Troemner Mass Standards Handbook

Precision & Balance Matched Only By Nature.

calibration weights/weight sets in their work will find this publication a helpful and practical aid. The basis for all mass measurements relates to the kilogram which is the SI unit for mass determination. The kilogram is the last remaining base unit to be defined as a physical object rather than in terms of a naturally occurring constant. This, of course, has its drawbacks since great care must be taken in order to ensure that the mass of this object does not change due to damage or contamination from the surrounding environment. All mass standards must ultimately be traceable to this one object. As science and industry increase their requirements for more accurate ways to measure mass and improve their processes, the information enumerated in this handbook becomes increasingly important. It is Troemners focus to achieve the highest levels of accreditation for weights, mass standards and calibration services. Third party accreditation by internationally recognized organizations provides regular unbiased assessments of Troemners quality programs and technical capabilities. Accreditation assures our customers that Troemner meets and maintains the most rigorous testing and manufacturing standards.

58 Introduction 59 Why Accreditation? 60 Troemner Weights and Calibration Services 61 Regulations and Standards 62 Physical Characteristics 66 Tolerance Table 69 Conversion Table 70 Good Measurement Practices 72 Weight Selection Guidelines 74 Determining Balance Error 76 Weight Care and Maintenance 77 Terminology 79 The Advantages of Troemner Alloy 8 Stainless Steel 81 Additional Calibration Services from Troemner Troemner is pleased to offer the Mass Standards Handbook to help clarify the various weight specifications, classifications, and physical characteristics of precision weights, mass standards and the tolerances used in their production and calibration. This publication specifically addresses mass terminology, the regulations and standards surrounding weights, proper calibration techniques, application selection guidelines, and the proper use, care and handling of all calibration masses. There is also a section that explains how to differentiate balance error from weight error. Anyone who uses balances, scales, and associated

Introduction

Mass Standards Handbook Why Accreditation?

Benefits of Accreditation include:
Buying with Confidence products and services available though Troemner are held to world class standards through rigorous independent third party audits. International Recognition Troemners accreditations are widely recognized internationally - companies exporting products or services can avoid the cost and time in re-testing products for many markets. In addition, Troemners accreditations will support legal or regulatory requirements. Improved Product and Service Quality avoid failure as a result of relying on invalid test results from poorly calibrated equipment. Troemner has achieved registration and accreditation in various disciplines from ISO, NVLAP and UKAS. ISO - The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies from some 140 countries, one from each country. Established in 1947, the mission of ISO is to promote the development of standardization and related activities in the world with a view to facilitating the international exchange of goods and services, and to developing cooperation in the spheres of intellectual, scientific, technological and economic activity.

NVLAP - The National Voluntary Laboratory Accredited by the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program for Accreditation Program the specific scope of Accreditation under Lab Code 105013. (NVLAP) was originally established in 1976 as an accrediting body for testing laboratories and was expanded in 1994 to include accreditation for calibration laboratories. NVLAP accredits laboratories for compliance with ISO/IEC 17025 and on the basis of their ability to meet the technical requirements set forth in NIST Handbook 150-2. NVLAP can provide accreditation to ANSI/NCSL Z540-1-1994. NVLAP has broad international recognition with other accreditation organizations. NVLAP mutual recognition arrangements include The International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC), The Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (APLAC) and The National Cooperation for Laboratory Accreditation (NACLA).

UKAS - Troemner maintains accreditation from the United Kingdom Accreditation Service. UKAS is widely recognized No. 0516 internationally through bilateral and multilateral agreements and through its participation in the European Cooperation for Accreditation Laboratories (EAL), The International Accreditation Forum (IAF) and The International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC). UKAS accredited laboratories meet the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 and EN 45001 - the European standard widely accepted throughout the world for competence of calibration laboratories.

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Mass Standards Handbook Troemner Weights and Calibration Services

Troemner offers the most comprehensive selection of Precision Masses and Mass Standards. ANY SIZE - 50 micrograms to 2,000 kg, 0.00001 oz to 5000 lbs. ANY DENOMINATION - metric, avoirdupois, troy ounce, grain, pennyweight, carat, customization is available. ANY TOLERANCE - All ANSI/ASTM, NIST, OIML, customized tolerances are available. ANY MATERIAL - stainless steel, brass, aluminum, cast iron, steel, gold, silver, titanium and more. ANY SHAPE - Precision, OIML, grip handle, slotted, hook bar, cylindrical, customized shapes are available. Troemner UKAS Certificate of Calibration - Similar in terms of content to the NVLAP certificate described above, however, this document also meets the requirements of the United Kingdom Accreditation Service. Troemner Traceable Certificate - Our Traceable Certificate includes nominal value, mass correction, uncertainty and tolerance for each weight in addition to the basic customer information such as name, address, purchase order number, date of calibration, accuracy class, density and statement of traceability to NIST. The Traceable Certificate measurement process includes one series of comparisons using a single standard.

Additional Troemner Mass Services

Troemner NVLAP Density Determinations - Troemners mass metrology laboratory can determine the actual density of one-piece mass standards that range in size from 1 g to 5 kg. Troemner provides this service to reduce the uncertainty of calibrating one-piece precision ASTM Class O and OIML Class E1 and E2 weights. Utilizing a state of the art balance immersed in a fluorinated fluid, a series of measurements are compared to a NIST traceable density standard to determine the density value. Troemner NVLAP Magnetic Susceptibility Determinations - Troemner has the capability of measuring the magnetic field intensity and the potential magnetic susceptibility of stainless steel mass standards between 1 g and 10 kg.

Troemner Calibration Certificate Choices

Troemner NVLAP Weight Calibration Certificate - NVLAP calibrations/certifications meet all ISO, FDA, GMP, GLP, DOD, ANSI/NCSL Z540-1 and Nuclear requirements and are traceable to NIST. Procedures and processes used to generate this multi-page certificate, as well as its format and content, are prescribed by NVLAP. Users held absolutely accountable for their weights should request NVLAP certification. The document contains: Customer name & address Date of calibration Equipment and standards used in the calibration Accuracy class True mass value (mass in a vacuum) As found mass correction (for recalibration) and as left mass corrections for each weight Uncertainty of measurement process for each weight. Uncertainty to tolerance ratios are guaranteed. Environmental conditions during test Construction and density of the weight(s) Calibration procedure used A statement of traceability to NIST Helpful list of terms and definitions

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Mass Standards Handbook Regulations and Standards

ASTM E 617-97 (2003): Standard Specification for Laboratory Weights and Precision Mass Standards - This specification covers various classes of weights and mass standards used in laboratories ranging from Class 0 to Class 7. Tolerances and design restrictions for each class are described in order that both individual weights and weight sets can be chosen for the appropriate applications. This specification also recognizes International Recommendation R 111 that describes classes E1, E2, F1, F2, M1, M2, and M3. OIML R 111: Weights of Classes E1, E2, F1, F2, M1, M2, M3 This international document describes the physical characteristics and metrological requirements of reference standard weights with recommendations for seven classes of weights (Classes E1, E2, F1, F2, M1, M2, M3) in tiers of uncertainty. NVLAP Handbook 150: Procedures and General Requirements Outlines the quality system and all of the procedures required in order to be NVLAP accredited. NVLAP Handbook 150 also contains all requirements specified in ISO/IEC 17025. ISO/IEC 17025 (formerly ISO Guide 25): General Requirements for the Competency of Testing and Calibration Laboratories This guide sets out the general provisions which a laboratory must address to carry out specific calibrations or tests. ISO/IEC 17025 provides the laboratory direction for the development and implementation of a fundamental quality management system. ANSI/NCSL-Z540-1-1994: Calibration Laboratories and Measuring and Test Equipment-General Requirement (ANSI/NCSL) - This standard provides a mechanism for promoting confidence in calibration laboratories and measuring and test equipment when it can be shown that they are operated in compliance with its requirements. Calibration certificates received by NVLAPaccredited testing and calibration laboratories with new or recalibrated equipment shall meet the requirements of ISO/IEC Guide 17025 augmented by ANSI/NCSL Z540-1-1994. The certificates must include appropriate statements of uncertainty. NIST Handbook 105-1: Specifications and Tolerances for Field Standard Weights These specifications and tolerances are specific for reference and field standard weights (NIST Class F). This document sets minimum requirements for standards used primarily to test commercial or legal for trade weighing devices for compliance with NIST Handbook 44. These devices include but are not limited to delicatessen scales, jewelry scales, postal and parcel post scales and dairy product test scales. This specification permits the use of a weight at its nominal value in normal testing operations, where the tolerance on the item under test is at least three times as great as the tolerance of the weight. This specification also specifies the design, marking, adjusting cavities, and density of these weights. Any variation in design from Handbook 105-1 must be submitted to NIST for approval. NIST Handbook 44: Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices - This publication sets forth the specifications, tolerances, and other technical requirements for weighing and measuring devices. Handbook 44 is published in its entirety each year following the Annual Meeting of the National Conference on Weights and Measures. All of the specifications, tolerances, and other technical requirements of this booklet are recommended by the National Conference on Weights and Measures for official promulgation and use by the states in exercising their control of commercial weighing apparatus.

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Mass Standards Handbook Physical Characteristics

This section is a summary of the more widely used and accepted weight specifications. The most pertinent sections of these specifications are listed and not all of the contents of these specifications are included. Construction Type - Weights are divided into two types based upon design: Type I - These weights are of one-piece construction and contain no added adjusting material. They must be specified when weights are to be used as standards for the calibration of weights of Classes 0, 1, 2, and 3, and where maximum stability is required. A precise measurement of density can only be made for one-piece weights. Type II - Weights of this type can be of any appropriate design such as screw knob, ring, or sealed plug. Adjusting material can be used as long as it is of a material at least as stable as the base material and is contained in such a way that it will not become separated from the weight. Design - A weight may have any shape that does not introduce features that reduce the reliability. All weights shall be free of ragged or sharp edges or ends. Both sheet metal and wire weights shall be free of cracks such as those that may be formed from bending. Surface Area - For Classes 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 the surface area is not to exceed twice the area of a cylinder of equal height and diameter for weights 1 g and above. Sheet metal weights or wire weights may be used below 1 g. Material Class 0, 1, 2, and 3 Weights - The hardness of this material and its resistance to wear and corrosion shall be similar to or better than that of austenitic stainless steel. Class 4, 5, 6, and 7 Weights - The hardness and brittleness of the materials used for weights of these classes shall be at least equal to that of drawn brass. Magnetism Weights shall not exceed maximum permissible magnetic properties as listed in Table 1 below for any portion of the weight.

ANSI/ASTM E 617

The information that follows is an overview of the specifications in ANSI/ASTM E 617-97 (2003), Standard Specification for Laboratory Weights and Precision Mass Standards.

Reference:
Available from: Henry Troemner LLC, 201 Wolf Drive P.O. Box 87, Thorofare, New Jersey, 08086-0087 USA, 856-686-1600 or American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 19428-2959 USA Maximum Permissible Error (Tolerances) For classes 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 weights, the expanded uncertainty U at 95% confidence of the conventional mass shall be less than or equal to one-third of the maximum permissible error given in the Tolerance Table 9 (page 66). For each weight, the absolute value of the conventional mass correction along with its associated uncertainty shall not be greater than the maximum permissible error for the weights given class as given in the Tolerance Table 9 (page 66).

Table 1 - Magnetic Properties

CLASS VOLUME MAGNETIC MAXIMUM SUSCEPTIBILITY () MAGNETIC FIELD T 0 1 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7 0.01 0.03 0.05 * 2.0 4.0 6.0 * mG 20 40 60 *

*Requirements for these classes have not been developed.

Density Because of the effect of the buoyant force of air on a weight, precision measurements of mass require that the volume of the weight be known, as well as the density of the air in which it is being measured, so that appropriate corrections can be made. For

Table 2 - Minimum and Maximum Limits for Density (min, max (kg/m ))
3

NOMINAL VALUE >5 kg 1 g to 5 kg <1 g to 50 mg 50 mg to 1 mg

CLASS 0 7934 to 8060 7920 to 8080 7700 to 8200 2300 to 8200

CLASS 1 AND 2 7700 to 8200 7700 to 8200 7700 to 8200 2300 to 8200

CLASS 3 THROUGH 6 7000 to 9100 7700 to 9100 2300 to 8200 2300 to 8200

CLASS 7 7000 7000 2000 2000

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Mass Standards Handbook Physical Characteristics

weights of higher precision, the range of density is limited to values at or near the density of well-established standards, such as are used by primary calibration laboratories. As lower precision of measurement is required, so the range of density is broadened. See Table 2. Finish The surface of the weights (including the base and corners) shall be smooth, the edges shall be rounded, and the weights shall not be porous. The surface quality of a weight shall not exceed maximum values of surface roughness, RA and RZ through visual inspection using a hand held gauge. (See Table 3 below). For weights with recessed areas for easier handling, their recessed area and handle should have a finish with surface roughness no greater than RZ=0.67 m and RA=0.05 m. The outer diameter, top and bottom surface roughness must meet Table 3 below. Markings Class 0 - Class 0 weights shall not bear any indication of nominal value. Numerical Value for Classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 - The nominal value of each weight shall appear on the surface of each weight. Only the numerical portion of the weight value needs to be on the surface of the weights. Weights made of wire are too small to be marked and shall not be marked, but should be identifiable by their shape or number of bends. Unit of Weight - Weights 100 g and greater may be marked with the unit name or abbreviation. In the case of sets of nonmetric weights, at least the largest weight of a particular set should be marked with the unit name or abbreviation. In any case the unit shall not be included where such marking would be illegible. Multiple Weights - Multiple weights of the same nominal value included in a set of weights shall have distinguishing marks. Depth of Markings - Markings shall be clear, shallow, relatively broad, and free of burrs and sharp angles. Markings shall not perforate or crack sheet metal weights.

Table 3 - Maximum Value of Surface Roughness

CLASSES 0 AND 1 RA (m) RZ (m) 0.025 0.35 CLASSES 2, 3, 4 0.05 0.67 Classes 5, 6, 7 0.8 3.2

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Mass Standards Handbook Physical Characteristics

OIML INTERNATIONAL RECOMMENDATION NO. R 111
The information that follows is an overview of the specifications outlined in OIML R 111 for weights of classes E1, E2, F1, F2, M1, M2, M3. Weights 1 g to 50 kg may have the external dimensions as shown in OIML R 111 Annex A. Weights of a set shall have the same shape except for weights 1 g and below. Construction Class E1 and E2 are to be made with one-piece construction with no adjusting cavities. Classes F1, F2, M1, M2, and M3 may be made of more than one piece from the same material and may contain an adjusting cavity. Material Class E1 and E2 weights equal or greater to 1 g, the hardness of material and its resistance to wear shall be similar to or better than that of austenitic stainless steel. For Class F1 and F2 weights equal to or greater than 1 g, the material shall be at least as hard as drawn brass. Material used for rectangular weights for Class M1 from 5 kg to 50 kg shall have a corrosion resistance that is equal to that of gray cast iron. Class M1 cylindrical weights 10 kg and below shall be made of brass or of another material whose quality is similar or better than brass. Material used for rectangular weights for Class M2 and M3 from 5 kg to 50 kg shall be made of gray cast iron or another material whose quality is similar or better than gray cast iron. Class M2 and M3 cylindrical weights 10 kg and below shall be made of material, which has hardness and corrosion resistance at least equal to cast brass, and brittleness not exceeding that of gray cast iron. Gray cast iron shall not be used for weights below 100 g. Magnetism The magnetism should not exceed the maximum values given in Table 5 below. The magnetic susceptibility of a weight should not exceed the maximum values given in Table 6 below.

Reference:
Available from: Henry Troemner LLC, 201 Wolf Drive P .O. Box 87, Thorofare, New Jersey, 080860087 USA 856-686-1600 or Organisation Internationale De Metrologie Legale, 11 Rue Trugot F-75009, Paris, France Maximum Permissible Error (Tolerance) The maximum permissible errors for Class E1, E2, F1, F2, M1, M2, and M3 are provided in the Tolerance Table 9 (page 66). The uncertainty associated with the maximum permissible error shall be less than or equal to 1/3 of the maximum permissible error. Shape Weights 1 g and below may be polygonal shapes or wires and shall conform to Table 4 below.

Table 4 - Shape of Weights 1 g or Less

NOMINAL VALUES (mg) 5 50 500 2 20 200 1 10 100 1000 POLYGONAL SHEETS Pentagon Square Triangle WIRES Pentagon or 5 segments Square or 2 segments Triangle or 1 segment

Table 5 - Maximum Permanent Magnetism, 0 M (T)

WEIGHT CLASS Maximum Magnetism, 0 M (T) E1 3 E2 10 F1 30 F2 100 M1 300 M2 1000 M3 3000

Table 6 - Maximum Susceptibility,

WEIGHT CLASS Nominal mass 100 g Nominal mass < 100 g Nominal mass 1 g E1 0.01 0.025 0.12 E2 0.03 0.075 0.37 F1 0.07 0.25 1.2 F2 0.21 0.75 -

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Mass Standards Handbook Physical Characteristics

Density The density of the material used for weights shall be such that a deviation of 10% from the specified air density (1.2 kg/m3) does not produce an error exceeding one quarter of the maximum permissible error. These limits are given in Table 7. Surface Conditions The surface of the weights shall be smooth and edges shall be rounded. The surface of Class E1, E2, F1, and F2 weights shall not appear to be porous and shall present a glossy appearance when visually examined. The maximum values of surface roughness shall be observed to determine the surface quality in Table 8. Marking Class E1 and E2 weights shall not bear any markings of nominal value or class reference. Class F1 shall bear nominal value not followed by a symbol or unit. Nominal value 1 g up to and including 500 g shall indicate numerals representing grams. Weight 1 kg and above shall bear numerals representing kilograms. For example, a 10 g weight will be marked with a 10. A 1 kg weight will be marked with a 1. Sheet metal weights shall not bear any indication of nominal value or class reference. Class F2 weights will be marked similar to class F1 except the letter F will appear below the numerical value. Class M1, M2, and M3 will be marked with nominal value and unit of measure ( ex. 10 g, 1 kg, 10 kg, etc). Class M1 will also bear an M or M1, class M2 shall also bear an M2 or no class designation, and class M3 shall also bear an M3 or X. Duplicate weights in a set shall be clearly distinguished by an asterisk or point on the center of the surface except for wire weights, which shall be distinguished by one or two hooks.

Table 7 - Minimum and Maximum Limits for Density (min, max (10
NOMINAL VALUE > 50 kg 100 g to 50 kg 50 g 20 g 10 g 5g 2g 1g 500 mg 200 mg 100 mg 50 mg 20 mg 7.9348.067 7.928.08 7.848.17 7.748.28 7.628.42 7.278.89 6.99.6 6.310.9 5.316.0 4.4 3.4 2.3 7.818.21 7.748.28 7.508.57 7.278.89 6.99.6 6.012.0 5.316.0 4.4 3.0 7.398.73 7.278.89 6.610.1 6.012.0 5.316.0 4.0 3.0 2.2 6.410.7 6.012.0 4.824.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 CLASS E1 CLASS E2 CLASS F1 CLASS F2

kg/m3)) CLASS M1 4.4 4.4 4.0 2.6 2.0 CLASS M2 2.1 2.3 CLASS M3 > 4.4

Table 8 - Maximum Values of Surface Roughness

CLASS Rz (m) Ra (m) E1 0.5 0.1

(Rz) E2 1 0.2 F1 2 0.4 F2 5 1

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Mass Standards Handbook Metric Weight Tolerances

The table below is a listing of the tolerances of various classes of masses. The weight value can deviate above or below the nominal value by the tolerance defined. To determine the tolerance of a mass, look at the denomination or nominal value of the weight and the appropriate class you need.

Table 9 - Metric Weight Tolerances

International Organization of Legal Metrology Recommendation R 111* E1 Denomination Metric 5000 kg 3000 kg 2000 kg 1000 kg 500 kg 300 kg 200 kg 100 kg 50 kg 30 kg 25 kg 20 kg 10 kg 5 kg 3 kg 2 kg 1 kg 500 g 300 g 200 g 100 g 50 g 30 g 20 g 10 g 5g 3g 2g 1g 500 mg 300 mg 200 mg 100 mg 50 mg 30 mg 20 mg 10 mg 5 mg 3 mg 2 mg 1 mg 0.5 mg 0.3 mg 0.2 mg 0.1 mg 0.05 mg mg E2 mg F1 mg 25000 10000 5000 2500 1000 500 250 F2 mg 85000 33000 16000 8000 3000 1600 750 M1 mg 250000 100000 50000 25000 10000 5000 2500 M2 mg 850000 330000 160000 80000 30000 16000 7500 M3 mg 1250000 1000000 500000 250000 100000 50000 25000 mg Troemner UltraClassSM 0 mg 1 mg 2 mg ANSI/ASTM E617 3 mg 4 g & mg 100 g 60 40 20 10 6.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 600 mg 500 400 200 100 60 40 20 10 6.0 4.0 2.0 1.2 0.90 0.70 0.50 0.36 0.30 0.26 0.20 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.085 0.075 0.070 0.060 0.055 0.052 0.050 0.050

1600 800 300 160 75

25

10 5 2.5 1.0 0.5 0.25 0.10 0.05 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002

30 15 7.5 3.0 1.5 0.75 0.30 0.15 0.10 0.080 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.006

100 50 25 10 5 2.5 1.0 0.5 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.025 0.020 0.020 0.020

300 150 75 30 15 7.5 3.0 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06

1000 500 250 100 50 25 10 5 3.0 2.5 2 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.25 0.20 0.20 0.20

3000 1500 750 300 150 75 30 15 10 8 6 5 4 3 2.5 2.0 1.5

10000 5000 2500 1000 500 250 100 50 30 25 20 15 12 10

75 45 37 30 15 7 4.5 3.0 1.5 0.7 0.45 0.30 0.15 0.07 0.044 0.044 0.030 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005

63 38 31 25 13 6 3.8 2.5 1.3 0.60 0.38 0.25 0.13 0.060 0.037 0.037 0.025 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005

125 75 62 50 25 12 7.5 5.0 2.5 1.2 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.12 0.074 0.074 0.050 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010

250 150 125 100 50 25 15 10 5.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 0.50 0.25 0.15 0.10 0.074 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014

500 300 250 200 100 50 30 20 10 5.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.60 0.45 0.35 0.25 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.042 0.038 0.035 0.030 0.028 0.026 0.025 0.025

* OIML - International Recommendation R 111 replaces International Recommendation numbers 1, 2, 20, 52. ** NIST 105-1 Class F tolerances are rounded to two significant figures

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Mass Standards Handbook Metric Weight Tolerances

National Bureau of Standards Circular 547 Section 1 5 g & mg 250 g 150 100 50 25 15 10 5 2.5 1.5 1.2 1.0 500 mg 250 150 100 50 30 20 15 9 5.6 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.3 0.95 0.75 0.50 0.38 0.30 0.26 0.20 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 6 g & mg 500 g 300 200 100 50 30 20 10 5 3 2.5 2 1 500 mg 300 200 100 50 30 20 10 7 5 3 2 2 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.10 7 g & mg 750 g 450 300 150 75 45 30 15 7.5 4.5 4.5 3.8 2.2 1.4 1.0 750 mg 470 300 210 160 100 62 44 33 21 13 9.4 7.0 4.5 3.0 2.2 1.8 1.2 0.88 0.68 0.56 0.4 J mg Ind mg M Grp mg Ind mg S Grip mg S-1 mg P g & mg Q g & mg T g & mg

NIST Handbooks 105-1** F g & mg 500 g 300 200 100 50 30 20 10 5.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.0 0.50 0.30 0.20 0.10 70 mg 60 40 20 10 6.0 4.0 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.90 0.72 0.61 0.54 0.43 0.35 0.30 0.26 0.21 0.17 0.14 0.12 0.10 Accept mg Maint Denomination mg Metric 5000 kg 3000 kg 2000 kg 1000 kg 500 kg 300 kg 200 kg 100 kg 50 kg 30 kg 25 kg 1500 20 kg 1000 10 kg 800 5 kg 500 3 kg 400 2 kg 250 1 kg 175 500 g 150 300 g 100 200 g 70 100 g 40 50 g 30 30 g 20 20 g 15 10 g 10 5g 8 3g 6 2g 4 1g 3.0 500 mg 2.0 300 mg 1.5 200 mg 1.0 100 mg 0.8 50 mg 0.6 30 mg 0.4 20 mg 0.3 10 mg 0.1 5 mg 0.1 3 mg 0.1 2 mg 0.1 1 mg 0.5 mg 0.3 mg 0.2 mg 0.1 mg 0.05 mg 44

20 g 10 4.0 2.0 1.0 500 mg 400 200 100 60 40 20 10 6.0 4.0 2.0 1.2 0.90 0.70 0.50 0.36 0.30 0.26 0.20 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.085 0.075 0.070 0.060 0.055 0.052 0.050 0.050

50 g 25 10 5 2.5 1.2 1 500 mg 250 150 100 50 30 20 15 9.0 5.6 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.3 0.95 0.75 0.50 0.38 0.30 0.26 0.20 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050

150 g 75 30 15 7.5 4.5 3.8 2.2 1.4 1.0 750 mg 470 300 210 160 100 62 44 33 21 13 9.4 7.0 4.5 3.0 2.2 1.8 1.2 0.88 0.68 0.56 0.40

500 125 100 50 25 15 10 5.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 0.50 0.25 0.15 0.10 0.050 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 250 200 100 50 30 20 10 5.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.60 0.45 0.35 0.25 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.042 0.038 0.035 0.030 0.028 0.026 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025

0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010

0.065 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020

7.5 5.0 2.5 1.2 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.12 0.074 0.074 0.074 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.054 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.014

0.154 0.154 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.055 0.055 0.054 0.055 0.055 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034 0.034

750 500 400 250 200 120 88 75 50 35 20 15 10 8 5 4 3 2 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

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Mass Standards Handbook Avoirdupois and Troy Nominal Tolerances

The table below is a listing of the tolerances of various classes of masses. The weight value can deviate above or below the nominal value by the tolerance defined. To determine the tolerance of a mass, look at the denomination or nominal value of the weight and the appropriate class you need.

Table 10 - Avoirdupois and Troy Nominal Tolerances

NIST Handbook 105-1* Denomination Ounce 12 oz 8 oz 4 oz 2 oz 1 oz 1/2 oz 1/4 oz 1/8 oz 1/16 oz 1/32 oz 1/64 oz 0.5 oz 0.3 oz 0.2 oz 0.1 oz 0.05 oz 0.03 oz 0.02 oz 0.01 oz F mg 70 45 23 11 5.4 2.8 1.7 1.3 1.1 0.87 0.69 2.8 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.0 0.85 0.75 0.60 Denomination Pound 10 000 lb 5 000 lb 3 000 lb 2 500 lb 2 000 lb 1 000 lb 500 lb 100 lb 50 lb 30 lb 25 lb 20 lb 10 lb 5 lb 4 lb 3 lb 2 lb 1 lb 0.5 lb 0.3 lb 0.2 lb 0.1 lb 0.05 lb 0.03 lb 0.02 lb 0.01 lb 0.005 lb 0.003 lb 0.002 lb 0.001 lb F g & mg 450 g 230 140 110 91 45 23 4.5 2.3 1.4 1.1 0.91 0.45 0.23 0.18 0.14 91 mg 70 45 27 18 9.1 4.5 2.7 1.8 1.5 1.2 0.99 0.87 0.70 Denomination Troy 500 oz t 200 oz t 100 oz t 50 oz t 20 oz t 12 oz t 10 oz t 6 oz t 5 oz t 4 oz t 3 oz t 2 oz t 1 oz t 1/2 oz t 1/4 oz t 1/8 oz t 1/16 oz t 1/32 oz t 0.5 oz t 0.2 oz t 0.1 oz t 0.05 oz t 0.02 oz t 0.01 oz t 0.005 oz t 20 dwt 10 dwt 5 dwt 2 dwt 1 dwt 0.5 dwt 0.2 dwt 0.1 dwt F g & mg 1.7 g 0.62 0.31 0.16 70 mg 70 62 37 31 25 19 12 6.2 3.1 1.7 1.4 1.1 0.89 3.1 1.6 1.3 1.0 0.77 0.62 0.50 6.2 3.1 1.7 1.3 1.0 0.83 0.62 0.50 Denomination Grains 10 000 grains 5 000 grains 3 000 grains 2 000 grains 1 000 grains 500 grains 300 grains 200 grains 100 grains 50 grains 30 grains 20 grains 12 grains 10 grains 6 grains 5 grains 4 grains 3 grains 2 grains 1 grains 0.5 grains 0.3 grains 0.2 grains 0.1 grains F mg 70 70 39 26 13 6.5 3.9 2.6 1.6 1.3 1.1 0.98 0.82 0.78 0.65 0.63 0.58 0.53 0.47 0.38 0.30 0.26 0.23 0.18 Denomination Apothecary 12 oz ap 10 oz ap 6 oz ap 5 oz ap 4 oz ap 3 oz ap 2 oz ap 1 oz ap 6 dr ap 5 dr ap 4 dr ap 3 dr ap 2 dr ap 1 dr ap 0.5 dr ap 2 s ap 1 s ap 0.5 s ap F mg 70 62 37 31 25 19 12 6.2 4.7 3.9 3.1 2.3 1.7 1.4 1.1 1.2 0.98 0.78

*NIST 105-1 Class F tolerances are rounded to two significant figures

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Mass Standards Handbook Conversion Table

Table 11 - Conversion Table
(All underlined figures are exact) UNITS OF MASS NOT GREATER THAN POUNDS AND KILOGRAMS UNITS
1 grain = 1 apoth. scruple = 1 pennyweight = 1 avdp. dram = 1 apoth. dram = 1 avdp. ounce = 1 apoth. or troy ounce = 1 apoth. or troy pound = 1 avdp. pound = 1 milligram = 1 gram = 1 kilogram = UNITS 1 grain = 1 apoth. scruple = 1 pennyweight = 1 avdp. dram = 1 apoth. dram = 1 avdp. ounce = 1 apoth. or troy ounce = 1 apoth. or troy pound = 1 avdp. pound = 1 milligram = 1 gram = 1 kilogram = 1 20 24 27.343 75 60 437.5 480 5 760 7 000 0.015 432 36 15.432 36 15432.36 APOTHECARIES OR TROY OUNCES 0.002 083 333 0.041 666 67 0.05 0.056 966 146 0.125 0.911 458 3 1 12 14.583 33 0.000 032 150 75 0.032 150 75 32.150 75 AVOIRDUPOIS OUNCES 1 16 1600 32 000 35 840 35.273 96 35 273.96

GRAINS

APOTHECARIES SCRUPLES
0.05 1 1.2 1.367 187 5 3 21.875 24 288 350 0.000 771 617 9 0.771 617 9 771.617 9 APOTHECARIES OR TROY POUNDS 0.000 173 611 1 0.003 472 222 0.004 166 667 0.004 747 179 0.010 416 67 0.075 954 86 0.083 333 333 1 1.215 278 0.000 002 679 229 0.002 679 229 2.679 229 AVOIRDUPOIS POUNDS 0.0625 1 100 2 000 2 240 2.204 623 2204.623

PENNYWEIGHTS
0.041 666 67 0.833 333 3 1 1.139 323 2.5 18.229 17 20 240 291.666 7 0.000 643 014 9 0.643 014 9 643.014 9 AVOIRDUPOIS POUNDS 0.000 142 857 1 0.002 857 143 0.003 428 571 0.003 906 25 0.008 571 429 0.062 5 0.068 571 43 0.822 857 1 1 0.000 002 204 623 0.002 204 623 2.204 623

AVOIRDUPOIS DRAMS
0.036 571 43 0.731 428 6 0.877 714 3 1 2.194 286 16 17.554 29 210.651 4 256 0.000 564 383 4 0.564 383 4 564.383 4 MILLIGRAMS 64.798 91 1295.978 2 1555.173 84 1771.845 195 312 5 3887.934 6 28 349.523 125 31 103.476 8 373 241.721 6 453 592.37 1 1 000 1 000 000

APOTHECARIES DRAMS
0.016 666 67 0.333 333 3 0.4 0.455 729 2 1 7.291 667 8 96 116.666 7 0.000 257 206 0 0.257 206 0 257.206 0 GRAMS 0.064 798 91 1.295 978 2 1.555 173 84 1.771 845 195 312 5 3.887 934 6 28.349 523 125 31.103 476 8 373.241 721 6 453.592 37 0.001 1 1 000

AVOIRDUPOIS OUNCES
0.002 285 714 0.045 714 29 0.054 857 14 0.062 5 0.137 142 9 1 1.097 143 13.165 71 16 0.000 035 273 96 0.035 273 96 35.273 96 KILOGRAMS 0.000 064 798 91 0.001 295 978 2 0.001 555 173 84 0.001 771 845 195 312 5 0.003 887 934 6 0.028 349 523 125 0.031 103 476 8 0.373 241 721 6 0.453 592 37 0.000 001 0.001 1

UNITS OF MASS NOT LESS THAN AVOIRDUPOIS OUNCES

UNITS 1 avdp. ounce = 1 avdp. pound = 1 short hundredweight = 1 short ton = 1 long ton = 1 kilogram = 1 metric ton = SHORT HUNDREDWEIGHTS 0.000 625 0.01 1 20 22.4 0.022 046 23 22.046 23 SHORT TONS 0.000 031 25 0.000 5 0.05 1 1.12 0.001 102 311 1.102 311 LONG TONS 0.000 027 901 79 0.000 446 428 6 0.044 642 86 0.892 857 1 1 0.000 984 206 5 0.984 206 5 KILOGRAMS 0.453 592 37 45.359 237 907.184 74 1016.046 908 8 1 1 000 METRIC TONS 0.000 453 592 37 0.045 359 237 0.907 184 74 1.016 046 908 8 0.001 1

0.028 349 523 125 0.000 028 349 523 125

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Mass Standards Handbook Good Measurement Practices

There are numerous steps that one can take in order to improve the quality of a mass measurement system. However, they usually fall within three main categories: the equipment, the environment, and the operator. If even one of these areas is neglected, it can have a dramatic negative impact on your results. Although these suggestions are not meant to be all encompassing or all-inclusive, the improvements that can be made following these simple guidelines are extraordinary.

Equipment
Select weights that have a tolerance that is one third or better than the accuracy you require for your application. This way the error of the weight will not dramatically impact the quality of your measurements. For more information, see Weight Selection Guidelines section on page 72. The equipment must be of sufficient readability to calibrate or measure the weight or sample under test. (Please review the Tolerance Table on page 66). The balance should be placed on a stable platform free from the effects of vibration. The most common type of setup involves placing the instrument onto a balance table that is constructed of marble or granite. Never use a balance or scale as soon as it is turned on. The internal electronic components need to stabilize and warm-up for at least twenty-four hours once the equipment has been energized. Troemner recommends that you leave this instrument plugged in twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week.

Never use a balance that has been idle for several hours without first exercising it and calibrating it. A balance is exercised by repeatedly placing and removing weights from the balance pan. We recommend that this be done at least ten times each with a weight that is 100% of the maximum capacity of the balance. After exercising, the balance should be calibrated. If these two techniques are consistently employed, a noticeable improvement will result in both linearity and stability of the measurement. When weights are not in use, store them in the case(s) in which they are supplied. If the weights were not supplied with a case, either purchase one or use a clean container to protect the surface(s) this will keep airborne particles from getting on your weights between uses. Weights should be in thermal equilibrium with the balance so store weights near your balance(s). Another option is to leave calibration masses commonly used inside the weighing chamber when not in use this assures your weights are in thermal equilibrium with the balance producing a better measurement.

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Mass Standards Handbook Good Measurement Practices

Environment
The more stable your environment, the better your measurement results. Changes in temperature, pressure and humidity affect balance performance and weight stability. Ideal room conditions are 200C with a relative humidity between 45% and 60%. Fluctuations in temperature should not exceed 10C per hour. Humidity fluctuations should not exceed 10% per hour. Balances should not be placed in close proximity to anything that shakes, vibrates, or stirs violently. Avoid placing your equipment near centrifuges, vortexers, or shakers. Do not place your balance and/or scale near anything that generates heat. Heat will cause the balance chamber to warm and due to the effects of the thermal expansion introduce large errors into your measurement. Do not place the balance near a window. Sunlight can penetrate the window, warm the balance chamber at different rates during the day, and affect the quality of your work. Avoid placing the balance near sources of drafts, extreme air currents, or near air conditioning vents. These positions can cause your readings to be unstable and can dramatically cool the balance chamber when the air-conditioning system begins to run. The measurement environment should be clean and free of excessive contaminants. Contaminants such as dirt and grease can adversely affect the weight of an object.

Operator
Never touch a weight with your bare hands! Oils and contaminants from your hand will be transferred to the weight and introduce a significant error. It is recommended that all weights be manipulated with gloved hands or forceps. The two types of gloves that are commonly used and accepted are either latex (powderless) or cotton. Avoid any metal to metal contact when handling or storing weights this will cause scratches that may introduce error. All weight forceps and weight lifters should be either nonmetallic (plastic or wood) or if metal, covered with a soft protective coating or material to avoid scratches. Place the weight or sample near the center of the balance pan. A small offset from center can have a pronounced effect and introduce undue variation. Take special care not to breathe onto the weight or into the balance chamber. Back away from the instrument. This will prevent any thermal transfer of heat from your breath or body to the balance, the weight or sample. Time your measurements. Consistent sample times will provide more consistent measurements.

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Mass Standards Handbook Weight Selection Guidelines

The following are guidelines for selecting the proper calibration weight for an electronic balance. 1. Refer to the balance operating manual to determine the calibration load. 2. If the calibration load cannot be determined through documentation, contact the manufacturer or put the balance in the calibration mode. Many times the calibration weight needed will flash on the display. 3. Determine the readability of the balance. 4. Determine the calibration weight accuracy by dividing the readability by 3. Refer to the Tolerance Table on page 66 for the given weight and select the tolerance that meets or exceeds the requirement. 5. In some cases, the readability will exceed the best available weight tolerance. In this case, purchase the weight with the tolerance that is 1/3 of the accuracy required for your measurement.

Example:
A calibration weight is needed for a 1000 g balance. 1. Referring to the operating manual, it is determined that a 1000 g weight is needed to calibrate the balance. 2. To verify this information, switch the balance into calibration mode. The balance displays a flashing 1000 g which verifies that 1000 g is the calibration load. 3. Checking the balance display, it is determined that the balance reads to 0.01 g or 10 mg. 4. Divide 10 mg by 3. The tolerance of the 1000 g weight needed should be 3 mg or better. Checking the ASTM Class 1 Tolerance Table, it lists a tolerance of 2.5 mg for 1000 g. In this case, you should purchase a 1000 g Class 1 weight to calibrate the balance.

Definitions
Tolerance: The maximum amount by which the conventional mass of the weight is allowed to deviate from the assigned nominal value. Also defined as Maximum Permissible Error. Correction: The difference between the actual value of the mass and the assigned nominal value. Also defined as Error. If the correction on your weight calibration certificate is a negative number, the weight is below nominal value by that amount. A positive correction means that the weight is heavier than the nominal value by that amount.

Uncertainty: A parameter associated with the result of a measurement, that characterizes the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand. Typically reported at a 95% confidence level. Readability: The mass value of the smallest scale or digital interval displayed by the weighing machine. Repeatability: A measure of a weighing machines ability to display the same result when repeated measurements are made under the same weighing conditions. Linearity: Plus or minus deviation from the theoretically straight-lined course of two interdependent values. In balances, this expression is applied to the plus or minus deviation of the indicated measurement value from the true value of the load.

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Mass Standards Handbook Weight Selection Guidelines

The following are guidelines for determining weights to be used for calculating balance error at the load in which the balance is used. 1. Determine at what load the balance will be used. 2. Determine what accuracy is required for the application. Be sure that the weighing equipment can satisfy the measurement accuracy requirements. 3. The tolerance for the weight should be at least 1/3 of the accuracy needed for the application. 4. Review the Tolerance Table on page 66 to determine the correct calibration weight for the application. 2. The accuracy of the 10 g and 5 g weights should be 1/3 times 0.5 mg or 0.16 mg. The cumulative tolerance of both weights should be applied at the 15 g load and should be considered when selecting the tolerance for both weights. 3. Reviewing the Tolerance Table at 10 g, ASTM Class 2 has a tolerance of 0.074 mg. The 5 g tolerance at ASTM Class 2 is 0.054 mg. The total tolerance at 15 g is 0.128 mg. ASTM Class 2 or better should be chosen as the tolerance for this application.

Example:
Expected value of a 100 g Class 1 weight, direct reading on a balance with a readability of 0.01 mg. Correction (Provided by Manufacturer) = 0.18 mg Linearity of Balance at 100 g = -0.00008 g Uncertainty of Mass Value (k=1) = 0.000014 g Repeatability of Balance (k=1) = 0.00003 g Root Sum Square of Uncertainty and Repeatability (k=2) = 0.00007 g Expected Value = 100 g + 0.00018 g - 0.00008 g +/- 0.00007 g Expected Value = 100.00010 g +/- 0.00007 g

Example:
A range of samples from 10 g to 15 g needs to be weighed. An accuracy of 0.5 mg is required. The balance has a 100 g capacity and a readability of .00001 g. The balance needs to be verified at the minimum and maximum of the range of samples. 1. The correct weights to select are one 10 g weight and one 5 g weight. To check the balance at 15 g, use the 5 g and the 10 g weights together.

The following are guidelines for the direct readings of newly purchased or recalibrated weights. The expected value of the weight when placed on the balance will vary according to the following equation:

Expected Value = (Nominal Value +Correction Linearity) +/- Root Sum Square of Uncertainty and Repeatability

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Mass Standards Handbook Determining Balance Error

The following method establishes step-by-step performance parameters and verification using calibrated weights for electronic balances. Weights with weight calibration certificates are required. Using calibrated weights, it is possible to determine balance error resulting from internal calibration processes. To verify proper balance performance using calibrated weights, one needs to establish two parameters. The first is to determine the balances ability to repeat measurements (Repeatability). This is accomplished by calculating a standard deviation and multiplying it by 2 to achieve a 95% confidence interval. The second is to determine how much error (or offset) is introduced when the balance is calibrated. 1. Set-up the balance according to the manufacturers specifications. Allow the balance to settle for at least a 24-hour period to achieve thermal equilibrium. 2. Calibrate the balance using the internal calibration function of the balance and an appropriate calibration weight (see the balances operation manual for proper calibration weight selection). Some balances have built in calibration weights. It is recommended that an external calibration weight be used. 3. Select a verification weight that represents the mass of a typical sample size or a weight that is in the range of the majority of samples. 4. Tare or zero the balance so the display reads all zeros. 5. Using the verification weight, make at least 20 measurements and record the results of each measurement. Zero the balance before each measurement. After all of the measurements are made, calculate a single standard deviation. 6. Multiply the standard deviation by 2. This is the random error or repeatability that is expected for the balance with a 95% confidence level. The number becomes the upper and lower control limits for the performance verification. NOTE: Should the single standard deviation be significantly greater than the manufacturers specification for repeatability, try another location for the balance, and be sure the operator is following good measurement practices. Look for sources of vibration or air currents that may be causing the balance to perform poorly. If other locations do not improve the results, contact the manufacturer and explain the problem. The manufacturer may be able to provide other solutions. 7. Check the weight calibration certificate and obtain the correction of the weight that was used to calibrate the balance. This is the error that was introduced when the balance was calibrated at that load. Most calibration functions in electronic balances set the linear function for the balance from the calibration load down to zero. It is important to note that the error introduced at the calibration load is reduced by 50% at 1/2 of the load and by 75% at 1/4 of the load. In other words, as the load on the balance is reduced, the linear error introduced by the correction of the calibration weight is reduced. An estimation of the linear error of the calibration can be made with the following equation: Linear error = -1 x Error of cal weight x Load/Calibration load If the balance is calibrated using the internal balance weights, the linear error cannot be determined without the value of the internal weights. 8. The expected value for your performance verification is calculated as: Expected value = Actual mass value + Linear error Where: Actual mass value = Nominal value + Conventional Mass vs. 8.0 correction 9. Verification: Zero the balance and place the verification weight on the balance. The verification passes if the actual reading is within the random error established in Step 6 of the expected value.

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Mass Standards Handbook Determining Balance Error

Recommendations: A. Perform verifications at different times during the day. If the verifications fail during some time periods but pass during others, the laboratorys environmental conditions are changing throughout the day. B. Troemner recommends that calibration weights be recalibrated at least annually to verify that they are not changing in value. Actual usage will determine the calibration interval. C. Chart the actual value after each verification. This may identify trends of drifting or systematic errors that are working into your process. D. Recalculate the random error periodically to see if the repeatability of your balance is changing. 10 g Class 1 weight with a correction of +0.010 mg and an uncertainty of +/- 0.018 mg Taking 20 measurements, the standard deviation is found to be 0.3 mg. The random error is 2 times 0.3 mg or 0.6 mg for a 95% confidence interval. Linear Error = -1 X (0.10 mg X 10 g/100 g) = -0.01 mg Expected value = 10.00001 g + (-0.01 mg) = 10.00000 g Verification Range = 10.00000 g +/- 0.6 mg Over the next 3 days, 7 verifications are performed and are shown below. The Balance Verification Chart below illustrates that the 2nd and 5th measurements failed, but the rest of the measurements passed. Using control charts like this is an effective method in identifying measurement problems before the quality of your work is affected. Investigation and Corrective Action should be made when measurements fall out of acceptable range.

Example:
Given: 100 g capacity balance is readable to 0.1 mg Calibration load: 100 g Samples tested at: 10 g 100 g Class 1 weight with a correction of +0.10 mg and an uncertainty of +/- 0.025 mg TEST # Measurement 1 10.0003 2 9.9993 3 10.0002

4 9.9996

5 10.0011

6 10.0004

7 9.9999

Balance Verification Chart

10.0012 10.0010 10.0008 Measured Values 10.0006 10.0004 10.0002 10.0000 9.9998 9.9996 9.9994 9.9992 0 1 2 3 4 5 Observations OUT OF RANGE

OUT OF RANGE

UCL 95%

LCL 95% 6 7 8
Observed Measurement

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Mass Standards Handbook Weight Care and Maintenance

No cleaning method is perfect. It is important to understand that certain cleaning procedures may alter a calibrated mass value of a weight. Substance, whether dirt or actual material, may be removed during the cleaning process. If proper cleaning procedures are not followed, residual dirt or solvent may be left on the mass standard, which will also affect the mass value of the weight. There are different recommended cleaning methods for sheet metal and nonsheet metal weights, because of their different physical characteristics. There are also different cleaning methods for periodic or daily cleaning and spot cleaning, which is a more vigorous method to be used when daily/periodic cleaning methods do not remove foreign matter.

Cleaning

Spot Cleaning

Daily/Periodic Cleaning
Non-sheet metal weights - Before each use clean all weights with a camel hair or other suitable soft brush to remove any particles that might have settled on the weight. Remember to pay special attention to the bottom surfaces, since these tend to be overlooked. One may also use a syringe bulb or compressed air to remove loose particles. If compressed air is used, especially if it comes from a can, the temperature of the weight may be affected and the weight should not be used for at least 4 hours to allow the weight to return to thermal equilibrium with the environment. If particles are not removed easily, spot cleaning may be necessary. Sheet metal weights Prior to each use, they should be visually inspected for foreign matter and brushed lightly with a camel hair brush. Special care must also be taken not to overbrush these weights. Sheet metal weights are the most delicate and fragile weights manufactured. Sheet metal weights also have the largest surface to mass ratio, so any effect on a sheet metal weights surface will have a greater impact in its mass value as compared to cylindrical weights. These weights have a tendency to attract foreign matter due to the flatness and raised markings of each piece. Sheet metal weights are adjusted by filing the edges with very fine abrading instrumentation. As a result, some of the edges may be rough or may have microscopic burrs on them. Extra care must be taken when handling and cleaning these weights. It is highly recommended that sheet metal weights be placed in a protective casing in order to prevent contamination. It is also highly recommended that compressed air not be used because compressed air is usually colder (especially if it comes out of a can) which can change the temperature of the weight and introduce undue error. Instead a syringe bulb should be used to help clean the weight and to blow off particles.

Spot cleaning is recommended when foreign matter is observed on weights that cannot be removed using daily/periodic cleaning methods. Use cheesecloth dampened with ethyl alcohol and gently rub the weight surface in order to remove any residual or stubborn debris from the weight surface. If using alcohol does not remove the foreign debris, repeat the process using other solvents such as window cleaner or distilled water. If solvents other than distilled water and alcohol are used, the weights should be cleaned again using alcohol to remove any residual solvent from the weight. Solvents other than distilled water should never be used on brass weights or cast iron weights since they have a protective coating of lacquer and paint respectively, and solvents will deteriorate coated surfaces. For sheet metal weights or other weights made out of aluminum, alcohol should never be used since alcohol can deteriorate aluminum. After spot cleaning, the weight should not be used for a period of at least 4 hours in order for the weight to return to thermal equilibrium with the environment. Painted cast iron weights These weights should be brushed or compressed air should be employed to remove any foreign material. When cast iron weights are calibrated and the as found data has been ascertained, you may want to add a coat of paint to the weights, especially if there are signs of rust or abrasions. A calibration should be performed after any paint is applied. Use a lacquer or aluminum-based paint that goes on thin. A thick paint like an epoxy-based paint leaves too heavy a coat and is not recommended. Avoirdupois weights should be painted silver and metric weights should be painted gold. Brass weights The only cleaning procedure recommended for brass weights is cleaning with a clean cloth dampened with distilled water.

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Mass Standards Handbook Terminology

Austenitic - Pertaining to or describing a solid solution in iron of carbon and sometimes other solutes that occurs as a component of steel under certain conditions. Austenitic stainless steels usually offer many advantages such as increased strength, corrosion resistance, lower magnetic susceptibility, and desirable mechanical and magnetic properties. Calibration - The act of determining the mass difference between a standard of a known mass value and an unknown test weight or set of weights. The process uses a comparison method and a series of calculations to establish the mass value and conventional mass value of the unknown and determines a quantitative estimate of the uncertainty to be assigned to the measurement process as well as the mass or conventional mass value for the unknown. Conventional Mass - The conventional value of the result of weighing in air, in accordance to International Recommendation OIML R 33. For a weight taken at 20 C, the conventional mass is the mass of a reference weight of a density of 8000 kg/m3, which it balances in air density of 1.2 kg/m3. Correction - Mass values are traditionally expressed by two numbers, one being the nominal mass of the weight and the second being a correction. The mass of the weight is the assigned nominal value plus the assigned correction. Positive corrections indicate that the weight embodies more mass than is indicated by the assigned nominal value. International Prototype Kilogram - The platinum-iridium cylinder maintained at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), at Sevres, Frances with an internationally accepted defined mass of 1 kg with zero uncertainty. Mass in a Vacuum The mass of a weight as if it were measured in a vacuum. Also known as True Mass. Nominal Mass The mass value as marked on a weight. Reference Standard - A standard, generally of the highest metrological quality available at a given location, from which measurements made at that location are derived.

Troemners online Weight Selector takes the guess work out of choosing the correct weight for your application. Visit us at www.troemner.com and let us help you find exactly what you need.

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Mass Standards Handbook Terminology

Tolerance (Adjustment Tolerance or Maximum Permissible Error) - The maximum amount by which the conventional mass of the weight is allowed to deviate from the assigned nominal value. Traceability - Property of the result of a measurement or the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated references, usually national or international standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons all having stated uncertainties. In other words, in order to establish traceability there must be an unbroken and valid relationship to some nationally or internationally recognized standard. A standard itself can not really be traceable, but the value assigned to it can. Uncertainty - Parameter associated with the result of a measurement that characterizes the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurement. This is the range of values within which the true value is estimated to lie. In other words, the uncertainty is a measure of how confident you are in the accuracy of the results resulting from a measurement. U.S. National Prototype Standard - Platinumiridium kilogram identified as K20, maintained at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), with a value assigned relative to the International Prototype Kilogram. Weight (Mass standard) - An object representing a specific mass, regulated in regard to its physical and metrological characteristics: shape, dimension, material, surface quality, nominal value, and maximum permissible error.

Hummingbird Help
Please visit our website at www.troemner.com and click on FAQs to discover answers to many of your product and calibration questions. You will also find a comprehensive list of many helpful terms.

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Mass Standards Handbook The Advantages of Troemner Alloy 8 Stainless Steel

magnetic field. See Table 12 below for these specifications.

Table 12 - Magnetic Properties

WEIGHT VOLUME MAGNETIC MAXIMUM CLASS SUSCEPTIBILITY () MAGNETIC FIELD T 0 1 2, 3, 4 0.01 0.03 0.05 2.0 4.0 6.0 mG 20 40 60

T = Tesla G = Gauss

OIML International recommendation R111 for Weight Classes E1, E2, F1, F2, M1, M2, M3 also has specifications for maximum allowable susceptibility and magnetic field. See Table 13 and 14 on page 80 for these specifications. The magnetic susceptibility specification for Troemner Alloy 8 is 0.005, which exceeds ASTM and OIML specifications for all classes. Why are magnetic properties important? The magnetic field of the weight can react with the balances magnetic fields causing calibration errors. Many of todays precision balances have weighing cells which are sensitive to magnetic field changes. If one moves a magnetized weight around a balance pan affecting the magnetic field of the weighing cell, the balance readings may change, introducing errors into the measurement. Magnetic properties in stainless steel can be characterized in two ways. Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless measure that determines the ability of a material to respond to an external magnetic field. Magnetic field in a material can be measured once a material is magnetized. The higher the susceptibility for a material, the easier it is to become magnetized.

In 2003, Henry Troemner LLC began manufacturing stainless steel weights using a new, unique, material specifically designed to meet the many demands required of precision weights. Precision weight requirements of consistent density, low magnetic properties, extremely smooth surface finishes, and hardness are not easily achieved. For example, softer stainless steels developed to obtain better surface finishes tend to have higher magnetic properties. Softer stainless steels, although easier to machine and polish, do not have the hardness of less machining friendly stainless steels and may wear more quickly and lose weight faster when in use. Henry Troemner LLC spent years researching and testing various stainless steels to characterize the optimal material used for making precision weights in order to specify a material that would be

far superior to any other stainless steel being used. The result is Troemner Alloy 8 Stainless Steel, the finest commercially available stainless steel for high precision calibration weights and mass standards. Alloy 8 meets and exceeds all stainless steel material specifications that NBS (now NIST) specified when purchasing the original U.S. state laboratory mass standards over 35 years ago. Troemner weights made from Alloy 8 Stainless Steel provide the customer the following benefits: Low Magnetic Properties - The most important attribute of Troemner Alloy 8 is its extremely low magnetic properties. ASTM E617-97 Standard Specification for Laboratory Weights which covers classes 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 has specifications for maximum allowable susceptibility and

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Mass Standards Handbook The Advantages of Troemner Alloy 8 Stainless Steel

Austenitic stainless steel has naturally low magnetic permeabilities. During the manufacturing process, cold working of the metal can change the grain structure of the material and increase its ability to be magnetized. This change in grain structure will be dependent upon the grade of stainless steel. Once a weight exhibits susceptibility it can be magnetized when placed in a magnetic field. The amount of permanent magnetization will depend on the strength of the magnetic field and the susceptibility of the sample. The magnetic susceptibility of a sample can be reversed through stress relieving (annealing) of the sample. This process does not produce repeatable results and Troemner does not recommend it. A weight that becomes magnetized can be de-magnetized by introducing the weight to an electrical magnetic field generated by a piece of equipment. By holding the weight with its field perpendicular to the field generated by the piece of equipment, you can reduce the magnetic field of the weight. However, this method is not recommended since the weight can become easily magnetized again if it is exposed to another magnetic field. Alloy 8s composition has extremely low natural magnetic susceptibility. Troemner, Alloy 8 has been extensively tested for susceptibility before and after manufacturing using our NVLAP accredited calibration process. Extensive tests were also performed for permanent magnetism. Weights made of Alloy 8 were exposed to various magnetic fields and none of them became magnetized. For more information on magnetic susceptibility, Troemners NVLAP accredited measurement process, and information on a laboratory intercomparison, there is a technical paper posted on Troemners web site. Go to www.troemner.com, click on the literature library tab, then technical literature. Consistent Density - Because it is a custom material, Troemner Alloy 8 is obtained from a single source, and is purchased in mill run quantities (40,000 pound minimum) to assure consistency in material density across different sizes of weights. Troemner reports a density of 8.03 g/cm3 for Alloy 8 after testing several samples using its NVLAP accredited density calibration process. Density measurements across all diameters were within +/- 0.006 g/cm3. This is important for weights that are subsequently recalibrated after the initial sale because the reported density is used to make buoyancy corrections during calibrations. Variations in material density can have an effect on the calibrated value assigned to weights. (Check your Certificate or Statement of Accuracy for the density of your weights.) Surface Finish and Hardness - Troemner Alloy 8 is significantly harder than material used previously. The benefit to the user of a harder material is it is less susceptible to wear and scratches. A weight made of harder stainless steel is less likely to lose enough mass to carry it out of its adjusted tolerance. A weight manufactured using Troemner Alloy 8 will have extremely low magnetic properties, consistent density, and the mirror-like, highly polished finish you have come to expect from Troemner in order to meet todays rigorous requirements.

Table 13 - Maximum Susceptibility, of OIML Weights

WEIGHT CLASS Nominal value 100 g Nominal value < 100 g Nominal value 1 g E1 0.01 0.025 0.12 E2 0.03 0.075 0.37 F1 0.07 0.25 1.2 F2 0.21 0.75 -

Table 14 - Maximum Permanent Magnetism, 0 M (T), of OIML Weights

WEIGHT CLASS Maximum Magnetism, 0 M (T), of OIML weights E1 3 E2 10 F1 30 F2 100 M1 300 M2 1000 M3 3000

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Mass Standards Handbook Additional Calibration Services From Troemner

Pipette Calibration
Accredited by the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program for the specific scope of Accreditation under Lab Code 105013.

Services include repair, calibration and certification of pipettes regardless of manufacturer

Temperature Calibration
Accredited by the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program for the specific scope of Accreditation under Lab Code 105013.

Pressure Calibration
Accredited by the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program for the specific scope of Accreditation under Lab Code 105013.

0 - 1,000 psi Utilizes primary piston gauges and a secondary transfer standard

Traceable calibration services from -196C to 1100C

NVLAP accredited 0.1 l to 5 ml. Laboratory capability 0.1 l to 100 ml We can meet your most stringent requirements including: GLP, GMP, FDA, ISO, NCCLS, CAP and CLIA Calibration System is accredited by NVLAP to be ISO/IEC 17025

NVLAP accredited for comparison calibrations -196C to 660C Utilizes the latest equipment providing low uncertainties Calibration System is accredited by NVLAP to be ISO/IEC 17025 compliant

Calibration System is accredited by NVLAP to be ISO/IEC 17025 compliant

Electrical, Time and Frequency Calibration Electrical calibrations cover the measurement disciplines found in most multimeters and oscilloscopes Calibrations utilize state-of-the-art equipment providing low uncertainties Calibration System is ISO/IEC 17025 compliant

Humidity Calibration Thermal Mass Flow Calibration Services include repair, resizing, calibration and certification services for flow meters and controllers Factory trained technicians Utilizes state of the art laminar flow technology for high precision (2 sccm to 100 slpm) Calibration System is ISO/IEC 17025 compliant
Accredited by the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program for the specific scope of Accreditation under Lab Code 105013.

10% - 95% Rh Utilizes a two pressure, two temperature humidity generator

Calibration System is accredited by NVLAP to be ISO/IEC 17025 compliant

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