Introduction Drilling and Sampling Procedures

The extent type of exploration depends on specific project For Road Design may require exploration to depth of 20 Feet For HI rise Building may require soil exploration characteristic to depth of few hundred feet For remote area, all the necessary information may have to come from new soil exploration For high develop area, the extent of soil exploration may be reduced based on soil information from surrounding site

The type of investigation is also greatly effective by the soil type and variability ex : on homogeneous clay may require high quality samples to accurately predict the rate and amount of settlement on soils of pockets and lenses of clay, silt and sand, information of greater value may obtain by taking greater number of less expensive disturbed samples, to determine the location and size of this pockets and lenses. on alluvial sand and gravel deposit are shown to emphasize that even relatively homogeneous deposit can have complex interlayering and heterogeneity on a local scale.

In appreciation of inherited complexity of geology deposit is needed for planning or interpreting sub surface exploration

To perform an effective Subsurface Investigation

Project Engineer must be familiar with the tools, procedures, understand the effect of drilling and sampling can have on lab and field test and appreciate the inherent uncertainties involved with characterizing subsurface condition.

DRILL RIGS 4 Basic category : - Highway Drillrigs are mounted on the back of industrial truck, allowing highmobility and minimum setup time. It is used for site that relatively level and easy to access - Offroad typically or either mounted on rubberwheel truck or track for difficult access site - Overwater mounted on the center of customized barge - Portable Drill rigs

GENERAL FEATURES AND PROCEDURES OF DRILLING RIGS - Drill Head Is raised and lowered using hydraulic controls, Drill Head is connected to gearbox whichin ablee to adjust the rotation speed to suit the current drilling condition. - Winches is used to removing or attaching drill rods, auger or sampling tube to boreholes.

METHODS OF DRILLING 4 prominent drilling methods: - Solid stem continuous flight auger Consist of drilling bits (common bits : finger and fish tail ) and auger flights ( commonly 5 ft long with various diameter) and connector between them using a female-male connection that secured with auger pins suitable for soil where using openborehole doesn't collapse

- Hollow stem Continous flight auger there's a hollow flight auger ( same type with drilling casing ), outer bit that attached to bottom of auger and inner bit ( common bits : Fish tail and step wise ) which retractable when is needed to take the sample. - Mud Rotary/ rotary wash ( using mud or bentonite to support the borehole ) bits : drag bits, roller/ cone bits, and plug bits - Coring Coring Bits : Diamond, Carbide, and soft tube

Main purpose of all drilling methods is to obtain representative samples of subsurface strata at different depth. these different drilling methods are individually suited for different soil and rock condition, maybe two methods of drilling is needed for a given project.

TYPES OF SAMPLING - Split Spoon sampler ( Disturbed sample ) - Thin walled / Shelby tubes ( Undisturbed Sample ) - Piston Sampler - Pitcher Sampler

EFFECT of SOIL DISTURBANCE