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Online - Practice Test #3 1 Knowing the rewards of -------, NASA astronaut Ellen Ochoa encourages students to study hard if they wish to pursue careers in science and engineering. (A) generosity (B) serendipity (C) diligence (D) indiv iduality (E) m errim ent A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. The term diligence refers to persistence and hard work. The sentence suggests that Ellen Ochoa has benefited from hard work, since she has achieved the rewarding experience of being a NASA astronaut. She advises students interested in science and engineering to be diligent (study hard) in order to enjoy rewarding careers. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. Ellen Ochoa urges students to study hard if they are interested in certain careers, suggesting that she achieved her rewarding experience as a NASA astronaut by working hard. The word that fits the blank should have something to do with such persistence. The term generosity does not logically complete the sentence because it refers to the quality of being kind and liberal in giving to others; it is not connected to working hard. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. Ellen Ochoa urges students to study hard if they are interested in certain careers, suggesting that she achieved her rewarding experience as a NASA astronaut by working hard. The word that fits the blank should have something to do with such persistence. The term serendipity does not logically complete the sentence because it refers to good things happening by chance and without being sought. In fact, the term serendipity suggests that Ochoa didnt work hard to become an astronaut, which is the opposite of what she wants students to understand.
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opposite of what she wants students to understand. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Ellen Ochoa urges students to study hard if they are interested in certain careers, suggesting that she achieved her rewarding experience as a NASA astronaut by working hard. The word that fits the blank should have something to do with such persistence. The term individuality does not logically complete the sentence because it refers to uniqueness. A person might be unique because he or she works unusually hard, but individuality is not necessarily connected to working hard. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Ellen Ochoa urges students to study hard if they are interested in certain careers, suggesting that she achieved her rewarding experience as a NASA astronaut by working hard. The word that fits the blank should have something to do with such persistence. The term merriment does not logically complete the sentence because it refers to cheerfulness or high spirits. A person might be cheerful while working hard, but merriment is not necessarily connected to hard work.
The editor did not wish to print an article based on m ere -------; she therefore ordered the reporter to find conv incing -------. (A) substantiation . . data (B) speculation . . guesswork (C) conjecture . . proof (D) am icability . . rationalization (E) explanation . . interpretation A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. Conjecture is a statement, opinion, or conclusion based on inconclusive or incomplete evidence. Proof is something that induces certainty or establishes validity. The structure of the sentence suggests that there is a contrasting relationship between the two missing words: because she did not want to print an article based on something that was unacceptable, the editor ordered the reporter to find something that produced the opposite resultthat is, to find something to ensure that the article was based on something acceptable. It is logical to suggest that an editor would not want to print an article based on conjecture and would, therefore, order a reporter to find convincing proof that the information in the article was valid. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. To substantiate is to verify something using proof or competent evidence. Data is factual information used as a
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proof or competent evidence. Data is factual information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation. The structure of the sentence suggests that there is a contrasting relationship between the two missing words: because she did not want to print an article based on something that was unacceptable, the editor ordered the reporter to find something that produced the opposite resultthat is, to find something to ensure that the article was based on something acceptable. Although the term data logically fits the second blank, the term substantiation does not make sense in the first blank: an editor would certainly want to print an article based on substantiation. Additionally, if an article were based on proof or competent evidence, there would be no need for the reporter to search for convincing data. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. To speculate is to treat something as true on the basis of insufficient evidence. Guesswork is work performed or results obtained by guessing, or forming an opinion based on little or no evidence. The structure of the sentence suggests that there is a contrasting relationship between the two missing words: because she did not want to print an article based on something that was unacceptable, the editor ordered the reporter to find something that produced the opposite resultthat is, to find something to ensure that the article was based on something acceptable. The term speculation fits the first blank, as an editor certainly would not want to print an article based on speculation. However, the term guesswork does not logically complete the sentence; if an article is based on insufficient evidence, the editor likely would order the reporter to find more evidence, not to find guesswork. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Something that is amicable is characterized by friendly goodwill. To rationalize is to cause something to seem reasonable, sometimes by creating an excuse for something. The structure of the sentence suggests that there is a contrasting relationship between the two missing words: because she did not want to print an article based on something that was unacceptable, the editor ordered the reporter to find something that produced the opposite resultthat is, to find something to ensure that the article was based on something acceptable. There is no such connection between the terms amicability and rationalization. Further, it does not make sense to suggest that an article is based on amicability, and an editor probably would order a reporter to find concrete evidence, not to find convincing rationalization. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Explanation is the act of explaining. Interpretation is the act of interpreting, or explaining or telling the meaning of something. The structure of the sentence suggests that there is a contrasting relationship between the two missing words: because she did not want to print an article based on something that was unacceptable, the editor ordered the reporter to find something
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was unacceptable, the editor ordered the reporter to find something that produced the opposite resultthat is, to find something to ensure that the article was based on something acceptable. The terms explanation and interpretation are similar in meaning and do not support the necessary contrast. Further, it does not make sense to suggest that an editor would not want to print an article that explains something, or makes something understandable, and an article that is already based on explanation would not require that a reporter search for any further interpretation of the information.
Linda is ------- in m atters large and sm all: she is inflexible in her opinions and utterly resistant to persuasion. (A) facetious (B) av uncular (C) sanguine (D) obdurate (E) tractable A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. Obdurate means resistant to persuasion. The structure of the sentence indicates that the text after the colon explains the meaning of the missing term. Linda is described as being inflexible in her opinions and utterly resistant to persuasion; therefore, the term obdurate best completes the sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. Someone who is facetious is playfully humorous, often in an inappropriate manner. The structure of the sentence indicates that the text after the colon explains the meaning of the missing term. There is no connection between being playfully humorous and being inflexible in . . . opinions and utterly resistant to persuasion, so the term facetious does not logically complete the sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. Avuncular means of or relating to an uncle. The structure of the sentence indicates that the text after the colon explains the meaning of the missing term. There is no connection between relating to an uncle and being inflexible in . . . opinions and utterly resistant to persuasion, so the term avuncular does not logically complete the sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. Sanguine means confident or optimistic. The structure of the sentence indicates that the text after the colon explains the meaning of the missing term. It is possible that a confident, optimistic person could also be inflexible in . . . opinions
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confident, optimistic person could also be inflexible in . . . opinions and utterly resistant to persuasion, but this is not necessarily always true. Therefore, the term sanguine does not logically complete the sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Tractable means easily led, taught, or controlled. The structure of the sentence indicates that the text after the colon explains the meaning of the missing term. Someone who is inflexible in . . . opinions and utterly resistant to persuasion is not easily led, taught, or controlled, so the term tractable does not logically complete the sentence.
Jason was truly -------, for he squandered a great deal of m oney with no thought for the future. (A) prescient (B) infallible (C) reticent (D) im prov ident (E) sedulous A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. Improvident means not foreseeing or providing for the future. The structure of the sentence suggests that the text after the comma is closely related to the meaning of the missing termin other words, the missing term describes someone who would squander, or spend foolishly, a large amount of money without thinking about the consequences. According to the sentence, Jason acts with no thought for the future, so the term improvident logically completes the sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. Someone who is prescient anticipates, or gives advance thought to, the course of future events. The structure of the sentence suggests that the text after the comma is closely related to the meaning of the missing termin other words, the missing term describes someone who would squander, or spend foolishly, a large amount of money without thinking about the consequences. According to the sentence, Jason acts with no thought for the future, so he could not be considered prescient. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. Infallible means incapable of failing. The structure of the sentence suggests that the text after the comma is closely related to the meaning of the missing termin other words, the missing term describes someone who would squander, or spend foolishly, a large amount of money without thinking about the https://satonlinecourse.collegeboard.org/SR/showExamAnswerExplanation.do?assessmentResultId=10951175&assessmentLocator=3CF8A603-66B4-9F5F-00
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foolishly, a large amount of money without thinking about the consequences. Jasons irresponsible action could be considered an error in judgment, so the term infallible does not best complete the sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. Reticent means inclined to be silent or uncommunicative. The structure of the sentence suggests that the text after the comma is closely related to the meaning of the missing termin other words, the missing term describes someone who would squander, or spend foolishly, a large amount of money without thinking about the consequences. There is no direct connection between being silent or uncommunicative and squandering a great deal of money with no thought for the future, so the term reticent does not logically complete the sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Sedulous means involving or accomplished with careful perseverance, or cautious adherence to a course of action, a belief, or a purpose. The structure of the sentence suggests that the text after the comma is closely related to the meaning of the missing termin other words, the missing term describes someone who would squander, or spend foolishly, a large amount of money without thinking about the consequences. While a person who foolishly spends a large sum of money may firmly adhere to this course of action, one who acts with no thought for the future certainly does not exhibit cautionhe or she is acting in a careless manner. Therefore, it does not make sense to describe Jason as sedulous.
The 1 9 9 0s were ------- y ears for the organization: the staff was happy , custom ers were satisfied, and profits were excellent. (A) halcy on (B) notorious (C) som nolent (D) capricious (E) expedient A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. Halcyon means happy or prosperous. The structure of the sentence indicates that the text after the colon reiterates the meaning of the missing term. The fact that the staff was happy, customers were satisfied, and profits were excellent suggests that the organization experienced a halcyon period during the 1990s.
Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
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Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. Notorious means widely and unfavorably known. The structure of the sentence indicates that the text after the colon reiterates the meaning of the missing term. The fact that the staff was happy, customers were satisfied, and profits were excellent certainly does not suggest anything unfavorable about the organization during the 1990s; therefore, the term notorious does not logically complete the sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. Somnolent means likely to induce sleep. The structure of the sentence indicates that the text after the colon reiterates the meaning of the missing term. The fact that the staff was happy, customers were satisfied, and profits were excellent does not suggest anything related to the tendency to induce sleep; therefore, the term somnolent does not logically complete the sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Capricious means impulsive or unpredictable. The structure of the sentence indicates that the text after the colon reiterates the meaning of the missing term. If the organization were experiencing an unpredictable period during the 1990s, it is unlikely that the staff would be happy, that customers would be satisfied, and that profits would be excellent. Both staff members and customers might be concerned about these conditions, and as a result, profits would likely suffer. Finally, the term capricious is not usually used to modify years. Therefore, the term capricious does not logically complete the sentence. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Expedient means based on or marked by a concern for self-interest rather than principle. The structure of the sentence indicates that the text after the colon reiterates the meaning of the missing term. If the organization were experiencing an expedient period during the 1990s, it is unlikely that the staff would be happy, that customers would be satisfied, and that profits would be excellent. Both staff members and customers might be suspicious of people in the organization acting solely out of self-interest, and as a result, profits would likely suffer. Finally, the term expedient is not usually used to modify years. Therefore, the term expedient does not logically complete the sentence.
Passage 1 It was time to v isit some sweets factories. Would they be magical, unpredictable places, like those in the mov ies, with steaming and chugging machines? The reality was far better. I v isited half a dozen factories, and ev ery time I
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entered one I was delirious with joy , ecstatic that the machines were ex actly as I hoped they would belong conv ey or belts crammed with little sweets being prodded and poked, coated and dried, and ex traordinary cauldrons and pipes and pushers and packers and printers and stampers and choppers and scrapers, all working away to produce super-fresh ex amples of super sweets, which were left ly ing around in v ast piles, tray s and bucketsas if I had stumbled on a candy El Dorado. *
Passage 2 The candy factory places all the foul props of the modern age in the serv ice of our most innocent desires. To watch huge, metal machines plink out delicate chocolate bunnieswhat delicious irony ! The bogey man of technology tamed! Bunnies not bombs! This is a lot of nonsense, of course. Candy companies are serv ants of global capitalism, just as surely as oil and plastics companies. They dehumanize workers, both here and abroad, pump out pollution, and prov ide an indulgence that is unconscionable, giv en the great many people on the planet who are starv ing.
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Both passages suggest that (A) (B) the candy m anufacturing process has been patterned after processes used in other industries real candy factories are ev en m ore intriguing than the ones featured in film s
(C) candy com panies produce a v ariety of candy for a global m arket (D) candy production is highly m echanized (E) candy production is extrem ely costly A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. The author of Passage 1 describes candy factories as containing such machines as cauldrons and pipes and pushers and packers and printers and stampers and choppers and scrapers. In Passage 2, the author refers to huge, metal machines that plink out delicate chocolate bunnies. Both passages indicate that candy production is highly mechanizedthat is, that machines are a significant part of the candy-making process. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. The author of Passage 2 does compare candy companies to oil and plastics companies, in that they dehumanize workers and pump out pollution, which might suggest that candy manufacturing involves some processes similar to processes used in other industries. However, he or she does not directly state that
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other industries. However, he or she does not directly state that candy manufacturing has been patterned after processes used in other industries. Additionally, the author of Passage 1 does not mention any industries other than candy manufacturing. Neither passage suggests that the candy manufacturing process has been patterned after processes in other industries. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 writes that in his or her experience, actual candy factories are far better than the magical, unpredictable places portrayed in the movies; he or she does suggest that real candy factories are more intriguing than those in films. However, the author of Passage 2 does not address films at all, let alone candy factories portrayed in films. Only the author of Passage 1 suggests that real candy factories are even more intriguing than the ones featured in films. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The descriptions in Passage 1 do suggest that a variety of candy is produced in candy factories; however, the author of Passage 1 does not discuss the market or those who purchase candy. The author of Passage 2 mentions global capitalism, which suggests that candy factories are part of a global market, but he or she refers only to chocolate bunnies and not a variety of candy. Neither passage suggests that candy companies produce a variety of candy for a global market. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The description in Passage 1 about the mechanization of candy production might imply that some costs are involvedit is likely that some of the machines are expensivebut nowhere in Passage 1 does the author address the costs of candy production. Likewise, the author of Passage 2 mentions machinery, some of which might be expensive, but does not address the costs involved in candy production. Neither passage suggests that candy production is extremely costly.
Com pared with the tone of Passage 1 , the tone of Passage 2 is m ore (A) ecstatic (B) sincere (C) pensiv e (D) ev asiv e (E) indignant A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. To be indignant is to be angered by something unjust. The author of Passage 1 describes feeling https://satonlinecourse.collegeboard.org/SR/showExamAnswerExplanation.do?assessmentResultId=10951175&assessmentLocator=3CF8A603-66B4-9F5F-00
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something unjust. The author of Passage 1 describes feeling delirious with joy and ecstatic about visiting candy factories, and he or she refers to the experience as being similar to stumbling on a candy El Dorado. The tone of Passage 1 is quite positive. The author of Passage 2, however, focuses on the idea that candy factories "dehumanize workers, pump out pollution, and ultimately provide an indulgence that is unconscionable, given the great many people on the planet who are starving." This author's tone seems to reveal feelings of anger regarding the perceived injustices of candy factories. Compared with the tone of Passage 1, the tone of Passage 2 is more indignant. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. To be ecstatic is to be overcome with emotion, especially delight. The tone of Passage 1 is positivethe author describes feeling delirious with joy and ecstatic about visiting candy factories, and he or she compares the experience to stumbling on a candy El Dorado. The author of Passage 2, however, focuses on the idea that candy factories "dehumanize workers, pump out pollution, and ultimately provide an indulgence that is unconscionable, given the great many people on the planet who are starving." The tone of Passage 2 seems to reveal feelings of anger regarding perceived injustices, not feelings of overwhelming delight. The tone of Passage 1 is more ecstatic than the tone of Passage 2, not the other way around. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. To be sincere is to be honest and genuine. The tone of Passage 1 is positivethe author describes feeling delirious with joy and ecstatic about visiting candy factories, and he or she compares the experience to stumbling on a candy El Dorado. The author of Passage 2, however, focuses on the idea that candy factories "dehumanize workers, pump out pollution, and ultimately provide an indulgence that is unconscionable, given the great many people on the planet who are starving." This author's tone seems to reveal feelings of anger regarding perceived injustices. Although the authors of the passages offer contrasting views of candy factories, both authors seem to be genuine as they present their opinions. Neither passage is more sincere than the other. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. To be pensive is to be dreamily thoughtful, possibly in a sad way. The tone of Passage 1 is positivethe author describes feeling delirious with joy and ecstatic about visiting candy factories, and he or she compares the experience to stumbling on a candy El Dorado. The author of Passage 2, however, focuses on the idea that candy factories "dehumanize workers, pump out pollution, and ultimately provide an indulgence that is unconscionable, given the great many people on the planet who are starving." This author's tone seems to reveal feelings of anger regarding perceived injustices. The tone of Passage 2 is less joyful than that of Passage 1, but the authors tone is not dreamily https://satonlinecourse.collegeboard.org/SR/showExamAnswerExplanation.do?assessmentResultId=10951175&assessmentLocator=3CF8A603-66B4-9F5F-0
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than that of Passage 1, but the authors tone is not dreamily thoughtful. The tone of Passage 2 is not more pensive than the tone of Passage 1. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. To be evasive is to avoid facing up to something. The tone of Passage 1 is positivethe author describes feeling delirious with joy and ecstatic about visiting candy factories, and he or she compares the experience to stumbling on a candy El Dorado. The author of Passage 2, however, focuses on perceived injustices, asserting that candy factories "dehumanize workers, pump out pollution, and ultimately provide an indulgence that is unconscionable, given the great many people on the planet who are starving." The author of Passage 2 does not avoid describing his or her opinions about candy factories; the tone of Passage 2 is not more evasive than the tone of Passage 1.
In Passage 2 , the sentence This is a lot of nonsense, of course (line 1 8-1 9 ) m arks a shift from (A) flowery description to unam biguous fact (B) facetious exclam ation to earnest assertion (C) random description to concise prediction (D) a candid declaration to a som ber apology (E) a historical recounting to a rev isionist account A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. A facetious exclamation is one made humorously or in jest. An earnest assertion is a serious declaration. Before the excerpt in lines 18-19 the author makes two humorous statements: The bogeyman of technology tamed! and Bunnies not bombs! The author does not really mean that a real bogeyman has been tamed or that chocolate bunnies have, in some way, taken the place of bombs. This part of the passage can be described as facetiousthe humorous statements are not meant to be taken seriously. After the author states that This is a lot of nonsense, of course, he or she asserts that candy companies treat workers poorly, harm the environment, and make an unnecessary, indulgent product. In this part of the passage the author seems to be making an argument in a serious, or earnest, manner. The sentence This is a lot of nonsense, of course marks a shift from humorous, facetious exclamations to serious, earnest assertions. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. Flowery language is elaborate language marked by elegant and colorful detail. Unambiguous facts are clear and precise facts. The first two sentences of Passage 2 might be said to contain flowery language; the author refers to foul props, our https://satonlinecourse.collegeboard.org/SR/showExamAnswerExplanation.do?assessmentResultId=10951175&assessmentLocator=3CF8A603-66B4-9F5F-0
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to contain flowery language; the author refers to foul props, our most innocent desires, and delicious irony. However, before the excerpt in lines 18-19 the author makes two concise, or brief, statements that do not contain flowery descriptions: The bogeyman of technology tamed! and Bunnies not bombs! Following the statement that This is all a lot of nonsense, of course, the author asserts that candy companies treat workers poorly, harm the environment, and make an unnecessary, indulgent product. The authors assertions are clear and precise, but this part of the passage presents the authors opinions, not unambiguous facts. Indeed, candy factory owners would likely dispute each of the author's points. The sentence This is a lot of nonsense, of course does not mark a shift from flowery description to unambiguous fact. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. A random description is one without a definite aim or direction. A concise prediction is a very brief prediction. Before the excerpt in lines 18-19, the author makes two humorous statements: The bogeyman of technology tamed! and Bunnies not bombs! These exclamations are ironic and made in jest, but they are not random or without purpose; their purpose is to help the author make a claim about candy companies. Following the excerpt in lines 18-19, the author asserts that candy companies treat workers poorly, harm the environment, and make an unnecessary, indulgent product. This argument is fairly concise, or brief, but the author is not making a prediction, or a statement about what will happen in the future. The sentence This is a lot of nonsense, of course does not mark a shift from random description to concise prediction. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. A candid declaration is a statement marked by openness and honesty. A somber apology is a serious or grave apology. Before the excerpt in lines 18-19, the author makes two humorous statements: The bogeyman of technology tamed! and Bunnies not bombs! The author does not really mean that a real bogeyman has been tamed or that chocolate bunnies have, in some way, taken the place of bombs, so this part of the passage cannot be described as containing candid declarations. Following the statement that This is all a lot of nonsense, of course, the author asserts that candy companies treat workers poorly, harm the environment, and make an unnecessary, indulgent product. The authors description is serious, but he or she is not making an apology. Indeed, the author most likely thinks that candy companies should make an apology. The sentence This is a lot of nonsense, of course does not mark a shift from a candid declaration to a somber apology. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. A historical recounting is a narrative about the past. A revisionist account is an account, typically historical, that attempts to undermine the traditional view of a subject. Before the excerpt in lines 18-19, the author makes two statements: The
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excerpt in lines 18-19, the author makes two statements: The bogeyman of technology tamed! and Bunnies not bombs! These statements do not describe a historical event; rather, they are simply humorous comments about candy companies. Following the statement that This is all a lot of nonsense, of course, the author asserts that candy companies treat workers poorly, harm the environment, and make an unnecessary, indulgent product. It is possible to consider this description to be a revisionist account, or an account that takes a nontraditional viewpoint. However, the topic the author is discussing is not historical. The sentence This is a lot of nonsense, of course does not mark a shift from a historical recounting to a revisionist account.
The author of Passage 2 would m ost likely regard the v iew expressed in Passage 1 as (A) endearing (B) discerning (C) insincere (D) nav e (E) pragm atic A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. To be nave is to be lacking worldly wisdom or informed judgment. In Passage 2 the author writes that candy companies dehumanize workers, both here and abroad, pump out pollution, and provide an indulgence that is unconscionable, given the great many people on the planet who are starving. In other words, the author does not see candy companies as beneficial, and, in fact, identifies the damage that they do. In contrast, the author of Passage 1 sees candy factories as joyful, writing Would they be magical, unpredictable places, like those in the movies . . . ? The reality was far better. Because the author of Passage 1 is uncritical of the candy companies and forms an opinion based only on movies and certain personal experiences, the author of Passage 2 would most likely regard the view expressed in Passage 1 as nave, or lacking informed judgment. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. To be endearing is to attract love and admiration. In Passage 2 the author writes that candy companies dehumanize workers, both here and abroad, pump out pollution, and provide an indulgence that is unconscionable, given the great many people on the planet who are starving. In other words, the author does not see candy companies as beneficial, and, in fact, identifies the damage that they do. In contrast, the author of Passage 1 sees candy factories as joyful, writing Would they be magical, unpredictable places, like those in the movies . . . ? The reality was far better. Owners of candy companies might admire the view expressed in Passage 1, but it is unlikely that the skeptical author of https://satonlinecourse.collegeboard.org/SR/showExamAnswerExplanation.do?assessmentResultId=10951175&assessmentLocator=3CF8A603-66B4-9F5F-0
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expressed in Passage 1, but it is unlikely that the skeptical author of Passage 2 would consider it endearing. Rather, the author of Passage 2 would likely regard the view expressed in Passage 1 as nave, or uninformed. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. To be discerning is to show insight and understanding. In Passage 2 the author writes that candy companies dehumanize workers, both here and abroad, pump out pollution, and provide an indulgence that is unconscionable, given the great many people on the planet who are starving. In other words, the author does not see candy companies as beneficial, and, in fact, identifies the damage that they do. In contrast, the author of Passage 1 sees candy factories as joyful, writing Would they be magical, unpredictable places, like those in the movies . . . ? The reality was far better. Because the author of Passage 1 is uncritical of the candy companies and forms an opinion based only on movies and certain personal experiences, it is unlikely that the author of Passage 2 would regard the view expressed in Passage 1 as discerning, or showing insight. Instead, the author of Passage 2 would most likely think that the author of Passage 1 lacked insight. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. To be insincere is to be dishonest or untruthful. In Passage 2 the author writes that candy companies dehumanize workers, both here and abroad, pump out pollution, and provide an indulgence that is unconscionable, given the great many people on the planet who are starving. In other words, the author does not see candy companies as beneficial, and, in fact, identifies the damage that they do. In contrast, the author of Passage 1 sees candy factories as joyful, writing Would they be magical, unpredictable places, like those in the movies . . . ? The reality was far better. There is no reason to believe that the author of Passage 2 would regard the view expressed in Passage 1 as insincere; the author of Passage 1 seems to be truthful, presenting his or her sincere opinion about candy factories. The author of Passage 2 would most likely think that the author of Passage 1 is uninformed, not insincere. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. To be pragmatic is to be practical, to deal with matters of fact. In Passage 2 the author writes that candy companies dehumanize workers, both here and abroad, pump out pollution, and provide an indulgence that is unconscionable, given the great many people on the planet who are starving. In other words, the author does not see candy companies as beneficial, and, in fact, identifies the damage that they do. In contrast, the author of Passage 1 sees candy factories as joyful, writing Would they be magical, unpredictable places, like those in the movies . . . ? The reality was far better. Because the author of Passage 1 sees candy factories as magical places, it is unlikely that the author of Passage 2 would consider the view expressed in Passage 1 to be pragmatic, or
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would consider the view expressed in Passage 1 to be pragmatic, or dealing with facts; the author of Passage 2 would most likely consider the author of Passage 1 to be dealing with uninformed fantasies rather than practical matters.
The following passage is adapted from a nineteenth-century short story. A group of men are in a small lifeboat after their ship has sunk during a storm.
The mind of the master of a v essel is rooted deep in the timbers of her, though he command for a day or a decade; and this captain had on him the stern impression of a scene in the grey s of dawn of sev en turned faces, and later a stump of a topmast with a white ball on it, that slashed to and fro at the wav es, went low and lower, and down. Thereafter there was something strange in his v oice. Although steady , it was deep with mourning, and of a quality bey ond oration or tears. Keep er a little more south, Billie, said he. A little more south, sir, said the oiler in the stern. A seat in this boat was not unlike a seat upon a bucking bronco, and by the same token a bronco is not much smaller. The craft pranced and reared and plunged like an animal. As each wav e came, and she rose for it, she seemed like a horse making at a fence outrageously high. The manner of her scramble ov er these walls of water is a my stic thing, and, moreov er, at the top of them were ordinarily these problems in white water, the foam racing down from the summit of each wav e requiring a new leap, and a leap from the air. Then, after scornfully bumping a crest, she would slide and race and splash down a long incline, and arriv e bobbing and nodding in front of the nex t menace. A singular disadv antage of the sea lies in the fact that after successfully surmounting one wav e y ou discov er that there is another behind it just as important and just as nerv ously anx ious to do something effectiv e in the way of swamping boats. In a ten-foot dinghy one can get an idea of the resources of the sea in the line of wav es that is not probable to the av erage ex perience, which is nev er at sea in a dinghy . As each slaty wall of water approached, it shut all else from the v iew of the men in the boat, and it was not difficult to imagine that this particular wav e was the final outburst of the ocean, the last effort of the grim water. There was a terrible grace in the mov e of the wav es, and they came in silence, sav e for the snarling of the crests. In the wan light the faces of the men must hav e been grey . Their ey es must hav e glinted in strange way s as they gazed steadily astern. V iewed from a balcony , the whole thing would doubtless hav e been weirdly picturesque. But the men in the boat had no time to see it, and if they had had leisure, there were other things to occupy their minds. The sun swung steadily up the sky , and they knew it was broad day because the colour of the sea changed from slate to emerald green streaked with amber lights, and the foam was like tumbling snow. The process of the breaking day was unknown to them. They were aware only of this effect upon the colour of the wav es that rolled toward them.
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upon the colour of the wav es that rolled toward them.

10 Which of the following best describes the prim ary focus of the passage? (A) The character of the captain (B) The boating skills of the m en (C) The power of the sea (D) The fear of the m en (E) The beauty of nature A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. The narrator states that the sea makes the mens small boat feel like a bucking bronco. He or she also describes each slaty wall of water as a menace that is nervously anxious to do something effective in the way of swamping boats; each wave seems to be the final outburst of the ocean, the last effort of the grim water. As the narrator relates the experiences of the men in the boat, he or she primarily focuses on the resources of the seathe seas power. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. The narrator does mention the captain in the first paragraph, briefly describing how he appeared to the men on the boat. However, the narrator does not focus on the character of the captain. After mentioning that the captain is stern and that his voice is deep with mourning, he or she moves on to describe the waves (walls of water) and their effect on the boat (The craft pranced and reared and plunged). The narrator mostly focuses on the resources of the seathe seas power. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. One can assume that the men in the boat have good boating skills, given that they are able to steer the boat a little more south and they do not capsize while battling walls of water. However, the narrator does not actually mention the mens boating skills. Rather, he or she focuses on the resources of the seathe seas power. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. One might assume that the men in the boat were afraid as they faced a line of waves, each one seeming like the final outburst of the ocean, the last effort of the grim water. However, the narrator does not state that the men were afraid; he or she only notes that the captain has a voice deep with mourning, and that the men gazed steadily astern and had things to occupy their minds. Rather than focusing on the mens feelings, the narrator focuses on the resources of the seathe seas power. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :
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Choice (E) is incorrect. The narrator might consider the sea to be beautiful; he or she notes that the scene could appear picturesque, or charming, and describes the sea as changing to emerald green streaked with amber lights and the foam seeming like tumbling snow. However, the narrator does not explicitly state that the sea is beautiful, and he or she certainly does not refer to the beauty of nature in general. Rather than focusing on the seas beauty, he or she focuses on its powerthe seas resources.
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The narrators characterization of the captains v oice (line 7 ) suggests that the captain was (A) resolute and openly reckless (B) distressed, y et determ ined to persev ere (C) dom ineering, y et considerate of others (D) concerned, but also optim istic (E) anxious and obv iously im patient A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. In the first paragraph the narrator states that after seeing his ship sink, the captains voice is deep with mourningit is likely that the captain is distressed, or troubled or worried. The narrator also states that the captains voice is steady, suggesting that even though his ship has sunk and he is troubled, the captain is determined to persevere, or carry on. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. In the first paragraph the narrator states that after seeing his ship sink, the captains voice is steady. This may suggest that the captain is resolute, or marked by firm determination. However, the description of the captains voice as steady and deep with mourning does not indicate that the captain is openly reckless; there is no indication that the captain is irresponsible. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. In the first paragraph the narrator states that after seeing his ship sink, the captains voice is steady but also deep with mourning. Nothing in this description suggests that the captain is domineering, or inclined to exercise overbearing control over the other men; nor does the description necessarily indicate that he is considerate of others. Indeed, it is unlikely that someone who is overbearing and controlling would also be considerate of others. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. In the first paragraph the narrator states that after seeing his ship sink, the captains voice is deep with mourningit is likely that the captain is concerned, or worried or https://satonlinecourse.collegeboard.org/SR/showExamAnswerExplanation.do?assessmentResultId=10951175&assessmentLocator=3CF8A603-66B4-9F5F-0
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mourningit is likely that the captain is concerned, or worried or anxious. However, the description of the captains voice as steady does not necessarily indicate that the captain is optimistic; the narrator does not suggest that the captain is particularly hopeful that there will be a good outcome. Indeed, it is unlikely that the voice of an optimistic person would be deep with mourning. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. In the first paragraph the narrator states that after seeing his ship sink, the captains voice is deep with mourningthis might suggest that the captain is anxious, or worried. However, the description of the captains voice as steady does not suggest that the captain is obviously impatient, or shorttempered. Indeed, someone whose impatience is obvious probably would not speak with a steady voice.
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The singular disadv antage m entioned in line 2 5 is that (A) it is difficult to tell where y ou are at sea because the v iew is alway s the sam e
(B) sailors often m isjudge the extent of their sailing skills when facing danger (C) ev ery dangerous wav e is followed by one that is equally dangerous (D) perilous situations at sea occur when sailors are least prepared for them (E) sm all boats are often swam ped by rough seas during storm y weather A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. The narrator states that the singular disadvantage of the sea lies in the fact that after successfully surmounting one wave you discover that there is another behind it . . . just as nervously anxious to do something effective in the way of swamping boats. In other words, when a vessel surmounts, or overcomes, a wave, there is another wave just as dangerous behind it, and each wave could do harm to a boat. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. Although the narrator states that there is a continuous line of waves, he or she does not suggest that the view is always the same at sea or that it is hard to tell where you are at sea. Rather, the narrator indicates that the disadvantage lies in the fact that after successfully surmounting one wave . . . there is another behind it . . . just as nervously anxious to do something effective in the way of swamping boats. In other words, each dangerous wave is followed by an equally dangerous wave. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. The narrator mentions that the sailors are occupy[ing] their minds, concentrating on sailing in a dangerous
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situation, but he or she does not say anything about the sailors judgment of their sailing skills or the accuracy of any such judgment. Rather, the narrator indicates that the singular disadvantage of the sea lies in the fact that after successfully surmounting one wave . . . there is another behind it . . . just as nervously anxious to do something effective in the way of swamping boats. In other words, each dangerous wave is followed by an equally dangerous wave. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The narrator describes a perilous situation at sea, but he or she does not indicate that the singular disadvantage of the sea is that dangerous situations occur when sailors are least prepared for them. Even though their boat has sunk, the narrator does not suggest that the sailors were unprepared. Rather, the narrator suggests that the disadvantage lies in the fact that after successfully surmounting one wave . . . there is another behind it . . . just as nervously anxious to do something effective in the way of swamping boats. In other words, each dangerous wave is followed by an equally dangerous wave. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. It may be true that small boats are often swamped by rough seas during stormy weather, and the narrator certainly describes rough seas, but the swamping of small boats in stormy weather is not the singular disadvantage of the sea the narrator mentions. Rather, the narrator says that the disadvantage lies in the fact that after successfully surmounting one wave . . . there is another behind it . . . just as nervously anxious to do something effective in the way of swamping boats. In other words, each dangerous wave is followed by an equally dangerous wave. These waves may or may not swamp a boat; in this case, the men are able to keep their boat afloat.
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In line 2 5, lies m ost nearly m eans (A) reclines (B) resides (C) traces (D) deceiv es (E) extends A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. In this context, to reside is to be present as a quality. When the narrator says that the singular disadvantage of the sea lies in the fact that every dangerous wave is followed by another dangerous wave, he or she means that the disadvantage is present as a quality of the continuous line of waves at sea. The term lies most nearly means resides.
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Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. To recline is to lean backwards or lie down. When the narrator says that the singular disadvantage of the sea lies in the fact that every dangerous wave is followed by another dangerous wave, he or she does not mean that the disadvantage literally lies in the waves. Rather, he or she means that the disadvantage is present as a quality of the continuous line of waves at sea. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. To trace is to make a mark or lines on a surface. It does not make sense to say that the singular disadvantage of the sea makes marks in any way. Rather, when the narrator says that the singular disadvantage of the sea lies in the fact that every dangerous wave is followed by another dangerous wave, he or she means that the disadvantage is present as a quality of the continuous line of waves at sea. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. To deceive is to lie, to cause something false to be accepted as true. When the narrator says that the singular disadvantage of the sea lies in the fact that every dangerous wave is followed by another dangerous wave, he or she does not mean that the disadvantage is somehow deceiving; on the contrary, the danger is real. The narrator uses the term lies to mean residesthe disadvantage is present as a quality of the continuous line of waves at sea. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. To extend is to stretch out to fullest length. When the narrator says that the singular disadvantage of the sea lies in the fact that every dangerous wave is followed by another dangerous wave, he or she does not mean that the disadvantage is stretching out; he or she merely means that the disadvantage is present as a quality of the continuous line of waves at sea.
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The sentence in lines 4 0-4 1 (Viewed . . . picturesque) prim arily indicates that (A) a detached observ er m ight find the scene aesthetically intriguing (B) the m en in the boat were not troubled by the seas turbulence (C) the great distances inv olv ed at sea can m ake m aintaining perspectiv e difficult
(D) only those with a keen sense of natural beauty can truly appreciate the sea (E) the best way to experience the seas v astness is from an elev ated position A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A :

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Choice (A) is correct. In the sentence in lines 40-41, the narrator suggests that someone viewing the men in the boat from above, as if from a balcony, would find the scene weirdly picturesque. That is, a detached observer, or someone who is not involved in the situation, might think the scene is strangely charming in appearance (the "wan light"; the grey faces; the strangely-glinting eyes). The observer might find the scene aesthetically intriguing, or interesting to look at. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. In the sentence in lines 40-41, the narrator suggests that someone viewing the men in the boat from above, as if from a balcony, would find the scene weirdly picturesque, or strangely charming or quaint in appearance. A detached observer might not be troubled by the seas turbulence, but nothing in the sentence indicates that the men are not troubled by it. Indeed, later the narrator suggests that the men might be troubled by the turbulence when he or she states that they have no time to see the picturesque quality of the scene, as they have other things to occupy their minds as the waves . . . [roll] toward them. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. In the sentence in lines 40-41, the narrator suggests that someone viewing the men in the boat from above, as if from a balcony, would find the scene weirdly picturesque, or strangely charming or quaint in appearance. Although the narrator refers to someone viewing a scene from a distance, he or she does not discuss the idea that the great distances involved at sea make it difficult to maintain perspective, or to see objects in proper relation to each other. Rather, the narrator uses the idea of an observer on a balcony to suggest that a detached observersomeone who is not in the mens boat at seamight find the scene interesting to look at. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. In the sentence in lines 40-41, the narrator suggests that someone viewing the men in the boat from above, as if from a balcony, would find the scene weirdly picturesque; that is, a detached observer, or someone who is not involved in the situation, might think the scene is strangely charming or quaint in appearance. Rather than indicating that only those with a keen sense of natural beauty can appreciate the sea, the narrator seems to suggest that any outside observer might consider the entire scenenot just the sea but also the men and the boatto be interesting in appearance. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. In the sentence in lines 40-41, the narrator suggests that someone viewing the men in the boat from above, as if from a balcony, would find the scene weirdly picturesque, or strangely charming or quaint in appearance. Although the narrator refers to someone viewing a scene from an elevated position, he or
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she does not address the idea that the best way to experience the seas vastness is from an elevated position. Rather, the narrator uses the idea of a person on a balcony to suggest that the observer is detachedthe observer is not actually involved in the situation. Because the observer is not involved in the dangerous situation, he or she would see only the scenes interesting appearance.
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In the last paragraph, the m en in the boat (line 4 2 ) are described as (A) alm ost paraly zed by a sense of the inev itable doom facing them (B) keenly aware that the sea is both beautiful and dangerous (C) grateful to see day break because it signals a possibility of hope and rescue (D) obliv ious to som e aspects of the world around them (E) so ov ercom e by exhaustion that they hav e lost the ability to respond to danger
A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. In the last paragraph the narrator states that the men in the boat are oblivious to some aspects of the world around them; indeed, The process of the breaking day was unknown to them. The narrator indicates that the men had no time to see that the sun swung steadily up in the sky; they only "knew it was broad day" because the colour of the sea changed from slate to emerald green. The men are so preoccupied with sailing the boat and battling the sea that they are oblivious to, or unaware of, the changing sky. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. In the last paragraph the narrator describes the men as having eyes that glinted in strange ways as they gazed steadily astern. This description might make it seem that the men are not moving, but the narrator does not actually indicate that the men in the boat are almost paralyzed, or nearly powerless to move, or that they are experiencing a sense of inevitable doom. Rather, the narrator suggests that the men are completely focused, aware only . . . of the waves that rolled toward them. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. The men might be keenly aware that the sea is dangerous, since they have been surmounting huge waves; however, the narrator does not actually state in the last paragraph that the men in the boat are aware of the seas dangers. Further, the narrator explicitly states that the men had no time to see the picturesque aspects of the world around themThe process of the breaking day was unknown to them, and they did not see that the sun swung steadily up in the sky. They were too busy sailing the boat and battling the sea to even look at the sky, much less to appreciate any
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natural beauty. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The men would likely be grateful to see daybreak if they noticed it, but the narrator states in the last paragraph that the men in the boat do not notice it: The process of the breaking day was unknown to them. The narrator indicates that the men had no time to see that the sun swung steadily up in the sky and does not suggest that the men are hopeful that daybreak brings a possibility of rescue. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The men in the boat might be exhausted after surmounting wave after wave, but the narrator does not actually indicate that the men are overcome with exhaustion; he or she only states that the men had no time for leisure and that they had things to occupy their minds. Further, there is no indication in the last paragraph that the men have lost the ability to respond to danger. They are unaware of some things going on around them they did not see that the sun swung steadily up in the sky but it seems that they are continuing to sail the boat, aware only of . . . the waves that rolled toward them.
In this selection from a 1995 work, the author discusses the role of photography in her own family and in African American culture as a whole.
Growing up in the 1 950s, I was somewhat awed and at times frightened by our ex tended family s emphasis on picture taking. Ev ery wall and corner of my grandparents (and most ev ery body elses) home was lined with photographs. When I was y oung, I nev er linked this obsession with self-representation to our history as a subjugated people. For a long time cameras remained my sterious and off limits to all of us but my father. As the only one in the family who had access to the equipment, who could learn how to make the process work, my father ex erted control ov er our images. In charge of capturing our family history with the camera, he called and took the shots. We were constantly being lined up for picture taking, and it was y ears before our household could ex perience this as an enjoy able activ ity , before any of the rest of us could be behind the camera. Until then, picture taking was serious business. I hated it. I hated posing. I hated cameras. I hated the images that cameras produced. I wanted to leav e no trace. I wanted there to be no walls in my life that would, like gigantic maps, chart my journey . I wanted to stand outside history . That was twenty y ears ago. Now that I am passionately inv olv ed with thinking critically about Black people and representation, I can confess that those walls of photographs empowered me, and that I feel their absence in
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my life. Right now I long for those walls, those curatorial spaces in the home that ex press our will to make and display images. My mothers mother was a keeper of walls. Throughout my childhood, v isits to her house were like trips to a gallery or museumex periences we did not hav e because of racial segregation. We would stand before the walls of images and learn the importance of the arrangement, why a certain photograph was placed here and not there. The walls were fundamentally different from photo albums. Rather than shutting images away , where they could be seen only upon request, the walls were a public announcement of the primacy of the image, the joy of image making. To enter Black homes in my childhood was to enter a world that v alued the v isual, that asserted our collectiv e will to participate in a curatorial process. Drawing from the past, from those walls of images I grew up with, I gather snapshots and lay them out to see what narrativ es the images tell, what they say without words. I search these images to see if there are imprints waiting to be seen, recognized, and read. Together, a Black male friend and I lay out the snapshots of his boy hood to see when he began to lose a certain openness, to discern at what age he began to shut down, to close himself away . Through these images, my friend hopes to find a way back to the self he once was. We are awed by what our snapshots rev eal, what they enable us to remember. The word remember (re-member) ev okes the coming together of sev ered parts, fragments becoming a whole. Photography has been, and is, central to that aspect of racial empowerment that calls us back to the past and offers us a way to reclaim and renew life-affirming bonds. Using images, we connect ourselv es to a recuperativ e, redemptiv e memory that enables us to construct identities, images of ourselv es.
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The author uses obsession in line 6 in order to (A) rev eal her own strong interest in fam ily history (B) dem onstrate the extent of her inv olv em ent with her parents (C) show her adm iration for her fam ily s dev otion to a hobby (D) suggest that there was som ething extrem e about the adults behav ior (E) deplore the effects of excessiv e picture taking on the com m unity A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. An obsession is an extreme and excessive concern with or focus on something. The author suggests that her familys interest in photography was extreme: all the walls of many family members homes were lined with photographs, and as a youngster she was awed and at times frightened by her familys emphasis on photography. The author uses the term obsession to emphasize the extremity of her familys interest in photography. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :
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Choice (A) is incorrect. Although the author does later in life develop interests in both photography andto a lesser extenther familys history, she is not describing her own interests in the first paragraph. Rather, she is describing her familys somewhat frightening preoccupation with photography, using the term obsession to emphasize the extremity of her familys interest in photography. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. In the second paragraph the author discusses her interaction with her father as he took family photos (my father exerted control over our images. . . . he called and took the shots. We were constantly being lined up for picture taking). However, in the first paragraph the author is discussing her extended familys emphasis on picture taking. She uses the term obsession not to characterize her involvement with her parents, but to emphasize the extremity of her entire familys interest in photography. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. Although the author is discussing her familys devotion to a hobby, it is clear that as a child she considered this devotion to picture taking excessive and unpleasant; indeed, later in the passage she states, "I hated it. I hated posing. I hated cameras." When the author uses the term obsession she is not showing admiration; she is emphasizing the extremity of her familys behavior. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Although the author remembers that as a child she had negative feelings about what she considered her familys excessive interest in photography, she does not suggest that she deplores, or disapproves of, the effects of excessive picture taking on the community. There is no evidence in the first paragraph that the author is concerned with photographys effect on the community.
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The authors attitude toward photography in lines 1 8-2 2 is best described as (A) m ild im patience with a habitual activ ity (B) grudging approv al of an unusual practice (C) intense resentm ent of an unwelcom e intrusion (D) acute regret for a childhood m isconception (E) growing am biv alence about a fam ily tradition A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. In these lines, the author is speaking about her childhood aversion to her fathers picture taking, saying that she hated it. To heighten the readers impression of her resentment,
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she uses repetition: I hated posing, I hated cameras, I hated the images, I wanted to leave no trace, I wanted to stand outside history. Clearly, during this period before picture taking became an enjoyable activity for the author, her resentment of, or indignation about, the unwelcome intrusion of being photographed was intense. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. Although the author is indeed speaking of a habitual activityher fathers picture takingher attitude towards it is far beyond mild impatience: she hated it, wanted to have no part in the process, and ultimately wanted it to stop. Clearly she loathed, or resented, the unwelcome intrusion of being photographed. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. In these lines, the author is expressing her childhood bitterness towards her fathers picture taking: she hated it, wanted to have no part in the process, and ultimately wanted it to stop. She is clearly not expressing approvalgrudging or otherwise and she is not speaking of an unusual practiceindeed, she considers her fathers picture taking far too common and suggests that many of her family members also took a great number of pictures. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Later in the passage, after she has come to appreciate the importance of photography to her community, the author might be said to regret her earlier misconception that photography was intrusive and unpleasant; however, at this point in the passage she is clearly talking about her childhood aversion to her fathers picture taking, a pastime she resented intensely. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. In the passage, the author basically describes two attitudes towards her familys photography: early resentment, and later acceptance. Nowhere in this passage does she display ambivalence, or mixed feelings. In these lines she is discussing her childhood aversion to photography; she is not ambivalent.
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In line 2 1 , chart m ost nearly m eans (A) analy ze statistically (B) present as a table (C) reward (D) predict (E) chronicle A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E :

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Choice (E) is correct. In lines 2021, the author refers back to the walls in her grandparents and other family members' homes that displayed various photographs. She compares these walls to maps in that they chart [lifes] journey, apparently that of her and her family from childhood through adulthood. It is clear from the context that the word chronicle, or record, is closest to what is meant by the word chart as it is used in line 21; the walls are maps that record lifes journey. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. In lines 2021, the author refers back to the walls in her grandparents and other family members' homes that displayed various photographs. She compares these walls to maps in that they chart [lifes] journey, apparently that of her and her family from childhood through adulthood. The author is speaking metaphorically, of course; it is unlikely that she believes that a wall of photographs could statistically analyze her journey through different phases of life. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. In lines 2021, the author refers back to the walls in her grandparents and other family members' homes that displayed various photographs. She compares these walls to maps in that they chart [lifes] journey, apparently that of her and her family from childhood through adulthood. The author is speaking metaphorically; it is unlikely that she believes that a wall of photographs could analyze her journey through life, or present her journey through different phases of life as a table. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. In lines 2021, the author refers back to the walls in her grandparents and other family members' homes that displayed various photographs. She compares these walls to maps in that they chart [lifes] journey, apparently that of her and her family from childhood through adulthood. Although one might feasibly find such a map rewarding, it does not make sense to say that the walls could reward her journey through different phases of life. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. In lines 2021, the author refers back to the walls in her grandparents and other family members' homes that displayed various photographs. She compares these walls to maps in that they chart [lifes] journey, apparently that of her and her family from childhood through adulthood. Photographs serve as a record of past events; it is somewhat illogical to suggest that they could predict, or foretell, future events. Therefore, it does not make sense to say that such a map could predict the authors journey through different phases of life.
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19
In line 2 1 , journey refers to the authors (A) progress through life (B) dev elopm ent as a writer (C) trav el to v isit distant relativ es (D) understanding of fam ily history (E) exploration of the local com m unity A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. In this part of the passage, the author is recalling her childhood hatred of having her picture taken. She gives reasons for this hatred: I wanted to leave no trace. I wanted there to be no walls in my life that would, like gigantic maps, chart my journey. It is clear from the context that the author is speaking metaphorically; in comparing walls covered with photographs to maps, she is implicitly comparing her progress through life to a journey that could be charted, or documented, with pictures. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. In this part of the passage, the author is recalling her childhood hatred of having her picture taken. She gives reasons for this hatred: I wanted to leave no trace. I wanted there to be no walls in my life that would, like gigantic maps, chart my journey. It is clear from the context that she is speaking metaphorically, comparing walls covered with photographs to maps, and her life to a journey that could be charted, or documented, with pictures. While it is obvious that she has undergone development as a writer, that journey is not what she is discussing here. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. In this part of the passage, the author is recalling her childhood hatred of having her picture taken. She gives reasons for this hatred: I wanted to leave no trace. I wanted there to be no walls in my life that would, like gigantic maps, chart my journey. It is clear from the context that she is speaking metaphorically, comparing walls covered with photographs to maps, and her life to a journey that could be charted, or documented, with pictures. She is not speaking of physically traveling on a journey to visit distant relatives. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Although she does elsewhere in the passage connect the study of photography with the understanding of family history, in this part of the passage the author is recalling her childhood hatred of having her picture taken. She gives reasons for this hatred: I wanted to leave no trace. I wanted there to be no walls in my life that would, like gigantic maps, chart my journey. It is
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clear from the context that she is speaking metaphorically, comparing walls covered with photographs to maps, and her life to a journey that could be charted, or documented, with pictures. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. In this part of the passage, the author is recalling her childhood hatred of having her picture taken. She gives reasons for this hatred: I wanted to leave no trace. I wanted there to be no walls in my life that would, like gigantic maps, chart my journey. It is clear from the context that she is speaking metaphorically, comparing walls covered with photographs to maps, and her life to a journey that could be charted, or documented, with pictures. She is not speaking of a literal exploration of her local community.
20
In line 2 6 , absence refers m etaphorically to a lack of a (A) constraining force (B) cluttered space (C) negativ e influence (D) sustaining tradition (E) joy ful occasion A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. In lines 2327, the author is discussing how she came to embrace photographyafter years and years of rejecting it as an empowering force, especially for members of minority groups. The absence she speaks of is the absence of this empowerment and of those curatorial spaces in the homethat is, the walls of photographsthat express our will to make and display images. These descriptions, when combined with the earlier mention of walls in relatives homes that were lined with photographs, clearly speak of a sustaining tradition of taking and displaying photographs; the absence is the lack of this tradition. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. In lines 2327, the author is discussing how she came to embrace photographyafter years and years of rejecting itas an empowering force, especially for members of minority groups. The absence she speaks of is the absence of this empowerment and of those curatorial spaces in the homethat is, the walls of photographsthat express our will to make and display images. In other words, she is not speaking of the absence of a constraining force, but rather of the opposite: an empowering force, or a sustaining tradition. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :
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Choice (B) is incorrect. In lines 2327, the author is discussing how she came to embrace photographyafter years and years of rejecting itas an empowering force, especially for members of minority groups. The absence she speaks of is the absence of this empowerment and of those curatorial spaces in the homethat is, the walls of photographsthat express our will to make and display images. Although a wall of photographs might literally be termed a cluttered space, the author is speaking metaphorically here about the absence of the sustaining tradition of taking and displaying photographs Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. In lines 2327, the author is discussing how she came to embrace photographyafter years and years of rejecting itas an empowering force, especially for members of minority groups. The absence she speaks of is the absence of this empowerment and of those curatorial spaces in the homethat is, the walls of photographsthat express our will to make and display images. In other words, she is not speaking of the absence of a negative influence, but rather of the opposite: a positive and empowering force, or a sustaining tradition. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. In lines 2327, the author is discussing how she came to embrace photographyafter years and years of rejecting itas an empowering force, especially for members of minority groups. The absence she speaks of is the absence of this empowerment and of those curatorial spaces in the homethat is, the walls of photographsthat express our will to make and display images. Although the authors belated discovery of the power of photography might feasibly be termed a joyful occasion, she is speaking here of the absence of the sustaining tradition of taking and displaying photographsan absence she regrets.
21
The author m entions photo album s in line 3 6 in order to (A) dem onstrate the ease with which photographs can be assem bled in an album illustrate her fam ily s preoccupation with com m em orating im portant occasions
(B) help point out the effect of hav ing photographs continuously on display (C)
(D) em phasize the v ariety in her grandm others collections of photographs (E) recall her childhood fascination with fam ily photo album s A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. In lines 3639, the author contrasts photographs displayed on walls with photographs kept in albums: photo albums are used to shut images away so they are seen only
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upon request, while photos displayed on the walls are a public announcement of the primacy of the image, the joy of image making. Therefore, her mention of photo albums in line 36 helps point out, by contrast, the effect of having photographs continuously on display. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. In lines 3639, the author contrasts photographs displayed on walls with photographs kept in albums: photo albums are used to shut images away so they are seen only upon request, while photos displayed on the walls are a public announcement of the primacy of the image, the joy of image making. She does so in order to praise the empowering effect photographs have when displayed in public; she is not making a point about the easeor the difficulty, for that matterof keeping photo albums. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. In lines 3639, the author contrasts photographs displayed on walls with photographs kept in albums: photo albums are used to shut images away so they are seen only upon request, while photos displayed on the walls are a public announcement of the primacy of the image, the joy of image making. Although the author is concernedespecially earlier in the passagewith her familys preoccupation with photography, she discusses this practice in regard to photographs hung on walls, not those placed in albums. Here, the author is contrasting photographs kept in albums with photographs hung on walls in order to point out the effect of having photographs continuously on display. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. In lines 3639, the author contrasts photographs displayed on walls with photographs kept in albums: photo albums are used to shut images away so they are seen only upon request, while photos displayed on the walls are a public announcement of the primacy of the image, the joy of image making. The author does indeed speak of her grandmothers photographs, but she does not call special attention to their variety. Here, the author is contrasting photographs kept in albums with photographs hung on walls in order to point out the effect of having photographs continuously on display. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The authors childhood attitude towards photography in general was negativeit was not one of fascination. Further, this childhood attitude was directed towards photographs hung on walls, not those collected in albums. In lines 3639, the author contrasts photographs displayed on walls with photographs kept in albums: photo albums are used to shut images away so they are seen only upon request, while photos displayed on the walls are
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a public announcement of the primacy of the image, the joy of image making. She is contrasting photographs kept in albums with photographs hung on walls in order to point out the effect of having photographs continuously on display.
22
The friends goal in exam ining snapshots (lines 4 7 -53 ) is m ost analogous to which of the following? (A) A y oung m an v isits his fathers childhood hom e in a distant city . (B) A child interv iews an older relativ e to record the fam ily s history . (C) (D) A wom an reads her childhood diary in an effort to rekindle past goals and v alues. Parents take annual photographs of their children to docum ent the childrens growth.
(E) A grandm other teaches her nativ e language to her grandchildren. A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. The author says that her friend looked at snapshots of his boyhood to . . . . find a way back to the self he once was. In other words, by looking at old pictures of himself, the friend was trying to recall his childhood feelingsin hopes of regaining "a certain openness" that he had lost over the years. This is directly analogous to the situation of a woman reading her childhood diary in an effort to rekindle past goals and values. Like the friend, the diaryreader would be looking back at material from her childhood in hopes of regaining something she had lost. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. The author says that her friend looked at snapshots of his boyhood to . . . . find a way back to the self he once was. In other words, by looking at old pictures of himself, the friend was trying to recall his childhood feelingsin hopes of regaining "a certain openness" that he had lost over the years. This is not similar to a young man visiting his fathers childhood home in a distant city. The authors friend wanted to remember things about himself and reawaken his childhood feelings, whereas the young man would likely learn only about his fathers childhood, not his own, by visiting his fathers childhood home. Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. The author says that her friend looked at snapshots of his boyhood to . . . . find a way back to the self he once was. In other words, by looking at old pictures of himself, the friend was trying to recall his childhood feelingsin hopes of regaining "a certain openness" that he had lost over the years. This is not similar to a child interviewing an older relative to record the familys history. Rather than talking to another person, the authors friend simply looked at images from his own history; and rather than
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investigating the history of his whole family, the friends goal was only to remember things about himself and reawaken his childhood feelings. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The author says that her friend looked at snapshots of his boyhood to . . . . find a way back to the self he once was. In other words, by looking at old pictures of himself, the friend was trying to recall his childhood feelingsin hopes of regaining "a certain openness" that he had lost over the years. This is not similar to parents taking annual photographs of their children to document the childrens growth. Rather than documenting the change or growth of another person, the authors friend looked at photographs that documented his own growth and changes, hoping to reawaken his childhood feelings. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The author says that her friend looked at snapshots of his boyhood to . . . . find a way back to the self he once was. In other words, by looking at old pictures of himself, the friend was trying to recall his childhood feelingsin hopes of regaining "a certain openness" that he had lost over the years. This is not similar to a grandmother teaching her native language to her grandchildren. Rather than teaching somethinggiving new knowledgeto others, the authors friend simply wanted to remember things about himself and reawaken his childhood feelings.
23
The author uses the words recuperativ e and redem ptiv e in line 59 to suggest that a m em ory can (A) protect us from the dam aging effects of history and tim e (B) play tricks on us by m aking the past seem better than it was (C) exaggerate the feelings we had in childhood (D) prev ent people from repeating the m istakes of the past (E) heal people by helping them determ ine who they are A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. In the last two paragraphs of the passage, the author states that photography can enable us to remember things, [offering] us a way to reclaim and renew life-affirming bonds; she also states that a memory can [enable] us to construct identities, images of ourselves. The author suggests that a memory can be recuperative, or serve to aid in regaining a former state or condition, and redemptive, or serve to repair or restore something: memories can heal people by helping them reclaim, or regain, and renew, or restore, life-affirming bonds to the past, ultimately helping them form identities, self-images, and ideas of who they are.
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Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. In the last two paragraphs of the passage, the author states that photography can enable us to remember things, [offering] us a way to reclaim and renew life-affirming bonds; she also states that a memory can [enable] us to construct identities, images of ourselves. Rather than using the words recuperative and redemptive to suggest that memories can protect us from the damaging effects of history and time altogether, the author uses the words to suggest that memories can help undo some of the damages time may cause. A memory can be recuperative, serving to aid in regaining a former state (it can help us reclaim bonds to the past), and a memory can be redemptive, serving to repair or restore something (it can help us renew, or restore, life-affirming bonds). Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. In the last two paragraphs of the passage, the author speaks positively about memories, stating that they [offer] us a way to reclaim and renew life-affirming bonds and can [enable] us to construct identities, images of ourselves. The author does not suggest that memories make the past seem better than it was or that memories trick us; there is no indication that being called back to the past is anything other than a useful, positive experience. She suggests that a memory can be recuperative, serving to aid in regaining a former state (it can help us reclaim bonds to the past), and a memory can be redemptive, serving to repair or restore something (it can help us renew, or restore, life-affirming bonds). Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. In the last two paragraphs of the passage, the author states that photography can enable us to remember things, [offering] us a way to reclaim and renew life-affirming bonds; she also states that a memory can [enable] us to construct identities, images of ourselves. Rather than suggesting that memories exaggerate the feelings we had in childhood, the author uses the words recuperative and redemptive to suggest that memories can simply help us remember the feelings we had in childhood and, ultimately, give us an improved sense of who we are. A memory can be recuperative, serving to aid in regaining a former state (it can help us reclaim bonds to the past), and a memory can be redemptive, serving to repair or restore something (it can help us renew, or restore, life-affirming bonds). Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. In the last two paragraphs of the passage, the author states that photography can enable us to remember things, [offering] us a way to reclaim and renew life-affirming bonds; she also states that a memory can [enable] us to construct identities, images of ourselves. The author suggests that a memory can be recuperative, serving to aid in regaining a former state or condition, and redemptive, serving to repair or restore something;
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however, she does not suggest that memories are recuperative or redemptive because they prevent people from repeating the mistakes of the past. There is no discussion of mistakes made in the past; instead, the author stresses the importance of people using memories to determine who they are.
24
The author uses construct in line 6 0 to m ake which point about a persons sense of identity ? (A) People begin building their identities at a rem arkably early age. (B) Indiv iduals create their identities partly from awareness of their heritage. (C) Fam ily m em bers work together to perpetuate a single sense of identity . (D) Young adults work hard to balance childhood and adult m oral v alues. (E) Photographers help their subjects determ ine appropriate social roles. A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS
Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. In the last paragraph the author asserts that photography is central to that aspect of racial empowerment that calls us back to the past; she states that looking at photographs connects us to memories and ultimately allows us to construct identities, images of ourselves. The author uses the word construct, which refers to making or building something, to make the point that people create or build their identities partly through connecting with the past, including having an awareness of their heritage, or family and personal traditions. Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. In the last paragraph the author asserts that photography is central to that aspect of racial empowerment that calls us back to the past; she states that looking at photographs connects us to memories and ultimately allows us to construct identities, images of ourselves. The author uses the word construct, which refers to making or building something, to make the point that people create or build their own identities. However, the author does not say that people begin building their identities at an early age. Rather, she seems to suggest that adults build their identities once they are grown, and she points out that a good way to do this is to recall one's history and heritage through photography. Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. Early in the passage the author talks about family snapshots and capturing . . . family history with the camera, but she does not suggest that family members perpetuate, or establish and reaffirm, a single sense of identity. Instead, in the last paragraph she discusses people looking at photographs and constructing their own individual identities. The author uses the word construct, which refers to making or building something, to
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make the point that people create or build their identities partly by connecting with their history and heritage through photographs. Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The author mentions a friend who looked at snapshots of his boyhood to find a way back to the self he once was, but there is really no discussion of either childhood or adult moral values, or of young adults working to balance their past and present moral values. Rather, the author discusses the importance of the power of photographs to [call] us back to the past and spark memories that allow us to construct identities, images of ourselves. She uses the word construct, which refers to making or building something, to make the point that people create or build their identities partly by connecting with their history and heritage through photographs. Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Early in the passage the author states that in her family picture taking was serious business, and she notes that photographs captured . . . family history. The author does not, however, indicate that photographers help their subjects determine appropriate social roles; indeed, there is no discussion of appropriate social roles. Instead, the author suggests that memories can help people determine who they are. She uses the word construct, which refers to making or building something, to make the point that people create or build their identities partly through looking at photographs and connecting with their history and heritage.
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a l egen dary ci ty of great weal th

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upon the colour of the wav es that rolled toward them.

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A NSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

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