Professional Documents
Culture Documents
www.iitk.ac.in/erl
Dr. Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Associate Professor, Engine Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur akag@iitk.ac.in
Optical Diagnostics
Increasing Environmental problems - more stringent Emission Control Norms Demand to minimize fuel consumption Better understanding of in-cylinder processes required To simulate fuel injection and combustion in the cylinder To use optical diagnostic techniques to visualize the in-cylinder processes Even the simulation results need to be verified experimentally using Optical Diagnostic Techniques
11/13/2013
Optical Access
Optical access is usually obtained by: Full Optical Access: Transparent Piston Head, and Transparent Cylinder Liner Endoscopic Access: Optical Fiber based Endoscopic windows Common Materials used: Quartz Sapphire
11/13/2013
11/13/2013
11/13/2013
What is PIV?
Technique Study flow of a Fluid. The flow is illuminated with a double pulsed light sheet and the positions of a large number of tracer particles are recorded with a photographic camera viewing normal to the plane of the sheet. sheet
Advantages of PIV
Non-intrusive into the flow field being studied. 2D or 3D full-field flow measurements can be made. y fields are obtained. Instantaneous velocity Capability for studying multiphase flows.
11/13/2013
Principle of PIV
PIV measures whole velocity fields by taking two images shortly after each other and calculating the distance individual particles travelled within this time. From the known time difference and the measured displacement the velocity is calculated.
3-D PIV
based on the principle of stereoscopic imaging: two cameras capture the image of the illuminated particles from different angles and then the images are digitally combined to obtain a 3-D images.
11/13/2013
Components
Seeding: The flow medium is seeded with particles, droplets or bubbles Double Pulsed Laser: Two laser pulses illuminate these particles with short time difference Light Sheet Optics: Laser light is formed into a thin light plane guided into the flow medium CCD Camera: A fast frame-transfer CCD captures two frames exposed by laser pulses Software: Calculates the velocities and makes Velocity Maps
11/13/2013
An optical imaging technique to measure fluid or particulate velocity p y vectors at many y (eg. ( g Thousands) ) points in a flow field simultaneously. Measurements (2 or 3 components of velocity) usually made in Planar slices of the flow field.
Accuracy and Spatial resolution
11/13/2013
PIV - Principle
Cross-correlation
Interrogation region frame 1 Crosscorrelation particle displacement Interrogation region
frame 2
Crosscorrelation
Vector field
11/13/2013
10
11/13/2013
Schematic of a laser
11
11/13/2013
Solid
Solid
Polystyrene Aluminum Magnesium Glass micro-balloons Granules for synthetic g coating Dioctylphathalate
Liquid Gaseous
50-500 50-1000
Smoke Liquid
Light sheet optics using three cylindrical lenses (one of them with negative focal length)
12
11/13/2013
13
11/13/2013
Advantages: 1 1. The identification of individual particle image, image not necessary in PIV interrogation 2. PIV allows measurement of instantaneous velocity on a fine , regular measurement grid without significant interpolation. Limitations of PIV : 1. The technique has only technological limitations to achieve a temporal resolution due to the illumination source ( lasers ) and the recording media ( CCD) ) frequencies f i which hi h are available il bl today d .
Two-Colour Particle Image Velocimetry Analysis of the Effects of Inlet Port Deactivation on the Velocity Flow Field in a Fired Liquid Fuelled Spark Ignition Engine
14
11/13/2013
Introduction
Fluid motion within IC engine fundamentally affects engine performance and emissions. To analyze and optimize complex coupled processes inside and between automotive components and structure such as the reduction of a vehicle vehicles s interior or outer acoustic noise, including brake noise, and the combustion analysis for diesel and gasoline engines to further reduce fuel consumption and pollution. Deeper insight in modern engine combustion concepts such as flow generation, fuel injection and spray formation, atomization and mixing, ignition and combustion, and formation and reduction of pollutants. The need for an non-intrusive measurement system. Laser Assisted Diagnostics is an important tool for such measurements.
Engine Manufacturers are developing more fuel efficient, more refined and which produce lower amount of pollutants. Engine in-cylinder fluid motion is known to fundamentally affect the combustion process. It is important to understand combustion phenomenon p under different operating conditions such as valve deactivation, port injection and variable injection timing.
Objective
PIV Is used to investigate the in-cylinder fluid motions and its interaction with propagating flame in a production geometry pentroof multi-valve optical SI engine, fired using liquid fuel.
This allows mapping of the flame position and study of the fluid motion ahead of flame front.
Two color PIV is used to obtain full field instantaneous velocity data over planer regions within the combustion chamber with a spatial resolution of less than 1.5 mm. Si oil seed burn in the flame front hence it is possible to distinguish the burnt and unburned region of the inc inc-cylinder cylinder flow. The flow structures distribution were obtained with both open and closed inlet valve injection timing under normal running and with a single inlet port deactivated.
15
11/13/2013
Optical Engine
Bore Stroke Swept Volume mm mm cc 80 89 447 cc 70 BBDC 70 ABDC 1000 rpm
Compression ratio (nominal) 10 : 1 Inlet valve peak lift Exhaust valve peak lift Engine Speed
Salient Features Single Cylinder Optical Engine Pent-roof combustion Chamber Production grade, four stroke, four valve per cylinder, Rover K series Fused Silica Barrel Extended Piston incorporating Fused Silica Piston Crown Window. Port injected with iso-octane and skip fired
16
11/13/2013
Measurement Plane
Measurement Conditions
340-380 CAD Normal Running Conditions One Inlet Port Deactivated Condition 1000 RPM Ignition timing 25 BTDC Start of Injection 10 ATDC Data acquisition in Horizontal Plane Horizontal light sheet located 2 mm above the piston at TDC Camera C i imaging i off ff the h 45 mirror i and through the piston window Vertical Plane Vertical light sheet falling on 45 mirror and through the piston window Camera imaging in horizontal plane close to piston at TDC
17
11/13/2013
18
11/13/2013
19
11/13/2013
20
11/13/2013
21
11/13/2013
22
11/13/2013
23
11/13/2013
Valve Jet Flow for: (1) Normal Running and (2) Valve Deactivated Conditions Conclusions Under normal running conditions some tumble flow remains after TDC, however, the bulk flow is highly three dimensional and exhibits a torroidal vortex-like structure. With a single inlet port deactivated, deactivated the bulk flow shows significant differences to normal running bulk flow structure and exhibits characteristics more like axial swirl and a three dimensional helical structure. Significant cyclic variations in large scale structure are observed, and are greatest under normal 4-valve running conditions. Fuel injection timing was not found to significantly affect the large scale flow structure ahead of the flame around TDC.
Scattering
24
11/13/2013
Scattering
Principle: When light interacts with matter different scattering processes can happen simultaneously or exclusively depending on chemical and physical properties of the scatterer. Therefore scattered light contains information about the material, it's size and environmental conditions like temperature. Mie imaging: elastic scattering; same wavelength as the incident light; intensity is proportional to the size of the scattering particles; for particles which are large compared to the wavelength of the incident light. Rayleigh imaging: elastic scattering; same wavelength as the incident light; intensity is proportional to the intensity of incident light, a material-dependant constant and the number density of particles; for particles are small compared to the wavelength of the incident light. R Raman i imaging i : inelastic scattering; shows a spectral response that is shifted from the laser line and characteristic for the Raman active molecules; do not suffer from collision quenching.
Applications
Mie Scattering : particle analysis (size, shape, distribution) flow analysis (velocity information PIV) spray analysis (particle size distribution and spray geometry) general imaging tasks Rayleigh Scattering: combustion processes pollutant formation total gas density temperature fields Raman Scattering: majority species concentrations space and time-resolved mixture fractions local temperature
25
11/13/2013
26
11/13/2013
27
11/13/2013
LIPF:
to avoid quenching short lived quantum states are excited and these
'predissociative' states are so fast that no collisions occur during their lifetime Tracer-LIF:
a medium is seeded with proper tracer material to make it visible or to
28
11/13/2013
LIF imaging i i measurements t based b d on in-cylinder-formed i li d f d formaldehyde f ld h d and d 3pentanone as a fuel tracer under controlled auto-igniting (CAI) conditions. Fuel consisting of 50% n-heptane and 50% iso-octane is used to ensure stable auto-ignition while having the reduced compression ratio and temperature typical of most optically accessible engines.
Two different detection systems for recording 2-D images and spectroscopic data
29
11/13/2013
Planer LIF
30
11/13/2013
31
11/13/2013
Used to monitor chemical reaction intermediates Combustion, Combustion flame, flame and engine studies
Pressure
32
11/13/2013
Analysis Subsystem
C Calculates l l and d Di Displays l a two-dimensional di i l scalar l fi field ld from f the h fluorescence fl image i field.
Planer LIF
A laser source, usually pulsed and tunable in wavelength, is used to form a thin light sheet. If the laser wavelength is resonant with an optical transition of a species, a fraction of the incident light will be absorbed. Absorbed photons may subsequently be reemitted with a modified spectral distribution. The emitted light, known as fluorescence, is collected and imaged onto a solid-state array camera. The light detected by a camera depends on the concentration of the interrogated species within the corresponding measurement volume and the local flow field conditions. This technique offers excellent temporal resolution (order of ns) and yields information along a thin (0.2 mm and better) 2-D plane.
Self-Ignition
Plan view into the combustion chamber, showing the self-ignition regions
Knock intensity is related to pressure traces. The pressure recorded during knocking operation is non-uniform throughout the cylinder. cylinder Analysis of such traces does not yield any spatial information about the selfignition process. Thus, optical techniques (e.g. PLIF) are used to obtain spatially and temporally resolved information.
33
11/13/2013
Experimental Engine
Optical Setup
34
11/13/2013
Previously, it was impossible to decide about growth of structure. Also, measurements did not reveal if new ignition kernels appeared during the combustion event. High speed imaging system reveal distributed gradual consumption of fuel or reaction fronts that spread. The PLIF sequences shows a well-distributed gradual decay of fuel concentration during the first stage of combustion. During the later parts of the combustion process, the fuel concentration images present much more structure, with distinct edges between islands of unburned fuel and products. Intensity histograms reveals that the transition from fuel to products in the HCCI engine is a gradual process. The engine configuration, laser sheet orientation and air/fuel ratio do not influence the general results.
35
11/13/2013
36
11/13/2013
Laser Holography
37
11/13/2013
Experimental Setup
Principal of Holography
Laser Holography
To measure atomization: Laser holography method, Direct recording method, The PDPA method, and the Fraunhofer diffraction method. The holography method is a 3-D measuring method, which utilizes the interference of light. The Phase Doppler Particle Anemometry (PDPA) method utilizes the Doppler signal of the droplets. The Fraunhofer diffraction method obtains the distribution of the droplet diameter from the distribution of diffracted light. Laser holography method can record the shape of each droplet in the entire spray area and the spatial distribution with one recording. Drawbacks: Droplet measurement in high-density fields, long analyzing period. Measuring Methods of Spray Droplets
38
11/13/2013
39
11/13/2013
Invasive method of measuring 1, 2, or 3 components of velocity using a heated wire or film sensor PIV
Non-invasive method of measuring 1, 2, or 3 components of velocity using a laser technique Particle Diagnostics
Non-invasive method of measuring 2 and 3 components of velocity in a plane using a double-pulsed laser
Non-invasive method of measuring Particle, droplet, or bubble size using laser techniques
40
11/13/2013
41