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SPE 36603
A Comprehensive Approach to Select Fracturing Fluids and Additives for Fracture Treatments
Hongjie Xiongl Brian Davidson, Bryan Saunders, and Steve A. Holditch, S. A. Holditch & Associates
Copyright 1996 Soaety of Petroleum Engineers Inc Th!s paper was prepared for presentahca at the 1996 SPE Annual Technta Exhlb$tDn held m Denver Colwado U S A 6-9 Oclotmr 1996 Conference and
treatment, fluid
characteristics, should be compatible with the formation viscosity fluids. sufficient suspend so it can proppant
Thm paper was Selectm for presentation by an SPE Program Comm!tlue Idlowmg rewaw of nfofmatum conlamed In an abslraci subfmtted by the Wthor(s} Contents C4 the papel as presented have not been reviewed by the Soaefy of Petroleum Engineers and are sub@ to correctnn by the author(s) The material as presen fed does not fwcessanly reflect any posmon of the SocIafy of Petroleum Engineers Its offuws of mambers Papers presanted al SPE meetmgs are -@ect to pubhcalmn revunv by Eddortal Cwnmtttees of the Sme!y of Petroleum Ertgmeers Perm IssIon 10 CWY IS restr!c!wd to an abstract of not more than 300 words Illustrations may not ta c@led The abslracl should contain cnnsplcuous acknowledgment of where and by worn the paper was presenled VWe Librarian SPE P O BM 83383$ RKhardson TX 75083-3836 U S A fax 01-214-952-9435
The fluid should be able to maintain temperature, transport it deep into the fracture. The fluid should be capable fracture penetration.
of developing
Abstract
The paper describes Based on the given determines method, determines necessary, same time, combinations base fluid, Secondly, of polymer the a new approach fuzzy formation the system possible used to select fracture treatments. first best the system the Then. 3 to the 5 fluid systems by applying logic for fracture information, method, chooses fluids.
fluid efficiency. should be easy to remove damaging the formation and have minimal and the formation. The fluid should be easily pumped down the wellbore exhibit minimal friction pressure and the fracture. The fluid should be easy to prepare and safe to use. The fluid should be low cost. Currently available requirements a fracturing viscosity at fracturing Of that fluid we fluids these. have seldom however. to ability satisfy the all of
most
viscosifying
crosslinker,
gas type if
systems.
above
requirements.
logic evaluators,
consider and
when (2)
to maintain
stimulate oil and gas production other similar and working problems over wells.
temperature fluids.
into four groups: ( I ) waterfoam-based fluids. and i describes these fluid types, is
based fluids,
fluids, Table
under which they are most often used. fracturing of and the fluids for a formation factors: formation, experience of the following formation formation to be provide
Introduction
Hydraulic reservoir treatment additives additives fracturing production, heavily is extremely proppan: fluids is one The depends of on major the methods fracturing to increase fluids and is success or failure of a fracture
The selection of optimal based on consideration pressure, temperature, created. important a fracture stimulation knowledge, water permeability, Laboratory information fluid. sensitivity
half-length
Choosing
testing
the fluid breaks and cleans up properly. proppant down tubular goods, through
and require
data sets,
293
SPE 36603
skills ancilor all the data required consistency. Though represent different many we can use flow-charts rules and experience
to make the decisions and rule-based to select proper SPE monograph which
with
of
that with an
use to make
- not clearly
consistency
is important, presents
to accomplish, the during fracture logic theory~ to not only fluid and expert
some of rules used to select fluids), parameters select fluid systems. almost prohibit and experience rule-based potential problem, systems or flow-charts candidates. and many
must apply to make correct decisions This paper concludes that fuzzy fracture fluids,
or flow-charts. data
linguistic
I - Fracturing
for Their
low temperatures
Long fractures, high temperatures Water sensitive formations, Oil-based I I Crosslinker Emulsifier + Oil + Oil + Water Water sensitive formations, Good for fluid-loss control short fractures long fractures
Low pressures, water sensitive formations Low pressure formations Low pressure formations blocking problems of water Removal blocks with water
Foambased
Alcoholbased
familiar
G
When an engineer does not have much knowledge experience When reservoir conditions development reservoir means that the previous A procedure have changed during for the
Methodology
Fuzzy solve well logic has been applied problems, Several selecting conditions, potential in the petroleum those logic best systems treatment the optimal diagnosing optimal industry have to
G
associated
with been
or a history pattern has been broken, which rules or experience to build problems.~ of seven
may not be re-used. has been developed well stimulation consists a fuzzy logic As shown in For more No.4.
selecting barriers,
evaluating
mechanisms, fuzzy
and selecting
treatment
1, the procedure
steps.
and additives. logic systems are very useful for following in a is not
details about the methodology, The objective fluid treatment area or in a formation where the engineer
of our fuzzy logic system is to select optimal The output of the (fuzzy
294
SPE 36603
A COMPREHENSIVE
APPROACH
TO SELECT FRACTURING
variables) functions
that affect the fluid selection, and weighting functions we compute factors and the weighting
and build membership variables. factors which values, Using (they the are
Principle
sections:
of Fluid Selection
Fuzzy System
fluids is divided and fluid into two specification
The process of selecting (see Figure 2). Fluid type contains the viscosifying the or (crosslinked. linear,
fracture
membership matrices),
the evaluation
are used
method
Determine Objectives of the Fuzzy Evaluator f Identify and Structure the Output/ Decision from the Evaluator 7 Identifi All Prameters (Fuzzy Variables) That Affect the Output v Build Membership Functions For All Fuzzy Variables (Jsing Domain Knowledge and Expertise 7 Determine the Weighting Factors v Determine the evaluation procedure
STEP
consideration normal
crosslinked
energized
polyemulsion.
STEP 2
and foamed oil. After the fluid type is determined, type (HPG, (if CMHPG, Guar, or we specify the polymer polymer loading, (if and quality
HEC.),
STEP 3
crosslinker necessary).
necessary),
i,
2. STEP 5
the
possibility (see a
method, base fluid, and energizer; combinations and method, Table possible of a combination consists
STEP 6
v Adjust the Fuzzy Membership Functions and Weighting Factors If Required Upon Comparison Computer Output With Filed Results
3.
Rank Specify
Based
(if necessary),
combinations.
Figure
1- The Methodology
Table ~
of Base fluid,
Method,
and Energization
Method.
Alcohol
x x x x x x x x x
x
x x
x x
x x x x x
x x X1X ! ; x
Energization
Energized
Nm-rnal
x x I x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
IIT?%?TII
295
specific
stall
formation
situation, and
fracture functions
* t
Temperature
I Water wrwtiwy
3+Z.I
I Pwswe 2 Tempcmtum 3 Fracture length 4 Depth I 2
3 to compute
possible
Method fracture
We consider fluids:
three options
used to and
1 1 Crosslmkcd 2 Linear
3 Polmlsnm
waler 0,1
IFoamed
J None
1+
Linear,
2 Energtzcd
3 Alcohol
formation height
(note: in this paper, fracture to the propped for are proppant usually
&
!
Need
crosslinker q
J3=.1 .
v
I Permeabll!ty 2 cost 3 Temperature 1 -
propped
fracture
fracture length and etched fracture height for acid fracturing.). Crosslinked temperature treatments. is needed used in formations and/or in large size treatments. and medium for high are used when moderate requirement
Yes
A
I 2 1 4 I Bomm
Cross l#nker
5 P ESTER
m I Temperawe 1 Fracture length 3 Pressure ., 2 Ocplh :;,,fl,;;,h J&-1 7 I Temperature 2 Treatmcm s,?e
1
1 Ewe Fl,d
stability.
Table Linear
3 - Parameters Fluids.
for Crosslinked,
Polyemulsion,
and
T
2 Tmnium ) Ztrwn!um
70 15 I W,
NZ C02
Parameter
] Symbol
I Unit
I Weighting Factor
I
I
Legend
Temperature
T H
F ft I fl [ psi
J.2_.l
Figure
anners
Option
I Lf
I E I Cx
2- The Procedure
Fluid Complexity For each step in Figure rank the possible options. In a fuzzy evaluator, parameters (fuzzy Then, Appendix) we knowledgeh-ules Weighting evaluator. build and factors we first identify membership memberships factors. (in the following Tables variable 3 to 9) of all fuzzy variables factor of a fuzzy in a fuzzy logic indicates factors and can be the most important decisions. (All in the the Base Fluids Water fluids. to avoid consider formation variables) that affect the primary functions are presented 2, we build a fuzzy evaluator to
0.1 0.1
II
There are two kinds of base fluid: water and oil. are used more damage frequently than oil-based oil-producing we temperature, 4). Alcohol for gas in certain situations
and weighting
to water-sensitive formation
formations.
represent the importance The weighting its contribution are extracted Finally, factors (W),
formation-water
sensitivity,
to the decisions
(methanol/water) formations.
fluid is allowed
situations in a fuzzy system. functions (F) and weighting values (Fb), which are the evaluation
The
here are: (1) without low to gas. pressure medium pumped. length
Energized fluids
,=]
For example, to rank the viscosification methods for a
For normal or high pressure formations, gas normally temperature, depth, and fracture
296
SPE 36603
A COMPREHENSIVE
APPROACH
TO SELECT FRACTURING
are
taken
into
account 5).
when
we
choose
the
energization
varies
with of on
method (Table
type (see
a fluid system,
Fluids
the formation
Table
7-
Parameters
Loading.
Parameter
I Symbol
Size
I s IT I
I ftA2 I F 1-
I 0.5 0.5 1
TvrIe
Foam 70 to Table 5Parameters for Foam/Energized/Normal I Unit I Weighting Factor Gas Pressure Gradient Formation Temperature Fracture Length Formation Depth Lf D Cx ft ft 0.20 0.15 0. I pg T psilfi F 0.4 0.15 C02 Fluids.
Quality
is%.
we usually
use
quality
and treatment
is about I So/O.
Parameter
I Symbol
Type
For
foamed Nitrogen
or energized (N2,
fluids, fluids.
and Carbon
is not compatible
Fluid Complexity
Table Polymer HEC, Type There are several polymers Guar and HPG fluids. HEC are more available HPG, when for water CMHPG,
8-
Parameters
Parameter
base fluids
in the industry,
and Xanthan.
are two types of polymer the fluid We also have to phosphate ester is
T D Lf c
F ft ft
Crosslinker Table 6 - Parameters for Polymer Type Selection. Borate, crosslinker Factor Formation Temperature Cost Index Permeability Base Fluid c k md 0.35 02(J T F 0,45
There depends
commonly The
Titanium,
Zirconium.
on the formation
temperature,
297
H. XIONG,
B. DAVIDSON,
B. SAUNDERS,
AND S. A. HOLDITCH
SPE 36603
Table
9-
Parameters
is
low is fluids
Parameter
water-sensitive.
recommended required-fracture
in this situation
Formation
0.45
length, crosslinked
Fluid 3 3 cross linked energized water HPG/ CMHPG 30 Ibl I OOOgal NJCOl 15 Borate/ Zirconium 0.434
Viscosifying
Application
logic system
Examples
to illustrate fluids. how this fuzzy Table 10 lists is used to choose fracture
Here we present two examples the data for the three examples.
This case is a deep and thick gas formation and normal Because I l). sensitive. of formation depth and
with high
logic
system oil
described and
in this paper or
can be water to
to study, in wells.
evaluate,
and determine
to stimulate
gas production
is 60 Ibm crosslinked
in this paper can be extended similar tool problems and working in computer and transfer found rules. system involves Domain logic fuzzy using fuzzy over wells,
other
associated domain
3. Table Fluid Rank Viscosifying Energizing Base Fluid Polymer Polymer Gas Type Gas Quantity Crosslinker Possibility Value Type Loading Method Method I I - Recommendations for Example I Fluid I 1 crosslinked normal water CMHPG/HPG 60 lb/1000 gal NA NA Zirconium/Borate 1 4. 1
logic
is an excellent
expertise
and knowledge We
have
that
problem
much
easier
(IF-THEN) logic
a fuzzy
base are
membership
functions Building
tuning membership
functions could
be time consuming.
298
SPE 36603
A COMPREHENSIVE
D. E., and Veatch Fracturing, TX, 1989 and Its Boston, Theo~ Publishers, SPE Summary function of rules used to select fracturing tables summary the rules types for all fuzzy evaluators fluids and membership in our fuzzy Following
described
system. Each table contains Networks and FUZ-T Systems, PrenticeInvestigation to Well Applications, Into the (Feb. the membership Column S, A.: An Logic Computer membership Column when of Fuzzy SPE Stimulation Func. Do Not Type Use
function type, and the rules. at above two equations). not be selected and the membership
function (illustrated
a parameter
value is ZERO. Column I. Use means should be selected when the value fits into the range, and the membership value between function value is and the points of Use type. of a parameter
The membership
Appendix
There are two types of membership functions as shown as follows (see also Figure 3): Type I - Membership value increases as the parameter:
(0
F(x) = ~(1 +sin( (b~a)(x { a+b -y)))
(x<= a) (a<x<b)
(X>
Methods lUse
b)
ii
lParameter
lFunc.
IDo Not Use <= 60 <=0.500 <= ] 5(I <= 50 >180 >6
Type
Temperature Type II - Membership value decreases as the parameter: Youngs (10 psi) CrossFrac Length (ft) Frac Height (ft) (X> 1 I II II (F) I 1 Modulus
(x<= a) (a<xsb) b)
Linear linked
~F)
Modulus
I
111 111 II III II II ~~) (F)
1
0.8 ; ~ n .1 j 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Parameter Value
1~ 11
Frac Height [ft) lFrac Len&h Temperature Youngs (10 psi) Frac Height (ft) Frac Length (ft)
>250
Modulus
I
Function Type
Pol y-
emulsion
Figure
3 The Membership
299
H. XIONG,
SPE 36603
Gas Type
Table 1
16-
The Rules Used to Select Gas Type Parameter Func. Type Base Fluid DO Not Use Use
I Parameter
!Func. Type
II
II
L N2 Temperature Depth (ft) Frac Length (ft) Base Fluid C02 Temperature Depth (ft) Frac Length (ft) ~F) ~F)
II II 1[
<= 200 <= 5000 <= 45(3 Water >= 275 >= 4500 >= 45t)
I
I
Oil
Water
Temperature
I I 1
I III II II
Cost and Safety II I I > 2@3 <5(3 <0.01 <= [50 >=50 >10 Frac Length(ft) Permeability
Cost Index Temperature ~F) II I 11 >300 <50 >5(3 <= 20(3 >=50 <0.05 <= 350 >=25 <t).()() I
Table
15-
The Rules Used to Select Energization lParameter lFunc. Type Pressure (psilfl) IDo Not Use IUse
Methods
11
Normal (no gas)
II
<= 0.30
> ().45
CMHPG
Temperature
cF)
Frac Length (ft) Depth (t?) Pressure (psiIft) I <= 0.21 or >0,48 >500 >2000 >20000 >0.4 >360 >750 > I 0000 >0.2 I and <=0.48 <= 300 <= 75t) <= 8(300 <=0.25 <=250 <= 5s30 <= 4r)()() 1 Xanthan
Frac Length(ft)
[1
>50
<=50
oil-based fluid
Energized
Temperature
cF)
II II II 11 II II [1
Frac Length (ft) Depth (fl) Pressure (psifft) Temperature Foamed ~F)
300
SPE 36603
A COMPREHENSIVE
APPROACH
TO SELECT
FRACTURING
FLUIDS
AND ADDITIVES
FOR FRACTURE
TREATMENTS
Type
Borate
k T (lo
F ftA2) I
% I
Clean Break
Titanium
Zirconium
Cost Index
301