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Put the pressure on! For quality shell and tube heat exchang
For more than three decades FUNKE has specialised in the development and manufacture of heat exchangers with up to 2000 m2 heat exchanger surface for all current industrial applications and designs. FUNKE is a single source supplier for: Shell and tube heat exchangers Plate heat exchangers Oil/air coolers Electric oil preheaters In the area of shell and tube heat exchangers FUNKE has a mature product range of special models for almost all requirements in machine and plant enginering. Maximum quality requirements and customer-oriented solutions characterise the brand FUNKE. Thus, for example, customised process gas coolers with operating pressure of 400 bar and above are nothing unusual for our production department. However, with our series models we already offer our customers in our standard programme a comprehensive and high quality range of products for all current requirements in international machine and plant engineering. The customer receives thermodynamically optimised units which are manufacture in dened graduations e.g. with regard to shell diameter and shell and tube length and which are available at short notice.
Series models
TDW, BCF, CCFA, SWF, CPS, WRA 200 preselected apparatus geometries provide for: short delivery periods excellent price/performance ratio assurance of models proven over many years
Individual solutions
CP, A 100, C 100 ... C 500 consistent implementation of customer requirements: company specication standards of engineering companies international design standards
Advantages of the FUNKE shell and tube heat exchangers (RWT): order-related solutions and mature standard model series according to all world wide important directives and standards (such as DGRL, ASME, TEMA, API) optimum designs with internationally leading calculation software (e.g. HTRI) reliable heat transfer even in the case of critical media very high operating pressures and operating temperatures possible low tendency to foul due to optimised ow behaviour high degree of safety as regards a mixing of media robust and high quality designs low capital investment, operating and maintenance costs relative to the overall service life easy to open/clean
Basic technical date (dependent on design) Performance Transfer surface Shell diameter Operating temperature Operating pressure 1 KW - 30 MW 0,11 m 2 - 2000 m 2 60 mm - 2000 mm 20 C - 500 C max. 600 bar
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ers by FUNKE
Shell and tube heat exchanger structure and functioning
The shell and tube heat exchanger is a non-red pressure system consisting of two separate pressure chambers (shell chamber and tube chamber). Separated by the internal tube wall, two media ow past one another with such alignment that, if there is a temperature difference, they will mutually exchange heat without mixing in the process. As the picture shows, one medium ows through the shell chamber and the second medium ows through the tube chamber. The ow through the shell chamber will be controlled by bafes such that there is as much crossow to the tubes as possible. The form and spacing of the bafes will be adapted to the relevant operational use. Depending on effectiveness, speed and pressure loss the ow through the tube chamber will be effected by a single pass or by multiple passes. With the exception of radiation losses, the input heat quantity is the same as the output heat quantity.
5 7 7
6 7
5 7
However, an effective heat exchange can only occur if there is a sufcient temperature difference. The greater the temperature difference is the smaller will be the required heat transfer surface. The heat transfer performance of a heat exchanger is the product calculated from the mean logarithmic temperature difference, the heat transfer surface and the heat transfer coefcient. The latter will be largely determined by the ow characteristics of the media, that is by the geometric design. On the other hand, the supplier of heat exchangers must have a wide application know-how with regard to the thermodynamic properties of special media at pertinent pressures and temperatures. This also concerns the issues of fouling factor and material compatibility. The calculation and design of FUNKE heat exchangers is effected with worldwide leading programs (e.g. HTRI, Heat Transfer Research Institute, USA) as well as with FUNKE-Software which is already used internationally.
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210 mm 189 mm
Ausklappseiten 207 mm
Shell and tube heat exchangers the model series A comprehensive program for all standard applications i n machine and plant engineering
Operational use
Internal tubes Tubesheets Helical screws GD-ZnAl4Cu1 AlMgSi0, 0,5F22 B-AlSi10Mg NBR RAL 5012, light blue St 37 The FUNKE heat exchangers of series TDW correspond to the directive on pressure systems 97/23/EG (DGRL) pursuant to article 3, paragraph 3 and are thus not given a CE mark. Test overpressure 21 bar 11 bar Max. operating temperature 100 C 100 C Remarks SSCF/SSCP St35, St35.8I GS 45 1.4571 St35.8I EN-GJL-200 1.4571 1.4408 1.4571 1.4571 1.4408 Shell Connection chamber Seals Coat of paint Clamp-type feet
Cu-DHP-R250, tin-plated on the CuNi10Fe, tin-plated on the oil oil contact side contact side Synthetic material with Al composite material
Model series
Turbo-Spin
Technical description
Component
Material standard*
Material optional
Material hydraulic
replacement uids*
TDW
The FUNKE heat exchangers from the TDW series (Turbo-Spin heat exchangers) are very compact heat exchangers with an removable tube bundle, which were developed for the cooling of hydraulic oils or hydraulic replacement uids*. Wherever a safe oil cooling system without any trimmings is required. The integration in oil supply systems or drive and control units only represent some of the many possibilities.
Tin-plated*
- Tank installation version as TDWT - Filter oil cooler as TDWF - Oil connections with square anges incl. seals and bolts
Exchanger surfaces from 0.15 m2 - 4.00 m2 can be installed in xed and meaningfully graduated building sizes. The highly efcient (in terms of heat transfer) spin-shaped oil ow on the shell side is generated by the arrangement of special helical screws whose pitch can be adapted to the ow quantity.
Technical description
Acceptance
* The type designation is given the addition HS [Example: TDW 5510-O HS]. The dimensions of these model series are contained in the dimension sheet.
Two versions are available, with the O version (low helical screw pitch) for liquid oils and the W version (high helical screw pitch) for viscid oils providing for a compromise between an optimum heat transfer and pressure loss. Media routing Shell side Tube side 16 bar 8 bar Max. operating overpressure
The oil end tin-plated ribbed tubes bent into a U-shape are xed by means of helical screws as well as moulded free from any leakage into the tubesheet made of synthetic material. The sealing of the xed tubesheet between heat exchanger shell and connection chamber is effected by means of O rings. Due to the multipass design on the tube side good velocities of ow are reached even with small quantities of cooling water; these counteract a possible fouling of the interior tube wall. All connections at the shell and tube end have been designed with a Whitworth internal tube thread (G). The standard documentation for these shell and tube heat exchangers comprises: - Operating and maintenance instructions - Pressure test certicate - Declaration of conformity/ Certicate of conformity
Universal
BCF/BCP
Technical description
Operational use
Component CuZn28Sn1 F32 CuZn40Pb2 (CW617N) CuZn37 (CW508L) CuZn37 Pb0.5 (CW604N) EN-GJL-200
Model series for universal use in modular system construction with exchange surfaces of 0.11 m2 to 11.45 m2. 110 graduated building sizes in three principal material groups with respectively two possible construction designs (xed tube bundle or removable tube bundle) provide the basis for an optimum and detailed type selection:
(Brass); xed tube bundle (F) (Carbon Steel); xed tube bundle (F) (Stainless- Steel); xed tube bundle (F) (Brass); removable tube bundle (P) (Carbon Steel); removable tube bundle (P) (Stainless- Steel); removable tube bundle (P)
Internal tubes Tubesheets Bafes Shell Connection chambers, Stand Seals Coat of paint
Acceptance
Very wide range of application for all current heat engineering tasks. In accordance with the requirements due to the operating media and environmental conditions these types are frequently used as uid coolers for oil, water or other operating uids. An operation by steam is exclusively possible on the shell side only subject to restrictions. Contaminated operating media must preferably be fed through the tubes, where it is possible to implement a high velocity of ow (which is to be aimed for) due to the possible multi-pass design.
Klinger C4400, Arostat 6204 Klinger C4400, Arostat 6204 Klinger C4400, Arostat 6204 RAL 5012, light blue RAL 5012, light blue pickled and passivized S235JRG2 1.4571 S235JRG2 Mineral wool Mineral wool Mineral wool galvanized with steel sheet galvanized with steel sheet galvanized with steel sheet
* Optional materials for these model series are to be found on page 17. The dimensions of these model series are contained on the dimension sheet.
Standard documentation
see TDW
Whilst the versions with a xed tube bundle are available in a tube-side one pass, two pass or four pass version, the versions with an removable tube bundle are only available in a tube-side one pass or two pass version (due to design reasons). The subdivision of the tube bundle geometry into an O version and a W version offers excellent possibilities for the optimisation of heat transfer and pressure losses: In the case of the O version a close bafe spacing produces an excellent heat transfer whilst keeping pressure losses low. This version is to be selected preferably for liquid operating media.
The W version, with its wide bafe spacing, implements the compromise between an excellent heat transfer and acceptable pressure losses. Due to the bundle geometry, favourable in uid engineering terms, this version is particularly suitable for viscid operating media. All types of this model series are available in a horizontal or upright version. When using internal tubes made of CuZn28Sn F32, CuZn20 Al F34, CuNi30Fe F37 and SF-Cu, the tube bundle heat exchangers of type BCF, BCP, CCF and CCP are equipped as standard with sacricial anodes in order to extend the operating periods or service life of the apparatus. These sacricial anodes made of tin (tin protection rod) are screwed with a square into the tube side connection chambers, using a 3/8 NPT thread. The blind hole bore provided will become a through on complete breakdown of the anode and in this way signals the point in time when replacement is required. As standard, no production drawing is supplied for this model series.
The FUNKE heat exchangers of this model series correspond to the directive on pressure systems 97/23/EG (DGRL) pursuant to article 3, paragraph 3 and are thus never given a CE mark. Exception: For the shell and tube heat exchangers of type BCF (horizontal installation) there is an EC type approval test pursuant to module B of directive 97/23/EG according to which these types can be supplied with CE marking. Other national or international design regulations (e.g. AD- 2000, ASME) are not applicable.
Gas cooling
In the event of condensate occurring there is the option of precipitation and phase separation by the downstream connection of a condensate separator (cyclone separator). Here, however, attention should be paid to a suitable tting position.
Technical description
Operational use
Component
Optional CuNi30Fe in the case of type CCFA mating anges, seals and bolts
CCFA SSCFA
The heat exchanger CCFA (SSCFA in a stainless steel version) is a further development of the proven heat exchanger model series BCF for use as a gas cooler.
The CCFA has been designed with a xed tube bundle and only available as a tube side one pass version (gas owing through the tubes), it can thus be integrated without any problems into the gas pipework.
The cooling water is routed on the shell side in a counterow direction. Optionally a horizontal or vertical tting position is possible.
The operational range of these heat exchangers as air or gas coolers is very wide and varied. Thus, for example, they are used in connected plants with multi-stage compressors as intermediate coolers or after coolers and as individual coolers wherever compressed gases need to be cooled but also dried. Gas preheating with suitable heating media is also possible.
Internal tubes Tubesheets or connection ange Bafes Shell Clamp-type feet Coat of paint Media routing
1.4571 1.4571 1.4571 pickled and passivized Max. operating overpressure Test overpressure
Acceptance
other RAL shades at CCFA Max. operating temperature The FUNKE heat exchangers of type CCFA/SSCFA are supplied in compliance with the Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EG (DGRL) and in accordance with the AD 2000 regulations.
Standard documentation
see TDW
16 bar 10 bar
24 bar 15 bar
230 C 230 C
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FUN22716_RWT_GB_KlappS_mar09.indd 1
189 mm 210 mm
Ausklappseiten 207 mm
Shell and tube heat exchangers the model series A comprehensive program for all standard applications in machine and plant engineering
Operational use
This sealed safety space is lled with a special barrier uid and is checked for pressure changes by means of a pressure control device. In order to prevent any increases in pressure and thus a false alarm due to thermal expansion of the barrier uid, the safety alarm is additionally tted with an equalizing vessel.
The dimensions of these model series are conta ined in the dimension sheet.
Model series
Shell Tubesheets Angular feet Coat of paint Media routing Shell side Tube side 16 bar 10 bar Max. operating overpressure Test overpressure 24 bar 15 bar St35.8I P 265 GH RSt37-2 RAL 5012, light blue 1.4571 1.4571 1.4571 pickled and passivized
Safety
Technical description
Component
Material SWF/P
Material SSWF/P
Options possible possible Other RAL shades at SWF/P Max. operating temperature 150 C 150 C
SWF safety heat exchangers are designed as three chamber devices with straight internal tubes and xed (F) or removable (P) tube bundle.
In each individual internal tube of the tube bundle a further smaller internal tube is installed. These concentric internal tube pairs cause radial gaps to occur which are interconnected by the design of the double tubesheets and thus produce the enclosed safety space. A mixing of the owing operating media is prevented in this way.
FUNKE safety heat exchangers are used wherever a leakage or mixing of both operating media is not acceptable during uid cooling or uid heatup. Selection criteria may be: - Environmental protection (e.g. cooling water removal from surface waters) - Health protection (e.g. reactions between both operating media) - Costs of operating resources (e.g. disposal of contaminated uids and relling)
Acceptance
The FUNKE safety heat exchangers of type SWF/P and SSWF/P are supplied in compliance with the Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EG (DGRL) and in accordance with the AD 2000 regulations.
Standard
In the case of leakages due to a single or both selaing rings being defective the pertinent media always escape toward the outside through signal bores on the circumference of the leakage ring. All seals of this design seal against atmosphere. The tube/tubesheet connections are produced exclusively by rolldowns.
Technical description
Operational use
Acceptance
CuZn28Sn1F32 CuZn38SnAlF39 CuZn37 St35.8I P 265 GH (St35.8I) The FUNKE heat exchangers of type CPS are supplied in compliance with the directive on pressure systems 97/23/EG (DGRL) and in accordance with the AD 2000 regulations.
CPS
The CPS-(CP-Standard) model series was developed on the basis of the TEMA type BEW and represents a delimitation relative to customized individual solutions, achieved by meaningful standardization. It is thus possible to realize systems with a heat exchanger surface of 0.47 m2 - 104.02 m2 at a very economical price/performance ratio but built to the known FUNKE quality standards.
The operational use of this heat exchanger as a uid cooler is wide and varied. It is predominantly used as a standard oil cooler or water cooler. The use as a gas cooler or gas preheater can be implemented by means of the media routing Gas through tubes.
Standard documentation
S235JRG2 Z inc phosphate primer Grey/green
Internal tubes Tubesheets Bafes Shell Connection / guide chamber Clamp-type feet Coat of paint
The dimensions of these model series are conta ined in the dimension sheet.
The CPS has straight internal tubes and an removable tube bundle whose xed tubesheet is clamped in between the shell-side and tube-side device anges by means of two at seals and bolts.
There are two versions of the connection and guide chambers available by means of which a tube-side one pass or two pass version can be generated and whose selection is effected according to uid engineering criteria.
On the side of the oating movable tubesheet, the combination of two sealing rings and a leakage ring between the device anges protects against a mixing of the shell-side and tube-side owing media.
The standard documentation for these shell and tube heat exchangers comprises: - Production drawing - Calculation of stability - Operating and maintenance instructions - Pressure test certicate - Declaration of conformity/ Certicate of conformity
Exhaust gas
Technical description
Operational use
The WRA 200 was specially developed for heat recovery from the exhaust gases of stationary combustion engines in block-type thermal power stations. Depending on the fuel used such as e.g. Diesel, natural gas, digester gas, rapeseed or vegetable oil the materials and internal tube dimensions can be adapted according to customer requirements.
Component
Material Rened steel 1.4571 Rened steel 1.4571 Rened steel 1.4571 St35.8I St35.8I /P 265 GH Rened steel 1.4571 S ilicon aluminum colour
Optional St35.8I
Remarks
Acceptance
The FUNKE heat exchanger of type WAR 200 can be supplied in accordance with all pertinent national and international certication bodies, regulations and construction regulations such as e.g. pursuant to the Pressure Equipment Directive (DGRL), AD-2000, ASME- VIII, Div. I, U-Stamp, TEMA standard, CHINA-SQL. The integration of works standards or customer specications is no problem either. Rened steel pickled/passivized Internal tubes Tubesheets Bafes Shell Connection chamber Gas inlet Connection chamber Gas outlet Coat of paint
WRA 200
Material selection
The dimensions of these model series are conta ined in the dimension sheet.
Standard documentation
Media routing Shell side Tube side Max. operating overpressure 10 bar 0,5 bar * Test overpressure Max. operating temperature 150 C 550 C
on the service life as a thermal shield protects the tube/tubesheet connections against overheating and heat accumulation, and thus prevents material fatigue or cracking in the tubesheet. The generation of non-permissibly high axial forces due to thermal length changes, caused by different operating states and/or material selection, can be prevented by installing an axial compensator in the casing tube. Both connection chambers of the exhaust gas side are equipped with inspection covers in order to be able to clean the internal tubes easily without disassembly of the exhaust gas lines.
WRA 200 Detail Thermal shield
The model series WRA 200 represents a special design for exhaust gas cooling. The principle of media routing here is: Exhaust gas through the tubes, with tubeside one pass execution being selected exclusively. The heat exchanger has straight internal tubes and a xed non-removable tube bundle whose shell tube is welded to the tubesheets such that the joint is tightly sealed. Due to its design, the WRA 200 can be equipped with a maximum possible and optimum tubing. The tube/tubesheet connections will be produced by pertinent tube weldings in relation to the construction regulations and material combinations as well as the maximum permissible operating parameters (P/T). Naturally, the internal tubes will be rerolled followed a tube welding in order to avoid gap corrosion.Maximum exhaust gas temperatures at the gas entry side will be transferred without any hazard and without any detrimental effect
In accordance with the respective regulations and construction regulations, stainless steels are used for the internal tubes, tubesheets and bafes as well as for the outlet gas chamber. The inlet gas chamber and the casing tube are manufactured from carbon steel. An integration of other material combinations or the use of special materials is possible.
The standard documentation for these shell and tube heat exchangers comprises: - Operating and maintenance instructions - Pressure test certicate - Declaration of conformity/certicate of conformity
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FUN22716_RWT_GB_KlappS_mar09.indd 2
Shell and tube heat exchanger the special model series For maximum performance, exibility and reliability in pla
Model series Schematic diagram
Acceptance The FUNKE heat exchanger of type CP can be supplied in accordance with all pertinent national and international certication bodies, regulations and construction regulations such as e.g. pursuant to the Pressure Equipment Directive (DGRL), AD-2000, ASME- VIII, Div. I, U-Stamp, TEMA standard, API 614/618, CHINA-SQL. The integration of works standards or customer specications is no problem either. Boundary conditions Due to its design and sealing type the maximum permissible operating conditions* are Shell side 41 bar 250 C Tube side 41 bar 250 C
* The maximum values may reduce due to regulations, works standards and construction regulations!
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nt engineering
Model series Schematic diagram
* The maximum values may reduce due to regulations, works standards and construction regulations!
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Shell and tube heat exchangers the special model series For maximum performance, exibility and reliability in plan
Model series Schematic diagram
* The maximum values may reduce due to regulations, works standards and construction regulations!
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s nt engineering
Model series Schematic diagram
Acceptance The FUNKE heat exchanger of type C 200 can be supplied in accordance with all appropriate national and international certication bodies, regulations and construction regulations such as e.g. pursuant to the Pressure Equipment Directive (DGRL), AD-2000, ASME- VIII, Div. I/II, U-Stamp, TEMA standard, CHINA-SQL. The integration of works standards or customer specications is no problem either.
Material selection In accordance with the respective regulations, construction regulations and operating media, carbon steels, stainless steels as well as nonferrous heavy metals are used. A meaningful integration of special materials, platings and coatings is possible.
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Shell and tube heat exchanger the special model series For maximum performance, exibility and reliability in pla
Model series Schematic diagram
Acceptance The FUNKE heat exchanger of type C 300 can be supplied in accordance with all pertinent national and international certication bodies, regulations and construction regulations such as e.g. pursuant to the pressure systems directive (DGRL), AD-2000, ASME- VIII, Div. I/II, U-Stamp, TEMA standard, API 614/618/660, CHINA-SQL. The integration of works standards or customer specications is no problem either.
Material selection In accordance with the respective regulations, construction regulations and operating media carbon steels, stainless steels as well as nonferrous heavy metals are used. The meaningful integration of special materials, platings and coatings is possible.
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nt engineering
Model series Schematic diagram
Acceptance The FUNKE heat exchanger of type C 400 can be supplied in accordance with all appropriate national and international certication bodies, regulations and construction regulations such as e.g. pursuant to the Pressure Equipment Directive (DGRL), AD-2000, ASME- VIII, Div. I, U-Stamp, TEMA standard, CHINA-SQL. The integration of works standards or customer specications is no problem either.
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Application This heat exchanger of type C 500 is mainly used where, in addition to the requirement for an removable tube bundle and good cleaning possibilities, maximum quality is required.
Acceptance The FUNKE heat exchanger of type C 500 can be supplied in accordance with all appropriate national and international certication bodies, regulations and construction regulations such as e.g. pursuant to the pressure systems directive (DGRL), AD-2000, ASME- VIII, Div. I/II, U-Stamp, TEMA standard, API 614/618/660, CHINA-SQL. The integration of works standards or customer specications is no problem either. This design is used primarily in the chemical and petrochemical industries as well as in vacuum engineering as process gas cooler, oil cooler or as a condenser/ vacuum condenser.
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Optional materials for the model series BCF/P, CCF/P, SSCF/P described on pages 4 - 6
Component Internal tubes Tubesheets Bafes Shell Connection chambers, Stand Seals Coat of paint Angular feet Insulation Flange connections, shell side, screwed in Plastic coating, G-CuSn 10 (Cast bronze) PTFE, Viton Other RAL colours Clamp feet made of S235JRG 2
2) Priming coat
BCF/BCP CuZn20Al F34, CuNi30Fe F37, SF-Cu F22 (F25), 1.4571 CuZn39Pb3
CCF/CCP 1.4571, CuNi30Fe, CuZn20Al F34 P265GH as a xed tubesheet as well as 1.4571 as a oating tubesheet for the P version Flange connections screwed in on the shell side Plastic coating, G-CuSn10 (Cast bronze) 1) PTFE, Viton 2) Other RAL colours Clamp feet made of S235JRG2 3)
SSCF/SSCP
1.4571 in the case of the P version Flange connections, shell side, screwed in 4) PTFE, Viton Clamp feet made of 1.4571 3)
1) 2) 3)
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E A
CHANNEL AND REMOVABLE COVER ONE PASS SHELL
L
FIXED TUBESHEET LIKE A STATIONARY HEAD
F
TWO PASS SHELL WITH LONGITUDINAL BAFFLE
M
FIXED TUBESHEET LIKE B STATIONARY HEAD
B G
BONNET (INTEGRAL COVER) SPLIT FLOW
N
FIXED TUBESHEET LIKE N STATIONARY HEAD
P H C
REMOVABLE TUBE BUNDLE ONLY
S J
DIVIDED FLOW FLOATING HEAD WITH BACKING DEVICE
N K
CHANNEL INTEGRAL WITH TUBESHEET AND REMOVABLE COVER KETTLE TYPE REBOILER
T
PULL THROUGH FLOATING HEAD
U
U-TUBE BUNDLE
D
SPECIAL HIGH PRESSURE CLOSURE
X
CROSS FLOW
W
EXTERNALLY SEALED FLOATING TUBESHEET
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The Recommended Good Practice recommendations from the TEMA* standard provide the basis for the heat transfer calculation and dimensioning of FUNKE-shell and tube heat exchangers, also for the most demanding designs. Our experience and the know-how from our more than 28 years of membership in Heat Transfer Research Inc. (HTRI) and the use of their worldwide recognised design software for the heat transfer engineering and decades of experience in the constructive stress and load calculations provide the basis for the manufacture of our high quality shell and tube heat exchangers. The quality standards, construction regulations, works standards project specications of our customers enter into our project engineering in the same way as our own requirement for maximum plant safety and efciency. In addition, comprehensive internal and external quality controls from the incoming goods department to the shipping department ensure that the product manufactured achieves a maximum degree of customer satisfaction in terms of function, quality and documentation.
* Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Inc.
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Our customers rely on the consistent quality orie at 600 bar and higher every welding seam counts
Lubricant cooling
Lubricant cooling
Hydrogen cooling
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ntation of FUNKE
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FUNKETRICOR (USA)
Wooster (Ohio)
Quality means safety. Each unit built by FUNKE is construction and pressure tested. Additional testing may also be available in accordance with such quality organizations as: American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) Bureau Veritas (BV) Det Norske Veritas (DNV) EU Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EG (DGRL) Germanischer Lloyd (GL) Lloyds Register of Shipping (LRS) Schweizerischer Verein fr technische Inspektionen (SVTI) Technischer berwachungsverein (TV)
Technical changes reserved 129-032009-1000-W&S-GB
FUNKE has been certied according to DIN EN ISO 9001/2000 and is an approved manufacturer according to: ASME U-Stamp China Certicate GOST R (incl. RTN & hygiene certicate) HP0 in connection with DIN EN 729-2