Transmission Planning MOD 4

Appendix
3.1 Appendix
3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005
- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING

All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

Section 3 - Module 1 - Page 1
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Network Planning - Appendix 3-1-2
- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

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Objectives
Network Planning - Appendix 3-1- 3
To be able to understand the modulation concepts.

To be able in an example to calculate the unavailability objective
due to the equipment failures.
To be able to understand the general concepts of the
M.21xx series and the differences between G.821/826
and M.21xx recommendations.

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Table of Contents
Page
Switch to notes view!
1 Refresh on modulation concepts 7
Modulation Concepts 8
BB Transmission 10
Bandwidth Formula 11
Modulated Signal Spectrum 12
2-PSK 17
4-PSK 20
16-QAM 22
16-TCM 27
Performances Versus Noise 30
Exercise 31
Main Modulation Types Characteristics 32
Thermal Noise (C/N versus BER) 33
Comparison of Different Mod. Schemes 37
Roll-off calculation example 39
Blank Page 40
2 Equipment unavailability 41
Introduction 43
Unavailability objective 44
Unavailability of a non-protected section (1+0) 47
Unavailability of a protected section (1+1) 50
3 M.21xx-series Recommendations 51
End of Module 54

Table of Contents [cont.]
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1 Refresh on modulation concepts

Modulation Concepts
Why modulation?
Modulation is necessary to occupy RF narrow bandwidth!
Without modulation (BB transmission) the occupied bandwidth is:
fb
Bw = (1 + )
2
where: fb = bit rate

= roll-off factor

BB Transmission [cont.]
Ideal Transmission Channel
Att. Att. = constant
Tx Rx
-
0 f
0 f

BB Transmission
Network Planning - Appendix 3 - 1 - 10
Real Transmission Channel

Att. Att. = Kost. Rx
1 3
2fc 2fc
Tx Att. =
0 fc f t
2
2fc
3 2 1
Att. Att. = Kost.
3 2 1 Att. =
0 fc f t
T T T T 1
T=
2fc
1
T= 1 1 fb
fb = fc =
fb 2fc 2
fb = Bit rate frequency

Bandwidth Formula
R(f)
a
0.1
0.3
= 1.0 a
Roll Off = =
c
C
R(f)
-2fC -fC +fC +2fC
Antisymmetrical Freq. Responce
r (t)
-fc +f c
= 1.0 0 < < 1
Ideal Freq. Responce
= 0.3
fb
= 0.1 Bw = Bw = fb
2
fb
Bw = (1+ )
2
-4T -3T -2T -T 0 +T +2T +3T +4T

Modulated Signal Spectrum
V f0
f
fc 70-fc 70 70+fc
MOD
Bw = 2fc
B
2fc
70 MHz
IF
LO
f0

2-PSK [cont.]
B A
2 PSK Modulator
1 0
2 PSK
Mixer
100111 IF signal
DIFF.
Data ENC.
BTF Post
IF Conversion
Filter
L.O.
2 PSK Demodulator
IF signal 100111
DIFF.
DEC. Data
BTF
IF
L.O.

2-PSK [cont.]
2-PSK Waveforms - Modulator
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
+V
DATA IN
-V
CARRIER
IF OUTPUT

2-PSK [cont.]
2-PSK Waveforms - Demodulator
CARRIER
IF INPUT
DEMODULATED SIGNAL
+V
DATA OUT
-V
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

2-PSK [cont.]
Absolute Coding Differential Coding
0=B 0 = No change in the phase of the carrier

1=A 1 = 180° change in the phase of the carrier
Switch
ON
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
TX A A B B A B B A
1 0
A B
A A B B A B B A
RX 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
B A B B A B B A
1 1 0 1 1 0 1

2-PSK
BTF Binary Transversal Filter (digital filter)

IN T T T T
5 5 5 5
H(f)
A A A A A
X X X X X
10 5 2 5 10 0
0.4
=1
OUT
-2fN -fN fN fN(1+ ) 2fN

IN A
A/10
T/5 H(t)
A/5
T/5
A/2
T/5
A/5
T/5
A/10
- 1 - 1 + 1 + 1
W 2W 2W W
OUT

4-PSK [cont.]
1 0
4-PSK Modulator
2 PSK
Mixer
BTF
IF
0010111 L.O.
S DIFFER.
P
ENCODER
90° Post Branching
Convertion RF Filter
Filter
L.O.
0
2 PSK
BTF Mixer
fs
Bw = fb (1+ ) Bw = fs (1+ ) 1
B (10) A (00)
2 PSK fs = fb
fb
4 PSK fs = 22
2
f
8 PSK fs = b 23
3
f
16 PSK fs = b 24 C (11) D (01)
4

4-PSK [cont.]
Differential Coding
B (10) A (00)
- +
C (11) D (01)
001001110101.........
Switch 00 10 01 11 01 01
ON
A B D C D D
00 = No change
TX B B C B B C B
01 = -90° change
10 = +90° change
RX D B C B B C B
11 = -180° change
11 10 01 11 01 01

4-PSK
4-PSK Demodulator
2 PSK
Mixer
Decision X1 X1
BTF
Circuit
L.O.
IF DIFFER. P
90° DECODER S
Decision Y1 Y1
BTF
Circuit
2 PSK
Mixer

16-QAM [cont.]
16-QAM Modulator
X1 X1 X1 X1 X1
2R
BTF
2R
X2 X2 X2 X2 X2
L.O.
S DIFFER. IF
FEC
P ENCODER 90°
Y1 Y1 Y1 Y1 Y1
2R
BTF
2R
Y2 Y2 Y2 Y2 Y2
Vy
X1 X2 X 11
Y1 Y2 Y
10
1 1 +3V
1 0 +1V Vx
00 01 10 11
0 1 -1V 01
0 0 -3V
00

16-QAM
16-QAM Demodulator
X1 X1 X1
Decision
BTF
Circuit
X2 X2 X2
L.O.
IF DIFFER. P
90° DECODER S
Y1 Y1 Y1
Decision
BTF
Circuit
Y2 Y2 Y2

16-TCM [cont.]
16-TCM Modulator
X1 X1 X1 X1 X1
2R
BTF
2R
X2 X2 X2 X2 X2
DIFFER.
L.O.
S + IF
CONVOL. MAPPING
P 90°
ENCODER Y1
Y1 Y1 Y1 Y1
2R
BTF
2R
Y2 Y2 Y2 Y2 Y2

16-TCM [cont.]
16-TCM Demodulator
X1 X1 X1
Decision
BTF
Circuit
X2 X2 X2
VITERBI
L.O.
IF DECODER P
+
90° DIFFER. S
DECODER
Y1 Y1 Y1
Decision
Circuit BTF
Y2 Y2 Y2

16-TCM [cont.]
TCM Principles - State Diagram (Example with 8-TCM)
b c b c
S a 0/0 0/1
P b
0 0 b c b c 1 1
S1 S0 S1 1/0 1/1 S0 S1
S0 0 1
S0 S1
c
b c b c
0/0 0/1
b c b c
1/0 1/1
1 0
CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODER S0 S1

16-TCM [cont.]
TCM Principles - Mapping (Example with 8-TCM)

2 1
3 0
4 7
5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
b 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
c 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

16-TCM
TCM Principles - Trellis Diagram (Example with 8-TCM)

T0 T1 T2 T3
S0 S1 b=0
0 0 0
4 4 4
0 0
2
b=1 6
2
6
b=0 6
0 1 2
0
1 4
5
b=1 1
5
1 0 3
7
3
3 7
7
1
1 1
5

Performances Versus Noise [cont.]
2-PSK
C+N
N
C = Carrier C
N = Noise B 1 1 A
Threshold
We have "ERROR" if N>C N>1
Errors depend of the distance between two points.

Performances Versus Noise [cont.]
4-PSK Two Different

Threshold
B A
1 If the Noise (N) is:
2
= 0.7 N > 0.7
2
1
you have error
C D
2
Modulation Error Bandwidth Symbol

Type Condition Freq. (fs)
2 PSK N>1 BW fb
4 PSK N > 0.7 BW (-3dB) fb
2 2
Noise Power (N) = Amplitde x Bandwidth
2 PSK and 4 PSK have the same performance versus noise, but for this reason is never used
2 PSK due to its double bandwidth

Performances Versus Noise
IF data ERROR
DEMODULATOR
DETECTOR
10-6
S S
= 13.5 dB = 18.6 dB
N 10-6 N 10-6
4 PSK 8 PSK
S S
= 20.5 dB = 26.5 dB
N 10-6 N 10-6
16 QAM 64 QAM

Exercise
Why is used the 16 QAM modulation and

not the 16 PSK?

Main Modulation Types Characteristics
Modulation type 4 PSK 8 PSK 16 QAM 64 QAM
Position of Vectorial modulation

states (levels) at equal peak
power (Cmax)
Peak-to-Mean power ratio (dB) 0 0 2.5 3.7
Nyquist Bandwidth (Bny) R/2 R/3 R/4 R/6

Symbol frequency (S)
(R = Binary information capacity)
Modulation efficiency (bit/sec/Hz) 2 3 4 6

(Theoretical)
S/N (dB) 13.5 18.6 20.5 26.5

(Theoretical at BER = 10-6)

Thermal Noise (C/N versus BER)
8 PSK Q 16 QAM Q
v
v
Phase level
decision
threshold
I I
Mod. v C/N (20log v/ )
2 PSK 1 1 0 (normalized)
4 PSK 1 0.70 +3.1 dB
= noise voltage
v = carrier peak voltage 8 PSK 1 0.38 +8.4 dB
16 PSK 1 0. 19 +14.2 dB
16 QAM 0.7 0.23 +9.7 dB

64 QAM 0.6 0.10 +15.6 dB
256 QAM 0.6 0.047 +22.1 dB

Comparison of Different Mod. Schemes [cont.]
16 QAM 16 PSK
Bit/s 6
(Hz) 64
QAM
BER = 10-6 PSK
32
16
4
16
8 8
4 4
2
2 2 FSK
10 15 20 25 W (dB)

10-2
16QAM
16PSK
10-3
32PSK
8PSK
10-4
64QAM
2PSK
4PSK
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9
10-10
5 10 15 20 25 W (dB)

Comparison of different modulation schemes

(Theoretical W and S/N values at 10-6 BER; calculated values may have slightly different assumptions)
a) Basic modulation scheme
System Variants W S/N Nyquist
(dB) (dB) Bandwidth (bn)
FSK 2-state FSK with discriminator detection 13.4 13.4 B
3-state FSK (duo-binary) 15.9 15.9 B
4-state FSK 20.1 23.1 B/2
PSK 2-state PSK with coherent detection 10.5 10.5 B
4-state PSK with coherent detection 10.5 13.5 B/2
8-state PSK with coherent detection 14.0 18.8 B/3 (1) As an example, error
16-state PSK with coherent detection 18.4 24.4 B/4
QAM 16-QAM with coherent detection 17.0 20.5 B/4
correction with redundancy (r)
32-QAM with coherent detection 18.9 23.5 B/5 of 6.7% is used for calculation
64-QAM with coherent detection 22.5 26.5 B/6
in this Table.
Basic modulation schemes with FEC
QAM 16-QAM with coherent detection 13.9 17.6 B/4*(1+r)
with 32-QAM with coherent detection 15.6 20.6 B/5*(1+r)
block 64-QAM with coherent detection 19.4 23.8 B/6*(1+r)
(1)
codes 128-QAM with coherent detection 21.1 26.7 B/7*(1+r)
256-QAM with coherent detection 24.7 29.8 B/8*(1+r)
512-QAM with coherent detection 25.8 23.4 B/9*(1+r)

Comparison of Different Mod. Schemes
B) Coded modulation scheme
System Variants W S/N Nyquist

(1)
(dB) (dB) Bandwidth (bn)
(2)
BCM 16 BCM - 8D (QAM. One step partition) 15.3 18.5 B/3.75
80 BCM - 8D (QAM. One step partition) 23.5 28.4 B/6
(3)
TCM 16 TCM - 2D 12.1 14.3 B/3
32 TCM - 2D 13.9 17.6 B/4
64 TCM - 4D 18.3 21.9 B/5.5
128 TCM - 2D 19.0 23.6 B/6
128 TCM - 4D 20.0 24.9 B/6.5
512 TCM - 2D 23.8 29.8 B/8
512 TCM - 4D 24.8 31.1 B/8.5
(4)
MLCM 32-MLCM - 2D (QAM) 14.1 18.3 B/4.5
64-MLCM - 2D (QAM) 18.1 21.7 B/5.5
128-MLCM - 2D (QAM) 19.6 24.5 B/6.5
(1) The bit rate B does not include code redundancy.

(2) The block code length is half the number of the BCM signal dimensions.
(3) The performances depend upon the implemented decoding algorithm.
In this example, an optimum number is used.
(4) In this example, convolutional code is used for lower 2 levels and block codes are used for the third level to
give overall redundancies as those of 4D-TCM. Specially redundancies on the two convolutional coded
levels are 3/2, 8/7 and 24/23 on the block coded third level.

Roll-off calculation example [cont.]
Example 1
Available bandwidth = 40 MHz
Transmitted stream = 34 Mbit/s
Modulation type = 2 PSK
Roll-off = ?
BW = fb (1+K)
40 = 34 (1+ K)
a = 40/34-1 = 0.05
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN fb and fs AS FUNCTION OF THE MODULATION TYPE
2 PSK fs = fb fb = 34 Mbit/s fs = 34 MHz

4 PSK fs = fb/2 fb = 34 Mbit/s fs = 17 MHz
8 PSK fs = fb/3 fb = 34 Mbit/s fs = 11.3 MHz
16 QAM fs = fb/4 fb = 34 Mbit/s fs = 8.5 MHz

Roll-off calculation example
Example 2
Available bandwidth = 20 MHz
Transmitted stream = 140 Mbit/s
Modulation type = ?
BW = fb/n
n = fb/BW = 140/20 = 7
27 = 128 128 QAM with K = 0

28 = 256 256 QAM with K = 1

Blank Page


2 Equipment unavailability

Introduction [cont.]
Unavailability = Part of the time in which the link is out of order.
MTTR
U=
MTTR+ MTBF
Where:
MTTR = Mean Time To Repair
E quipment unavailability
MTBF = Mean Time Between Failures

Introduction
By supposing:
Failures statistically independent
MTTR << MTBF
UNAVAILABILITY OF SERIES BLOCKS
A B
1 2 U1-2 = UA + UB
UNAVAILABILITY OF PARALLEL BLOCKS
A
U1-2 = UA • UB
1 2
B

Unavailability objective
EQUIPMENT UNAVAILABILITY OBJECTIVE

for HRDP (L = 2500 km) is supposed to be 1/3 of the total unavailability:
Ueq. < 0.1% = 0.001
The HRDP consists of 9 switching sections (section length = 280 km approx.)
Ueq.
Ueq.s = 1.1• 10 4
9
For one-direction of the link only:
Ueq.s1 < 55.10-6

Unavailability of a non-protected section (1+0) [cont.]
Suppose that a radio section consists of:

1 Tx Terminal
1 Rx Terminal
5 Repeaters (egual each other)

Unavailability of a non-protected section (1+0) [cont.]
Z' Z
Mod. Tx Rx Dem Mod Tx Rx Dem
PSU PSU PSU
L = 50 km L = 50 km
1+0 radio section: 6 hops, 5 repeater stations

Unavailability of a non-protected section (1+0)
UTx Term. = UTerm. Mod + UTx + UPSU

URep. = URx + URep. Dem + URep. Mod + UTx + UPSU
URx Term. = URx + UTerm. Dem + UPSU
Unavailability of the non-protected section (uni-directional) (points Z-Z’):
US(1+0) = UTx Term + 5 • URep. + URx Term

Unavailability of a protected section (1+1) [cont.]
US
R' R
TS RS
US
Lp
TS = Tx part of the switching system, the failure of which causes the total
unavailability of the section.
RS = Rx part of the switching system, the failure of which causes the total
unavailability of the section.
Lp = Part of the switching system, the failure of which doesn’t allow the regular
operation of the switching system.
MTBFs = Global MTBF of the switching system “series” part.
MTBFp = Global MTBF of the switching system “parallel” part.

Unavailability of a protected section (1+1) [cont.]
Z' Z
R' PSU PSU PSU R
Z' Z
LOGIC
PSU PSU PSU
L = 50 km L = 50 km
1+1 radio section: 6 hops, 5 repeater stations

Unavailability of a protected section (1+1)
Global unavailability of the 1+1 protected section:
Us(1+1) = Us2(1+0) + User + $ Upar • Us(1+0) ($ 0.5)
The section is unavailable due to:

failures of the 2 channels
failure of the “series” part of the switching system
failure of a channel and of the “parallel” part of the switching
system

3 M.21xx-series Recommendations

General concepts [cont.]
Differences between Recommendations G.821/G.826 and the M.21xx series start with their
different origins:
G-series Recommendations are from ITU-T Study Group 13 (General network
issues);
M-series are from Study Group 4 (Network Maintenance and TMN).
Main differences:
G.821/G.826 define long-term performance objectives to be met.
G.821/G.826 require very long test intervals (one month).
The M-series Recommendations are particularly useful when bringing-into-service
new transmission equipment. They are intended to assure that the requirements of
the G series are met in every case.
As a general rule, the requirements of the M-series are tougher than those of the
G-series.
For practical reasons, the M.21xx-series Recommendations allow short test
intervals.

General concepts [cont.]
Media independent (ITU-T)

M.2100 for PDH paths sections and transmission systems
M.2110 how to apply M.2100 and M.2101 for BIS (Bring-Into-Service)
M.2120 how to apply M.2100 and M.2101 for maintenance
M.2101 for SDH paths and multiplex section
Radio specific (ITU-R)

F.1330 for parts of international PDH and SDH paths and sections.

End of Module


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Appendix

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

To be able to understand the modulation concepts.

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

Switch to notes view!

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

1 Refresh on modulation concepts

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

Modulation is necessary to occupy RF narrow bandwidth!

Without modulation (BB transmission) the occupied bandwidth is:

where: fb = bit rate

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

Ideal Transmission Channel

Att. Att. = constant

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

Real Transmission Channel

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

Antisymmetrical Freq. Responce

-4T -3T -2T -T 0 +T +2T +3T +4T

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

2-PSK Waveforms - Modulator

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

2-PSK Waveforms - Demodulator

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

Absolute Coding Differential Coding

0=B 0 = No change in the phase of the carrier

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

BTF Binary Transversal Filter (digital filter)

-2fN -fN fN fN(1+ ) 2fN

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel

3FL 42104 AAAA WBZZA Edition 2 - July 2005

- RADIO NETWORK PLANNING All rights reserved © 2005, Alcatel