na? [n-sh-n-j]
temple (n) .... Hawt, (elab.) Haawi.t [H-w.t || var. _Heyt_, EotW 124]; Hawt
........... nuTTar (naaTar?) [H-w.t n-T-r]
ten (num) .... mu(u)Daw [m-D-w || EotW 127 || SCopt. _meet/miid_; Berber _mraw_
||
........... with long vowel also in *_muujaw_, Austin 2008]
tent (n) .... ya33uum, iyyuum, yuum [j-3-m]; ziHH-a/u (vs. *zayH-, *zeeH-) [z-H
#2]
terror (n) .... na(a)ruu [n-r-w < PAA *-|ner- (palatal /n/) 'to fear' (Ehret)]
Thebes (pr n) .... waa'sa.t? waa'su.t? [w-3-s.t]
then (conj) .... (narrative) 9aH9-n(a)- [9-H-9.n- || also voc. of sDm.n-; LI 77];
........... wan.n, wan.yn [w-n.j-n || also cp. Hausa _wan-_, pronominal prefix];
........... (future) (y)aakh, (y)ukh (+ subj.) [j-x]; kaRa (+ subj.) [k-3 || SCu
sh.
........... _kar, -a_]
there, -in .... (adv) (y)ammaa, (y)aam [j-m || Copt. _mau, meu, moo,
........... (p-ma et-)mmaw; (ha)mnee_]
thigh (n) .... (also 'haunch') miina.t [m-n.t #1 < PAA *miil- (Ehret)]; (also
........... 'knee') *pV3(V)d- > piid- [p-3-d; p-d < PAA *piiz-, Berb. *puuz........... (Ehret) || SCopt. _pat/pad_]
thing, ware (n) .... nukuu.t (or *nuka.t) [n-k.t || Copt. _nka_ || cf. Hebr. _be
eth
........... n6khooth_, 2 Kings 20:13 & Is. 39:2 || AL *nukUt; LI 251]
think (v) .... khaamat [x-m-t]
thirst (n) .... (y)iiba.t, (y)ib(b)ii.t, (y)ubbii.t [j-b.t || Copt. _(e)ib-e, ab
-e,
........... -i, hipei_ || according to Ehret comes from PAA *-lib- 'to lap', the
........... possible relation of *that* to the noteworthy WSem. root #j-b-sh 'to
........... be(come) dry' (ClArab. _yabisa_) not being elaborated (except for
........... pre-Proto-Semitic *lb 'to lap up')]
this, here (dem pn) .... nEna [n-n #1]; poo, puu [p-w; p-3 || in the name Potiph
ar;
........... Hebr. poo[h] 'here']
thorn (n) .... surru.t, sirru.t [s-r.t < PAA *cir- || SCopt. _sure_; cf. the
........... phonological background of MnEng 'sugar', 'fury']
Thoth (pr n) .... DiHuutee, -tii [D-H-w-t-y || "tixut-" in Neo-Bab. ts.]
three (num) .... khamtu, khamtiu [x-m-t-w || Copt. _shomNt_ || *_khamtaw_, LI 71
&
........... Austin 2008]
time (n) .... tuur [t-r < PAA *tuwur- || apparently = Sem. *t.awr- : Hebr. _Tuur
_
........... 'row' (Takcs) || became Copt. _tee/tii_?]; na'w- ~ ni'y-; naww-a [n-w
........... #2 || Copt. _naw, noo, no, nu, new_ 'hour' || cf. /city/; /sky (#3)/
;
........... /wave (#2)/]
to, for (prep) .... na [n #1 < PAA *la || Akkad. _ana_ 'to' || EotW 113]
today (adv) .... miyun(na), mi'un(na), muun [m-j-n, w/ PAA *'un-/yun- 'today' (O
S)
........... || extended form postulated prior to noticing Takcs' advocation for
........... "probably contained deictic *-ni"; East Cushitic _mulnni_ 'recently,
........... just now']
toe (n) .... suuRaH-, suulaH- [s-3-H || Cush. _suul-_ (Som.), _cl-, cool-_]
tolerance (n) .... wekhaaduu, wakhduu [w-x-d-w]
tomb (n) .... ya(a)z- [j-z < PAA *ya3-]; khunnuu, khuunuu [x-n-w < PAA *h(un-2]
tongue (n) .... niss-u/a, nis [n-s < PAA *lis- (OS) / *-lis'- 'to lick' (Ehret)
||
........... Berber _i-les_ 'tongue' || in EotW on p. 113]
tooth (n) .... nuHDa.t [n-H-D.t < H-D 'to be white' (see /silver/) || LI 251]
top: on top of, over (prp) .... Hiir [H-r #3 || same as /above, over/?]

town, city (n) .... naawa(a).t [n-j-w.t; n-w.t #1 || presuming a connection with
........... Hebr. _naa'aa, naawaa_ (qq. Naayooth, 1 Sam. 19:18?); apparently als
o
........... in South Cush. *_lawa_ 'local community' (Takcs, "Dictionary") || cf.
........... /sky/ (#3); /wave/ (#2)]
transformation (n) .... khuparr-u (*khupurr-u?) [x-p-r(-w) || AL *khupiraw,
........... *khupraw, LI 37 || the base means 'to become', q.v.]
transgress (v) .... naanam [n-n-m]
traveller (n) .... shaa'im-uu, shayyaam-uu, shiyyiim-uu, shim(m)-uu [sh-m-w #1 <
PAA
........... *-a2am- 'to leave' (Ehret) || one is /en tout cas/ reminded of Semiti
c
........... _shemesh_ = Aram. _shimshaa_ 'sun', Hebr. _esh_ 'fire'; compare with
........... /voyager/, /chief/, /guide/, /servant/; contrast /summer/]
tread, trample (v) .... patput [p-t-p-t < PAA *-put- 'to step along' (Ehret)]
tree; sycamore tree (n) .... naahu.t? nuuh.ut? [n-h.t || cf. Sidamo _hoon-_ 'jun
iper
........... tree']
truth, order of things (n) .... muR9a.t, muu9a.t [m-3-9.t || -u- from cuneiform
ts.,
........... see www.friesian.com/egypt.htm; Akkad. _muu_ (#2) 'cosmic ordinance'
||
........... LI on p. 39]
turtle (n) .... shatiyy-u [sh-t-y-w; sh-t-3 'the hidden' (pp vowel /a/ : LI 29)
||
........... cf. Copt. _shits_ 'tortoise']
twig, branch (n) .... saabaar-, sabar- [s-b-r < PAA *cabar-]
two (num) .... sinaaw-ay; sin(aa)tay (*sinaat-a/i?) [s-n-w(-j, m.); s-n-t-j (f.)
<
........... PAA *chiny-, chin-ay- (Blazhek/NDNM 17) vs. *tsan- or *can- (Ehret)
........... || Copt. _snaw; snte_ || Vycichl proposes m. *_siniww-aay_ for the
........... theory of Eg. */i/ > Copt. /a/ (in closed syllables)]
under, beneath (prp) .... h_ur, h_urr(e) [h_-r < PAA *xoor- 'ground' (Ehret) ||
........... SCopt. _ha-_, BCopt. _kha-_ || AL has the same outcome (i.e., *h_ur)
,
........... LI 58]
understand (v) .... (stem from LE/18th dyn.) 9aaraq [9-r-q < PAA *9arVk.-]
very (adv) .... waariit (*waaraat?) [w-r-t || placed after the adjective (see
........... Allen 7.4)]
victorious; be ~ (adj/v) .... naakhit (*nakhuut?) / naakhat [n-x-t]
victory (n) .... nakhtu [n-x-t #1/#2; n-x-t-w]
voice, sound (n) .... khi(i)ruu [x-r-w < PAA *xwir- 'to rumble' (Ehret) || Copt.
........... _hr-_ in _hrui_ "grande voix"]
voyage, sail (v caus) .... *sVqduud- or *sV'quud- > siqquud-ii, siqqu(u)dyuu (AL
........... siqid-, subj.?) [s-q-d-j || causative; < Akkad. inf. _shupruus-,
........... shapruus-_ (variant *_siqduud-_ must still be seen as possible)]
voyager (n) .... suqqud-, saqqud-, saqquud- [s-q-d || voc. based on oldest Arabi
c
........... forms (Steingass) and the v adj of the Akkadian causative* || in SCo
pt.
........... _sarakoote, -koode_ (direct descendant from rhotacized synonym <
........... *sV'qVVd- or not?) || * vs. *?saqaadii sec. old Arab. sawaadiyy, etc
.]
wake (v) .... naahas [n-h-s]
wall (of bricks) (n) .... (*CVnaab- >) inaab- [j-n-b < PAA *ilab- (OS)]
water (n) .... maaw- [m-w < PAA *ma'- || Copt. _mou, mau, moou_ || Akkad. _muu_
(#1)

........... 'water'; cp. Arabic _maa'_ 'id.' beside _samaa'_ 'caelum', _samaawii
_
........... 'caelestis']; nawaay, nawwee [n-w-y (OS: n-w-y.t) < PAA *-|naw- (pal
atal
........... /n/) 'to be moist, damp' (Ehret) || compare Hausa _ruwaa, rue-_ 'wat
er']
wave (n) .... wa(a)'uu, -'oo [w-3-w]; nuwwa.t [n-w.t #3 || cf. Hebr. #n-w-T 'to
........... tremble, quiver' and #n-w-d 'to sway, totter' : _t6nuudhaa_ 'swaying
,
........... motion, instability' || contrast /city/; /sky/ (#3); /time/ (#2)]
wax (n) .... mnu(u)Hu (or *manuHHu) [m-n-H #1 < PAA *mal-, *ma2lH- (Ehret) || Cop
t.
........... _mulh_ 'wax; candle']
way, road (n) .... *waa3Vt- > waa3u.t (> waa.t?) [w-3.t < PAA *-wa1a'- 'start ou
t
........... to' (Ehret)]; miTann-, maTaan-u (-tsh-) [m-T-n]
we (ind pn) .... (c.) in(n)aanu [j-n-n || Copt. _anon, anan_; related to Semitic
........... (Akkad. _niinu_, Amh. _a_) and Cushitic (Som. _inna-gu_)]
weak; be ~ (adj/v) .... ginni/ginan(n) [g-n-n < PAA *gVlal-]
weep (v) .... ra(a)m-ii? ru(u)m-? (subj. rimy-) [r-m-j]
weigh, be heavy (v) .... waadan? wadun-? [w-d-n < PAA *dun-/t.un- (Belova) || Ar
ab.
........... _wazana, wazuna_]
well (n) .... shaadu.t [sh-d.t < PAA *c^ad- || SCopt. _shoote_, BCopt. _shooti_]
west (n) .... (y)amina.t, i/u (sec. Vycichl's *_yamina_) [j-m-n.t < PAA *yamin||
........... Copt. _emnt_ (S */amnte/, B */amenti/) = Sethe's _emente_ < *yamiina
ti?
........... || Hebr. _yaamiin_ 'right hand; south'?]
what? (int pn) ..... ikh [j-x || Copt. _ash, esh, ah, eh_ || STS]
where? (int adv) .... Tinaa (tshin-) [T-n(-j), ME t-n-j (*t'nee) || compare Haus
a
........... _naa_ 'where (is)? for what?']
which? (int adj) .... yaaT (yaatsh) [j-T || LI 137]
white, bright (adj) ... HuDD-[i] (verbal *HiDaDD- or *HaaDeD) [H-D || see also
........... /silver/; /tooth/]
wind, breeze (n) .... yuun [j-w-n || WChadic *_ruwun-_ 'wind' (OS) || cf. Hebr.
........... _yoonaa_ 'dove']; maa9uu, -9oo [m-3-9-w < PAA *ma9aw-/*ma9ay-];
........... Hanbuub, Hanbiib (var. *Hunbaab?) [H-n-b-b || Cush. _hombob-,
........... hobomb-Vl-_, Central Chadic _hemb_ 'wind']
window (n) .... su'ashd-u, sushad(d-u) (sushshaad-?!), sa'aashud, sa'uushed
........... [s-sh-d || Copt. _shusht/-d; (Crum) shoo[sht]_]
wine (n) .... (y)uurip, (y)uurup, (y)oorap [j-r-p || Copt. _eerp_; cf. Old Nubia
n
........... _orpa-gir_ 'to make wine' (Lipinski) and Hebr. #9-r-p/#r-9-p 'to dri
p,
........... dribble']
wing (n) .... DunaaH-u, DinaaH-u [D-n-H < PAA *gan(V)H-, *gonVH- || SCopt.
........... _tnh/dnh, jnah_, BCopt. _chnah_; Arab. _janaaH_ 'wing, extension' ||
........... Vycichl concurs vocalizationally; per interest cf. /night/]
wipe (away, out) (v) .... siik- [s-k < PAA *-c'uuk-/*-c'iik' 'to rub off' (Ehret
)
........... || Copt. _siike_ 'to mill']
with, together with (prp) .... Hun(a)9, Hin(a)9, Hin9a [H-n-9 || Chad. _hn, h@n,
........... hen, hun_ || AL mentions Arab. _9inda_ in same context (cognate?) (L
I
........... 100)]
wolf (n) .... wa'anish- (> waanish); winaash (i/a); waanuush [w-n-sh || SCopt.
........... _uoonsh, oonsh_, ACopt. _ua(a)nsh_ || cf. /river/; /answer/]
woman, wife (n) .... (e.g. *Hiyyam-t-/*Hayiim-t- pro *Haayam-t- >) Hiyyama.t,

........... Hiima.t [H-j-m.t, H-m.t || SCopt. _shi(i)me, pl. hiome_ || j = *long


........... vowel = /i:/ < Coptic (so also AL: LI 59, 77); Takcs would imply /u/
........... or /a:/ ("Dictionary")]
wood; piece of ~ (nm) .... khit, khut [x-t #3 < *gha2- 'tree' (Ehret) || Copt.
........... _she_ || voc. Allen 3.1]
word (n) .... mid'u.t / (speech) mid'-uu, -oo [m-d.t / m-d-w #2 < PAA *mud- ||
........... pl. *maduww [< Copt. mtaw] by AL, EotW 132 - for contrast see /book/
||
........... related to Sem. #m-l-h < #m-l(-l)? Cf. also Akkad. pattern 1a2uu & s
ee
........... /jar (#2)/; /brand/]
work, works (n) .... kaa'uu.t (or fpl. *kaawaat, *kaa'aat) [k-3-w.t; k-3.t]
wound (n) .... wabiinuu, wibnuu [w-b-n-w || orig. < PAA *bi'- 'to pierce, *wreak
........... damage']
wretched (adj) .... muRri, murri [m-3-r, ME v. m-r [*murr or *marr < *murar-r] |
|
........... presuming a connection with Sem. #m-r-r 'to be bitter' (Akkad. _murr
u_)
........... || cf. /canal/]
write (v) .... zish(sh)- [z-sh, ME s-sh < PAA *-zo(o)- (Ehret)]; ziih_i' [z-h_-3
||
........... Dem. s-h_, v/n || voc. /i/, LI 89]; the Copt. equivalent of these (p
rob.
........... from the latter) is _s'he, s(a)hi, se, si_ ("shai, s(a)hei", etc.)
wrong, injustice (n) .... yazfa.t (< *yazVVfat-?) [j-z-f.t < PAA *-9adz- (Ehret)
||
........... cf. /west/; /childhood/]
year (n) .... ranpu.t [r-n-p.t || Copt. _rompe_ || STS || AL *ranpa.t, LI 59];
........... (regnal) Hasba.t (-bu.t?) [H-s-b.t, < H-s-b 'count', q.v.]
yes (adv) .... tiuu [t-j-w < PAA *tiya'-/*tiyaw- 'to be right, true']
yesterday (n/adv) .... sff-a/i, soof-a [s-f || Copt. _saf_, A/FCopt. _sef_]
you (ind pn sg) .... (m.) nita(a)k-a/u, (f.) nita(a)Ti [n-t-k; n-t-T, n-t-t ||
........... Vycichl: *ni.t-aa-ka 'that which (is) by thee'; Ehret gives PAA *ku,
........... *ka (m.); *ki (f.) - likewise Lipinski, ntT < *nt-ki]
you (ind pn pl) .... nita(a)Tin(a) [n-t-T-n, ME n-t-t-n < PAA *kuuna 'you' (pl.
........... bound form) (Ehret); Lipinski has nt-Tn < *nt-kin]
young; be ~ (adj/v) .... ranpi/raanep [r-n-p]
young generation, the (n) .... diRmuu, di'muu (or *daRuumuu) [d-3-m-w]
youth (n) .... Hiwwan? Hiwiin-? [H-w-n < PAA *HiwVn-]
ALSO COMPARE
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=egyptian&searchmode=nl
http://www.inksauce.com/egypt.htm
http://www.iut.univ-paris8.fr/~rosmord/Qenherkhepeshef/intro2.html
LITERATURE CONSULTED
Allen, James P. : Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture o
f
........... Hieroglyphs (Cambridge University Press, 2004)
Cern, Jaroslav : Coptic Etymological Dictionary (Cambridge University Press, 1976
)

Crum, Walter Ewing : A Coptic Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 1939).


........... Browsable online at http://www.metalog.org/files/crum.html
Ehret, Christopher : Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian). Vowels,
........... Tone, Consonants and Vocabulary (University of California Press, 199
5).
........... Samples browsable via http://books.google.com
Lipinski, Edward : Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar (Peeters,
........... 2001). Partly browsable at http://books.google.com
Loprieno, Antonio : Ancient Egyptian. A Linguistic Introduction (Cambridge
........... University Press, 1995). Samples browsable via http://books.google.c
om
........... and http://www.amazon.com
Orel, Vladimir E. & Stolbova, Olga V. : Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary.
........... Materials for reconstruction (Brill Academic Pub, 1995). Online data
........... can be found at http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/main.cgi?root=confi
g
Takcs, Gbor (ed.) : Egyptian and Semito-Hamitic (Afro-Asiatic) Studies: In
........... Memoriam W. Vycichl (Brill Academic Pub, 2004)
Takcs, Gbor : Development of Afro-Asiatic (Semito-Hamitic) comparative........... historical linguistics in Russia and the former Soviet Union (LINCOM
........... Europa, 1999)
Thacker, T. W. : The Relationship of the Semitic and Egyptian Verbal Systems
........... (Oxford University Press, 1954)
Vycichl, Werner : Dictionnaire tymologique de la Langue Copte (Peeters, 1984)
Wilson, Penelope : Hieroglyphs: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Pre
ss,
........... 2004)
Zaborski, Andrzej (ed.) : New Data and New Methods in Afroasiatic Linguistics
........... (Harrassowitz, 2001). For precise publication data and table of
........... contents, see http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/title_1839.ahtml
NOTES ON VOCALIZATION PATTERNS
Thacker, T. W. (1954)
*_pir-ye(t)_ > Copt. prre (A prrie)
*_rish-we(t)_ > Copt. rashe (B rashi, F leshi)
*_taamVm_ > Copt. toom
(loaned) _9agaalata_ > Copt. aholte
Vycichl, Werner (ed. Bynon, 1984)
*_t_alliil-aw_ > Copt. taleel
*_Halliik-aw_ > Copt. haleec
*_HarriiH-aw_ > Copt. hareec

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