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EXPERT SYSTEMS (ES)

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Expert systems are computer based information system that use expert knowledge to attain high level decision performance in a narrow problem domain.

Emerged way back in 1980s WAX, OPSS, Expert EASE, KEE are some of the examples of

the ES system
ES derives from AI that emulates human cognitive skills such as

problem solving, visual perception, learning and reasoning

ES simulates human capabilities in a narrow focused area.

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The basic concepts of ES include how to determine who experts are, the definition of expertise, how expertise can be transferred from a person to a computer and how the system works.

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An expert is a person who has the special

knowledge, judgment, experience, and methods to give advice and solve problems, along with the ability to apply these talents. about how he or she performs a task that a KBS (knowledge based systems) will perform. and understands the meaning of the relationships among facts.

It is an experts job to provide knowledge

An expert knows which facts are important

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Typically, human experts are capable of doing the following: Recognizing and formulating a problem Solving a problem quickly and correctly Explaining a solution Learning from experience Restructuring knowledge Breaking rules, if necessary Determining relevance Degrading gracefully

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Expertise is the extensive, task-specific knowledge that experts possess. The level of expertise determines the performance of the decision. Expertise is often acquired through training, reading, and experience in practice. It includes; explicit knowledge (such as theories learned from a textbook or in a classroom) and implicit knowledge (gained from experience).

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The following is a list of possible knowledge types:

Theories about the problem domain Rules and procedures regarding in the general problem

domain

Heuristics about what to do in a given problem situation Global strategies for solving these types of problem Meta-knowledge Facts about the problem area These types of knowledge enable experts to make better

and faster decision than non-experts when solving complex problem.

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Expertise often includes these characteristics:

Expertise is usually associated with a high degree of

intelligence, but it is not always associated with the smartest person

Expertise is usually associated with a vast quantity of

knowledge.
Expertise is based in learning from past experience

and mistakes
Expertise is based on knowledge that is well-stored,

organized and quickly retrievable from an expert who has an excellent recall of patterns from previous experience.

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Experts in the company may retire or leave. ES are

an excellent tool for preserving professional knowledge crucial to a companys competitiveness. examined

Certain knowledge needs to be documented or

Education and training is an important task but

difficult task.

ES can also be useful tools for knowledge storage

and transfer in organizations.

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Consultation Environment
Facts about the specific incident

Development Environment

User

Knowledge base Facts: what is known about the domain area

User Interface

Rules: Logical reference

Explanation facility

Knowledge engineer

Recommended action

- Interpreter
Inference engine

- Scheduler - Consistency enforcer

Documented knowledge

Knowledge acquisition

Expert Knowledge Blackboard (workplace) Plan Solution description Agenda Problem Knowledge refinement

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ES can be viewed as having two environments:

the development environment and the consultation environment An ES builder uses the development environment to build the components and put knowledge base. A non-expert uses the consultation environment to obtain expert knowledge and advice. These environments can be separated when a system is complete.
The three major components that appear in virtually every ES are the

knowledge base, inference engine, and user interface. In general, An ES that interacts with the user can contain the following additional components: Knowledge acquisition subsystem Blackboard (workplace) Explanation subsystem Knowledge refining systems

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Knowledge Acquisition Subsystem:

Knowledge acquisition is the accumulation, transfer, and transformation of problem solving expertise from experts or documented knowledge sources to a computer program for constructing or expanding the knowledge base. Potential sources of knowledge include human experts, textbooks, multimedia documents, databases (public and private), special research reports and information available on the web. Knowledge acquisition deals with issues such as making tacit knowledge, explicit and integrating knowledge from multiple sources.

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Knowledge Base:

The knowledge base is the foundation of an ES. It contains the relevant knowledge necessary for understanding, formulating and solving problem. A typical knowledge base may include two basic elements: Facts such as the problem situation and the theory of the problem area Special heuristics or rules that direct the use of knowledge to solve specific problems in a particular domain.
It is important to differentiate the knowledge base of an ES

and the knowledge base of an organization. The knowledge stored in the knowledge base of an ES is often represented in a special format and can be used to solve a particular problem. The organizational knowledge base, however, contains various kinds of knowledge in different formats and may be stored in different places. The knowledge base of an ES is only a small subset of an organizations knowledge base.

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Inference Engine: The brain of an ES is the inference engine, also known as the control structure or the rule interpreter. This component is essentially a computer program that provides a methodology for reasoning about information in the knowledge base and on the blackboard and for formulating conclusions. The inference engine provides directions about how to use the systems knowledge by developing the agenda that organizes and controls the steps taken to solve problems whenever consultation takes place. User Interface: An ES contains a language processor for friendly, problemoriented communication between the user and the computer, known as the User Interface.

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Blackboard (Workplace) The blackboard is an area of working memory set aside as a database for the description of a current problem, as specified by the input data; it is also used for recording intermediate hypothesis and decisions. Three types of decisions can be recorded on a blackboard:
Plan : how to attack the problem Agenda: potential actions awaiting execution Solution: Hypothesis and alternative course of action

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Explanation Subsystem (Justifier):

The ability to trace responsibility for conclusions to their sources is crucial both in the transfer of expertise and in problem solving. The explanation subsystem can trace such responsibility and explain the ES behavior by interactively answering questions such as these: Why was a certain question asked by the ES? How was a certain conclusion reached? Why was a certain alternative rejected? What is the plan to reach the solution?

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Knowledge Refining System: Human experts have a knowledge refining system; that is, they can analyze their own knowledge and its use, learn from it, and improve on it for future consultations. Similarly, such evaluation is necessary in computerized learning so that a program can analyze the reasons for its success or failure. This could lead to improvements that result in a more accurate knowledge base and more effective reasoning. The critical component for knowledge refinement is the machine-learning component that allows the system to adjust its activities based on evaluation of past performance.

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Inference Engine New Course

User
Advice & Explanation

UI
Knowledge Base Acquisition Facility

Experts

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Ability to provide reasoning for decisions Ability to display intelligent behavior Should draw conclusions from complex relationships Its difficult to use, not used widely Limited to certain problems /Area Inability to deal with mixed knowledge Challenging to maintain.

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Aerospace technology (NASA) Civil Aviation (Scheduling / Routing) Banking & Finance Criminology Education, Food industry Manufacturing design and assembly.

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Conventional Systems

Expert Systems

Information and its processing are usually combined in The knowledge base is clearly separated from the one sequential program. processing mechanism. the program does not make mistakes(Programmers or The program may make mistakes users do) Conventional systems do not explain why input data are Explanation is a part of most ES needed for how conclusions are drawn. Conventional systems require all input data. They may ES do not require all initial facts. ES can typically arrive at not function properly with missing data unless planned reasonable conclusions with missing facts for. Changes in the program are tedious(Except DSS) Changes in the rules are easy to make The system operates only when it is completed. Execution is done on a step-by-step basis. Large database can effectively manipulated Conventional systems represent and use data. The system can operate with only a few rules(as the first prototype) Execution is done by using heuristics and logic Large knowledge base can be effectively manipulated. ES represent and use knowledge

Efficiency is usually a major goal. Effectiveness is Effectiveness is the major goal important only for DSS Conventional systems easily deal with quantitative data ES easily deal with qualitative data Conventional systems use numeric data representation ES uses symbolic and numeric knowledge representation

Conventional systems capture, magnify, and distribute ES capture, magnify, and distribute access to judgment access to numeric data and information and knowledge.

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Features Mortality Knowledge transfer Knowledge documentation Decision consistency Unit usage cost Creativity Adaptability Knowledge scope Knowledge type Knowledge content Human experts Yes Difficult Difficult Low High High High Broad Commonsense and technical Experience Expert systems No Easy Easy High Low Low Medium Narrow Technical Rules and symbolic models

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Artificial Intelligence is a branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of human behavior

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Natural Language Processing

Problem Solving & Planning

Heuristic Search

Modeling & Representation of Knowledge Common Sense Reasoning & Logic

Computer Vision

AI Language And Tools

Expert System

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THANK YOU