HYPOTHESIS TESTING Hypothesis Testing is the process of making an inference or generalization on a population based on the results of the study

y on samples Statistical Hypothesis is a guess or prediction made by a researcher regarding the possible outcome of the study Two Types of Hypothesis: 1. Null Hypothesis (H ! - hypothesis to be tested which one hopes to reject - show equality or no significant difference or relationship between variables - means there is non-existence, no difference, no relationship and no effect ". #lte$nati%e Hypothesis (H1! - represents the idea which the researcher wants to prove - means there is existence, difference, relationship and effect Example !uppose a teacher strongly suspects that students coming from families at a higher economic level perform better than the students at the lower level" #$ !tudents at a higher economic level have the same performance with students at lower level" #% !tudents at higher economic level do perform better" Types of Hypothesis Testing 1. One&taile' Test it is a directional test with the region of rejection lying on either left or right tail of the normal curve a. (ight )i$ectional Test the region of rejection is on the right tail" &t is used when the alternative hypothesis uses comparatives such as greater than, higher than better than, superior to, exceed, etc" *. +eft )i$ectional Test the region of rejection is on the left tail" &t is used when the alternative hypothesis uses comparatives such as less than, smaller than, inferior to, lower than, below, etc" ". Two&taile' Test is a non-directional test with the region of rejection lying on both tails of the normal curve" &t is used when the alternative hypothesis uses words such as not equal to, significantly different, etc" Types of E$$o$s Type I E$$o$ is the error committed when the null hypothesis is rejected when in fact it is true and the alternative hypothesis is false" Type II E$$o$ is the error committed when the null hypothesis is accepted when in fact is false and the alternative hypothesis is true" (acts #$ is true #$ is false 'ecision )ccept #$ *eject #$ +orrect decision ,ype & Error ,ype && Error +orrect decision

+e%el of Significance - used-stated to know whether the #$ is to be rejected or accepted ,ost Popula$ +e%el of Significance 1. . - le%el means . errors and /. correct0 critical value is %"/1 ". . 1 le%el mean % error and // correct0 critical value is 2".3 Steps in Hypothesis Testing:

%" (ormulate the #$ and #%" 2" !et the level of significance, and then determine the type of hypothesis test and the tabular of p-value" 4" !et the criterion 5when to reject #$6" 'etermine and compute for the test statistic" 7" 8ake your decision" ." (ormulate your conclusion" 9sing the tabular value of : %" ;ne-tailed test 5right directional6 <*eject #$ if : computed is greater than or equal to : tabular"= 2" ;ne-tailed test 5left directional6 <*eject #$ if : computed is less than or equal to : tabular"= 4" ,wo-tailed test 5: computed is positive6 <*eject #$ if : computed is greater than or equal to : tabular"= 7" ,wo-tailed test 5: computed is negative6 <*eject #$ if : computed is less than or equal to : tabular"= :-,able ,ype ;ne-tailed ,wo-tailed $"$2. >%"/1 >2"44 $"$% >2"44 >2".3 $"$. >%"1. >%"/1

Types of Test Statistic fo$ Hypothesis Tests .once$ning ,eans #. /&test used when n is large or n ? 4$ 1. /&test fo$ co0pa$ing hypothesi1e' an' sa0ple 0eans where X E sample mean X X n E population mean o$ Z = Z= n n E sample size E population standard deviation

Hypothesi1e' ,ean is the known mean or the perceived population mean E2a0ples: %" ,he average score in the entrance examination in 8athematics at +@A #igh !chool is 3$ with a standard deviation of %$" ) random sample of 7$ students was taken from this yearBs examinees and it was found to have a mean score of 37" a" b" &s there a significant difference between the known mean and the sample meanC ,est at D E $"$." 'oes this indicate that this yearBs batch is better in mathematics than the previous batchesC

2" ) random sample of %$$ recorded deaths in the 9nited !tates during the past year showed an average life span of F%"3 years" )ssuming a population standard deviation of 3"/ years, does this seem to indicate that the mean life span today is greater than F$ yearsC 9se a $"$. level of significance" 4" ) manufacturer of sports equipment has developed a new synthetic fishing line that he claims has a mean breaking strength of 3 kilograms with a standard deviation of $". kilogram" ,est the hypothesis that G E 3 kilograms against the alternative that G H 3 kilograms if a random sample of .$ lines is tested and found to have a mean breaking strength of F"3 kilograms" 9se a $"$% level of significance" 7" ) group of biology students from the +ollege of !cience wished to determine whether an insect population found only in one location of a forest belonged to certain specie" ,he

only morphological characteristic which appeared from that of the known members of the specie was wing length" ,he mean wing length of the specie was %."7 millimeters with a standard deviation of 2"4 millimeters" ,he students measured the wing length of .$ insects and had a mean of %F"7 millimeters" +an the students conclude, at the $"$. level of significance, that the insect are of different speciesC ". /&test fo$ co0pa$ing " sa0ple 0eans a. 3hen the population stan'a$' 'e%iation is gi%en where X 1 E sample mean of the %st sample

Z=

X1 X 2 1 1 + n1 n2

X 2 E sample mean of the 2nd sample E population standard deviation

n1 E size of %st sample n2 E size of 2nd sample

*. 3hen the sa0ple stan'a$' 'e%iation is gi%en where

Z=

X1 X 2
2 S12 S 2 + n1 n2

X1

E sample mean of the %st sample E sample mean of the 2nd sample

X2

n1 E size of %st sample

n2 E size of 2nd sample S1 E standard deviation of %st sample S 2 E standard deviation of 2nd sample

E2a0ples: %" ,he principal of +@A #igh !chool wants to know which batch of students performed better in English" #e took a random sample of 7$ students in last yearBs batch and found it to have a mean final grade of 34 with a standard deviation of F" .$ students from this yearBs batch were randomly taken and it was found that they have a mean final grade of 31 with a standard deviation of %$" 'oes this indicate that last yearBs batch is poorer in English than this yearBs batchC ,est at D E $"$%" 2" ) nutrition teacher wants to compare the food values of the nutrition and dietetics students with those of the nursing students" !he constructed a questionnaire composed of %. items" ,he teacher administered the questionnaire to F. nursing students and obtained a mean of 4"/3, while the 7$ nutrition students had a mean of 7"%2" &f the population standard deviation is $"2F, what conclusion can the nutrition teacher draw about the food value of the studentsC 59se $"$% level of significance6 4" ) random sample of 4$ @rand ) cigarettes had an average nicotine content of . milligrams, while a sample of 7$ @rand ' cigarettes showed an average nicotine content of 7"3 milligrams" &f the standard deviation of nicotine content is %"1 milligrams, would you say that @rand ' has a lesser nicotine contentC )ssume the distribution of nicotine content to be normal and use a $"$% level of significance" 7" ) researcher found that 4. randomly selected students from a private school has an average A!), score of 37 with a standard deviation of %1, while a random sample of 4$ students from a public school showed an average score of 3$ with a standard deviation of %2" &s there any evidence to show that the students from the private school performed better than those from the public school in the A!), examination using the $"$. levelC 4. /&test fo$ testing the 'iffe$ence *etween sa0ple p$opo$tion an' hypothesi1e' %alue where

X E number of successes n E sample size

p0

E hypothesized proportion

Z=

X np0 np0 (1 p0 )

E2a0ples: %" &t has been claimed that 4$I of students in a particular school dislike mathematics" Jhen a survey was conducted, it showed that %.4 of 1$$ students dislike mathematics" ,est if the claim is too high at D E $"$. level" ) manufacturer claims that 2$I of the coffee drinkers prefer brand )" ,o test the claim, random samples of 2$ coffee drinkers are asked about the brand of coffee they drink" &f F of the 2$ samples prefer brand ), what can we conclude at D E $"$.C &n a certain college, it is estimated that at most 2.I of students has failures" &s it a valid estimate if in a random sample of /$ college students, 23 were found to have failuresC ,est at D E $"$." ) builder claims that heat pumps are installed in F$I of all homes being constructed today in the city of *ichmond" Jould you agree with this claim if a random survey of new homes in this city shows that 3 out of %. had heat pumps installedC 9se a $"$% level of significance" ) commonly prescribed drug for relieving nervous tension is believed to be only 1$I effective" Experimental results with a new drug administered to a random sample of %$$ adults who were suffering from nervous tension show that F$ received relief" &s this sufficient evidence to conclude that the new drug is superior to the one commonly prescribedC 9se a $"$. level of significance" ) marketing expert for a pasta-making company believes that 7$I of pasta lovers prefer lasagna" &f / out of 2$ pasta lovers choose lasagna over other pastas, what can be concluded about the expertBs claimC 9se a $"$. level of significance"

2"

4"

7"

."

1"

5. /&test fo$ testing the 'iffe$ence *etween two p$opo$tions f$o0 in'epen'ent g$oups where X 1 E number of successes 5%st group6 X 2 E number of successes 52nd group6

Z=

X1 X 2 n1 n2 1 1 p (1 p ) n + n 2 1

n1 E number of cases 5%st group6 where n2 E number of cases 52nd group6 st E number X 1 + X 2 of cases 5% group6 1 p E

or

n n2

n1 + n 2

E number of cases 52nd group6

Z=

P 1P 2 P Pq 1q1 + 2 2 n1 n2

p1 E proportion of the %st sample or X1 P and q1 = 1 P 1 = 1 n1 p 2 E proportion of the 2nd sample or

P2 =

X2 and q2 =1 P2 n2

E2a0ples: %" &n a factory of baby dresses, one production processes yielded 23 defective pieces in a random sample of 7$$, while another yielded %. defective pieces in a random sample size of 4$$" &s there a significant difference between the proportions of defective baby dressesC ,est at D E $"$. level" 2" ) candy maker produces two brands of candy, K and L" &t is found that .1 of 2$$ buyers prefer brand K and 2/ of %.$ buyers prefer brand L" +an we conclude that brand K outsells brand LC 9se $"$. level of significance" 4" ) survey was conducted to find out how men and women feel about the construction of a cement plant in their barangay" &t was found that 14 of %$$ men favor the construction while only ./ of %2. women are in favor" &s there a significant difference in the proportion between men and women who favor the construction of the cement plantC 9se $"$% level of significance" 7" )n urban community would like to show that the incidence of breast cancer is higher than in a nearby rural area" &t is found that 2$ of 2$$ adult women in the urban community have breast cancer and %$ of %.$ adult women in the rural community have breast cancer, can we conclude at the $"$. level of significance that breast cancer is more prevalent in the urban communityC ." &n a study to estimate the proportion of residents in a certain city and its suburbs who favor the construction of a nuclear plant, it is found that 14 of %$$ urban residents favor the construction while only ./ of %2. suburban residents are in favor" &s there a significant difference between the proportion of urban and suburban residents who favor the construction of the nuclear plantC 9se $"$. level of significance" 6. t&test used if n M 4$ and is unknown 1. t&test fo$ co0pa$ing hypothesi1e' an' sa0ple 0eans an' is un7nown where X E sample mean E population mean X n t= , df = n 1 n E sample size s s E sample standard deviation

)eg$ee of f$ee'o0 is the number of variables which is free to vary E2a0ples: %" ,he average height of third year high school students in a certain school is %".2 m" ) random sample of 21 students were taken and found to have a mean height of %".1 m" with a standard deviation of $"%% m" )re the 21 students in the sample significantly taller than the restC ,est at $"$. level" 2" )n expert can type 1. words per minute" ) random sample of %1 applicants took the typing test and an average of 12 words per minute with a standard deviation of 3 words per minute was obtained" +an we say that the applicantBs performance is below the standard at $"$. level" 4" ,he Edison Electric &nstitute has published figures on the annual number of kilowatthours expended by various home appliances" &t is claimed that a vacuum cleaner expends an average of 71 kilowatt-hours per year" &f a random sample of %2 home included in a planned study indicates that vacuum cleaners expend an average of 72 kilowatt-hours per year with a standard deviation of %%"/ kilowatt-hours, does this suggest

at the $"$. level of significance that vacuum cleaners expend, on the average, less than 71 kilowatt-hours annuallyC 7" ) certain type of battery is known to have a mean life of 1$ hours" &n a random sample of 3 of batteries, the mean life was found to be .3 hours with a standard deviation of %". hours" 'oes it indicate that the mean lifetime of such brand has been reducedC ,est at $"$. level of significance" ". t&test fo$ co0pa$ing two in'epen'ent sa0ple 0eans an' is un7nown In'epen'ent Sa0ples samples drawn from entirely different populations

t=

( n1 1) s12 + ( n2 1) s22
n1 + n2 2

X1 X 2

where X 1 E mean of the %st sample

1 1 + n1 n2

, df = n1 + n2 2

X 2 E mean of the 2nd sample

n1

E sample size of the %st sample E standard deviation of the %st sample

n2

E sample size of the 2nd sample E standard deviation of the 2nd sample

s1

s2

E2a0ples: %" ) teacher wanted to find out if the calculator-based method of teaching !tatistics is more effective than the lecture method" ,wo classes of approximately equal intelligence were selected" (rom one class, she considered %. students with who she used the calculatorbased method of teaching and from the other class, she considered %7 students with whom she used the lecture method" )fter several sessions, a test was given" ,he result is shown in the table below" ,etho' +alculator based Necture 2" n %. %7

x
23"1 2%"F

s 1"$ 7".

,he manufacturers of 2 different brands of light bulbs want to know if there is a significant difference between the mean lifetime of their respective products" ) random sample of %1 Oilit light bulbs was tested and found to have a mean life of %2.$ hours with a standard deviation of 2.$ hours" (or a sample of %2 #irit light bulbs, the mean lifetime was %7$$ hours with a standard deviation of 4$$ hours" 9se D E $"$%" )n experiment was performed to compare the abrasive wear of two different laminated materials" ,welve pieces of material % were tested by exposing each piece to a machine measuring wear" ,en pieces of material 2 were similarly tested" &n each case, the depth of wear was observed" ,he samples of material % gave an average 5coded6 wear of 3. units with a sample standard deviation of 7, while the samples of material 2 gave an average of 3% and a sample standard deviation of ." +an we conclude at the $"$. level of significance that the abrasive wear of material % exceeds that of material 2C ,wo brands of toothpaste were compared in terms of their average content" ) sample of %1 tubes of brand + toothpaste showed an average of /3 ml with a standard deviation of F ml, while %3 tubes of brand O toothpaste showed an average weight of /. ml with a standard deviation of 7". ml" &s there a difference in the mean content of toothpaste between the two brands using the $"$. level of significanceC ) researcher found that %3 randomly selected students from a private school has an average A!), score of 37 with a standard deviation of %1, while a random sample of 27 students from a public school showed an average score of 3$ with a standard deviation of %2" &s there any evidence to show that the students from the private school performed

4"

7"

."

better than those from the public school in the A!), examination using the $"$. level of significanceC 4. t&test fo$ 'epen'ent o$ co$$elate' sa0ples an' s is un7nown )epen'ent Sa0ples are drawn from the same population or the same set of samples subjected to different experimental conditions

t=
E2a0ples:

d n sd

where d E mean of the differences n E sample size

sd E standard deviation of the differences

%" ,he following are the weights in pounds of %. students before and after 1 months of attending aerobics" Jeight @efore Jeight )fter %.3 %./ %/2 %/$ %77 %7$ 274 24% %F/ %F4 2$% %// %1. %12 %34 %F/ %.4 %.2 %F$ %17 %3$ %FF 2%2 2$F %1/ %F$ %F3 %F% 2$/ %/1

,est at D E $"$. if aerobics is effective in reducing weights" 2" )t the beginning of every school year, pre-test is given to all students who will take )lgebra to find out how much they know regarding the subject" ,hen, at the end of the school year, post-test is administered to the same students to find out how much they have learned of the subject" ) random sample of %$ students were taken from last yearBs batch and it was found that they have the following test scores Oretest Oosttest 1. 3$ .. F$ F3 /. .4 13 1/ 1. .. F% F$ F. 1/ 37 1F 3/ .2 11

&s there a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test score of these studentsC 9se D E $"$%"