Municipal Corporations in India

Municipal Corporations in India or Mahanagar Palika or Mahanagar Nigam are urban local government that works for the development of a Metropolitan City, which has a population of more than one million. The growing population and urbanization in various cities of India were in need of a local governing body that can work for providing necessary community services like health care, educational institution, housing, transport etc. by collecting property tax and fixed grant from the State Government.

Constitution[edit]

Administrative structure of India

Each Municipal Corporation has a committee consisting of a Mayor with Councillors. They are formed under the Corporations Act of 1835 of Panchayati Raj system which mainly deals in providing essential services in Metropolitan Cities. The no. of councillors depend upon the area and population of the city that minimum of 3,00,000. Municipal Corporation members are elected from the several wards of the specific city on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years. There are seats reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, backward classes and women. The Councillors are chosen by direct election from electoral wards in the Municipal Corporation. The largest corporations are in the four metropolitan cities of India; Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai and among these Mumbai is the most populous and largest metropolitan city of India. These cities not only have a large population, but are also the administrative as well as commercial centre's of the country.

Administration[edit]
Mayor is the head of the Municipal Corporation. The Municipal Commissioner is the official in charge of this organization. Executive Officers monitor the implementation of all the programs related to planning and development of the corporation with the coordination of Mayor and Councillors.

Functions[edit]
Water supply Hospitals Roads Over bridge

Street lighting Drainage Solid waste Fire brigades Market places and Records of births and deaths

it also helps in education and primary health care

Sources of Income[edit]
Its sources of income are taxes on water, houses, markets, entertainment and vehicles paid by residents of the town and grants from the state government.

Municipal governance in India

Municipal Governance in India has been in existence since the year 1687 with the formation of Madras Municipal Corporation and then Calcutta and Bombay Municipal Corporation in 1726. In early part of the nineteenth century almost all towns in India had experienced some form of municipal governance. In 1882 the then Viceroy of India, Lord Ripon's resolution of local self-government laid the democratic forms of municipal governance in India. In 1919, a Government of India act incorporated the need of the resolution and the powers of democratically elected government were formulated. In 1935 another Government of India act brought local government under the purview of the state or provincial government and specific powers were given.

Purpose[edit]
The purpose of municipal governance and strategic urban planning in a country is to create effective, responsive, democratic, transparent, accountable local governance framework organised according to a rational structure that promotes responsiveness and accountability; to provide responsive policy guidance and assistance to sub-national entities; to strengthen the legal, fiscal, economic and service delivery functions of municipalities ; and to foster greater citizen participation in the governance of local bodies.

History[edit]
According to Census of India, 1991, there are 3255 Urban Local Bodies (ULB)s in the country; classified into four major categories of 1. Municipal Corporation 2. Municipalities (Municipal Council, Municipal Board, Municipal Committee) 3. Town Area Committee 4. Notified Area Committee The municipal corporations and municipalities are fully representative bodies, while the notified area committees and town area committees are either fully or partially nominated bodies. As per the Indian Constitution, 74th Amendment Act of 1992, the latter two categories of towns are to be [1] designated as municipalities or nagar panchayats with elected bodies. Until the amendments in state

municipal legislations, which were mostly made in 1994, municipal authorities were organised on an Latin: ultra vires (beyond the authority) basis and the state governments were free to extend or control the functional sphere through executive decisions without an amendment to the legislative provisions. After the 74th Amendment was enacted there are only three categories of urban local bodies:

Administrative structure of India

Mahanagar Nigam (Municipal Corporation) Nagar Palika (Municipality) Nagar Panchayat (Notified Area Council, City Council )

This article provides that there be a Nagar Panchayat for transitional areas i.e. an area in transition from rural to urban, a municipality for a smaller urban area and a municipal corporation for a larger urban [2] area. Article 243Q of the 74th Amendment requires that municipal areas shall be declared having regard to the population of the area, the density of population therein, the revenue generated for local administration, the percentage of employment in non-agricultural activities, the economic importance or such other factors as may be specified by the state government by public notification for this purpose. Among all urban local governments, municipal corporations enjoy a greater degree of fiscal autonomy and functions although the specific fiscal and functional powers vary across the states, these local governments have larger populations, a more diversified economic base, and deal with the state governments directly. On the other hand, municipalities have less autonomy, smaller jurisdictions and have to deal with the state governments through the Directorate of Municipalities or through the collector of a district. These local bodies are subject to detailed supervisory control and guidance by the state governments.

Responsibilities of ULBs[edit]
The municipal bodies of India are vested with a long list of functions delegated to them by the state governments under the municipal legislation. These functions broadly relate to public health, welfare, regulatory functions, public safety, public infrastructure works, and development activities. Public health includes Water supply, Sewerage and Sanitation, eradication of communicable diseases etc.; welfare includes public facilities such as Education, recreation, etc.; regulatory functions related to prescribing and enforcing Building regulations, encroachments on public land, Birth registration and Death certificate, etc.; public safety includes Fire protection, Street lighting, etc.; public works measures such as construction and maintenance of inner city roads, etc.; and development

functions related to Town planning and development of commercial markets. In addition to the legally assigned functions, the sectoral departments of the state government often assign unilaterally, and on an agency basis, various functions such as Family planning, Nutrition and slum improvement, disease and Epidemic control, etc. The Twelfth Schedule of Constitution (Article 243 w) provides an illustrative list of eighteen functions, that [1] may be entrusted to the municipalities. Besides the traditional core functions of municipalities, it also includes development functions like planning for Economic development and Social justice, urban poverty alleviation programs and promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects. However, conformity legislation enacted by the state governments indicate wide variations in this regard. Whereas Bihar, Gujarat,Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Manipur, Punjab and Rajasthan have included all the functions as enlisted in the Twelfth Schedule in their amended state municipal laws, Andhra Pradesh has not made any changes in the existing list of municipal functions. Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal states have amended their municipal laws to add additional functions in the list of municipal functions as suggested in the twelfth schedule. There is a lot of difference in the assignment of obligatory and discretionary functions to the municipal bodies among the states. Whereas functions like planning for the social and economic development, urban forestry and protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects are obligatory functions for the municipalities of Maharashtra, in Karnataka these are discretionary functions. Provision of water supply and sewerage in several states has either been taken over by the state governments or transferred to state agencies. For example in Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh andGujarat, water supply and sewerage works are being carried out by the state level Public Health Engineering Department or Water Supply and Sewerage Boards, while liability for repayment of loans and maintenance are with the municipalities. Besides these state level agencies, City Improvement Trusts and Urban Development Authorities, like Delhi Development Authority (DDA), have been set up in a number of cities. These agencies usually undertake land acquisition and development works, and take up remunerative projects such as markets and commercial complexes, etc. The Municipal bodies in most cases have been left only with the functions of garbage collection, garbage disposal, street lighting, construction and maintenance of roads, etc. In terms of fiscal federalism, functions whose benefits largely confine to municipal jurisdictions and may be termed as the essentially municipal functions. Similarly, functions that involve substantial economics of scale or are of national interest may not be assigned to small local bodies. For valid reasons, certain functions of higher authorities are appropriate to be entrusted with the Municipalities as if under principal-agent contracts and may be called agency functions that need to be financed by intergovernmental revenues. Thus instead of continuing the traditional distinction between obligatory and discretionary functions the municipal responsibilities may be grouped into essentially municipal, joint and agency functions.

Suggested municipal functions[edit]

The suggested functions to municipal corporations, municipalities and nagar panchayats are listed in the [3] table below.

Essentially Municipal Functions

Municipal Corporation

Municipal Council

nagar panchayat

Urban planning including town planning

Yes

Yes

Yes

Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings

Yes

Yes

Yes

Planning for economic and social development

Yes

Yes

Yes

Roads and bridges

Yes

Yes

Yes

Water supply domestic, Industrial and commercial purposes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste management

Yes

Yes

Yes

Fire services

Yes

Yes

No

Urban forestry

Yes

Yes

Yes

Preventive Health Care

Yes

Yes

Yes

Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds

Yes

Yes

Yes

Burials and burial grounds, cremations, cremation ghats/grounds and electric crematoria Yes Yes Yes

Cattle pounds, prevention of cruelty to animals

Yes

Yes

Yes

Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths

Yes

Yes

Yes

Street lighting

Yes

Yes

Yes

Parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences

Yes

Yes

Yes

Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries

Yes

Yes

Yes

Slum improvement and up gradation

Yes

Yes

Yes

Agency Functions

Protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and the mentally retarded Yes Yes Yes

Urban poverty alleviation

Yes

Yes

Yes

Promotion of cultural, education and aesthetic aspects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Primary Education

Yes

Yes

No

Primary Health Care

Yes

Yes

No

Mahanagar Nigam (Municipal Corporation)[edit]

Main article: Municipal Corporation of India Mahanagar Nigam a.k.a. (Municipal Corporation) in India are state government formed departments that works for the development of a Metropolitan city, which has a population of more than 1 Million. The growing population and urbanisation in various cities of India were in need of a local governing body that can work for providing necessary community services like health centres, educational institutes and housing and property tax. They are formed under the Corporations Act of 1835 of panchayati raj system which mainly deals in providing essential services in every small town as well as village of a district/city. Their elections are held once in five year and the people choose the candidates. The largest corporations are in the four metropolitan cities of India, namely Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. These cities not only have a large population, but are also the administrative as well as commercial centres of the country.

List of municipal corporations of India

Following are the Municipal Corporations of India, also known as Mahanagar Nigam State / Union Territory Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Tamil Nadu West Bengal Gujarat Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Gujarat Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh Punjab Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Haryana Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Bihar Punjab Jharkhand Gujarat Population (2011) 11,914,398 7,749,334

City Greater Mumbai Hyderabad Bangalore Chennai Kolkata Ahmedabad Pune Kanpur Lucknow Surat Nagpur Ghaziabad Jaipur Coimbatore Agra Ludhiana Visakhapatnam Madurai Pimpri-Chinchwad Indore Vijayawada Gurgaon Nashik Varanasi Bhopal Meerut Patna Patiala Jamshedpur Vadodara

District Mumbai Hyderabad, Rangareddi District, Medak District

Bangalore Urban District, Bangalore Rural 6,523,210 District Chennai District, Tiruvallur District, Kanchipuram District Kolkata District Ahmadabad District Pune District Kanpur Nagar District Lucknow District Surat District Nagpur District Ghaziabad District Jaipur District Coimbatore District Agra District Ludhiana District Visakhapatnam District Madurai District Pune District Indore District Krishna District Gurgaon District Nashik District Varanasi District Bhopal District Meerut District Patna District Patiala District East Singhbhum District Vadodara District 4,681,087 4,580,544 3,515,361 3,115,431 2,920,067 2,901,474 2,433,787 2,405,421 2,358,525 2,324,319 2,151,466 1,746,467 1,740,249 1,730,320 1,730,015 1,729,359 1,597,441 1,548,240 1,514,085 1,486,973 1,435,113 1,433,875 1,424,908 1,376,950 1,354,686 1,337,131 1,306,035

City Srinagar Thane Allahabad Bareilly Dhanbad Kalyan-Dombivali Aurangabad Ambala Amritsar Ranchi Faridabad Gwalior Guntur Tiruchirappalli Raipur Howrah Rajkot Guwahati Chandigarh Jabalpur Jammu Solapur Nanded-Waghala Hubli-Dharwad Aligarh Jalandhar Moradabad Mysore Jodhpur Bhubaneswar Salem Ajmer Warangal Thiruvananthapuram Bikaner Navi Mumbai

State / Union Territory

District

Population (2011) 1,273,312 1,261,517 1,216,719 1,200,933 1,195,298 1,193,266 1,171,330 1,136,784 1,132,761 1,126,741 1,054,981 1,053,505 1,028,667 1,027,436 10,10,500 1,008,704 966,642 963,429 960,787 951,469 951,373 951,118 950,564 943,857 909,559 903,491 889,810 887,446 846,408 837,737 831,038 800,000 759,594 752,490 723,982 703,947
[1]

Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar District Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Jharkhand Maharashtra Maharashtra Haryana Punjab Jharkhand Haryana Madhya Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Chhattisgarh West Bengal Gujarat Assam Chandigarh Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Maharashtra Karnataka Uttar Pradesh Punjab Uttar Pradesh Karnataka Rajasthan Odisha Tamil Nadu Rajasthan Andhra Pradesh Kerala Rajasthan Maharashtra Thane District Allahabad District Bareilly District Dhanbad District Thane District Aurangabad District Ambala District Amritsar District Ranchi District Faridabad District Gwalior District Guntur District Tiruchirappalli District Raipur District Howrah District Rajkot District Kamrup District Chandigarh Jabalpur District Solapur District Nanded District Dharwad District Aligarh District Jalandhar District Moradabad District Mysore District Jodhpur District Khordha District Salem District Ajmer District Warangal District Thiruvananthapuram District Bikaner District Thane District

Jammu and Kashmir Jammu District

City Saharanpur Kota Gorakhpur Amravati Belgaum Bhilai Nagar Nellore Kochi Bhiwandi-Nizampur Udaipur Jhansi Bokaro Panchkula Mathura Kolhapur Mangalore Cuttack Yamunanagar Erode Mira-Bhayandar Bhavnagar kadapa Sangli-Miraj & Kupwad Vellore Durgapur Asansol Tirunelveli Ulhasnagar Malegaon Siliguri Vasai-Virar Jalgaon Agartala Dehradun Jamnagar

State / Union Territory Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Karnataka Chhattisgarh Andhra Pradesh Kerala Maharashtra Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Jharkhand Haryana Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Karnataka Odisha Haryana Tamil Nadu Maharashtra Gujarat Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Tamil Nadu West Bengal West Bengal Tamil Nadu Maharashtra Maharashtra West Bengal Maharashtra Maharashtra [Tripura]] Uttarakhand Gujarat

District Saharanpur District Kota District Gorakhpur District Amravati District Belgaum District Durg District Nellore District Ernakulam District Thane District Udaipur District Jhansi District Ranchi District Panchkula District Mathura District Kolhapur District Dakshina Kannada District Cuttack District Yamunanagar District Erode District Thane District Bhavnagar District Kadapa District Sangli District Vellore District Bardhaman District Bardhaman District Tirunelveli District Thane District Nashik District Darjeeling District, Jalpaiguri District Thane District Jalgaon District [West Tripura District]] Dehradun District Jamnagar District

Population (2011) 703,345 695,899 692,519 646,801 629,600 625,697 625,329 601, 574 598,703 571,178 564,797 563,417 558,890 549,391 549,283 538,560 535,139 532,000 521,776 520,301 510,958 504,239 502,697 502,000 492,996 486,304 474,838 472,943 471,006 470,275 469,526 460,468 450,000 447,808 447,734

City Tirupur Tuticorin Kozhikode Ujjain Gulbarga Akola Kurnool Gaya Latur Dhule Rohtak Davangere Kollam Brahmapur Ahmednagar Rajahmundry Anantapur Bhagalpur Purnia Bijapur Shimoga Haldwani Chandrapur Junagadh Bellary Korba Thrissur Kakinada Nizamabad Parbhani Tumkur Muzaffarpur Bharatpur Hisar Panipat Tirupati

State / Union Territory Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu Kerala Madhya Pradesh Karnataka Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh Bihar Maharashtra Maharashtra Haryana Karnataka Kerala Odisha Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Bihar Bihar Karnataka Karnataka Uttarakhand Maharashtra Gujarat Karnataka Chhattisgarh Kerala Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Karnataka Bihar Rajasthan Haryana Haryana Andhra Pradesh

District Tirupur District Tuticorin District Kozhikode District Ujjain District Gulbarga District Akola District Kurnool District Gaya District Latur District Dhule District Rohtak District Davangere district Kollam District Ganjam District Ahmednagar District East Godavari District Anantapur District Bhagalpur District Purnia District Bijapur district Shimoga district Nainital District Chandrapur District Junagadh District Bellary district Korba District Thrissur District East Godavari District Nizamabad District Parbhani District Tumkur district Muzaffarpur District Bharatpur District Hisar District Panipat District Chittoor District

Population (2011) 444,543 436,094 432,097 429,933 427,929 427,146 424,920 383,197 382,754 376,093 373,133 365,000 361,441 355,823 350,905 343,903 341,895 340,349 326,216 326,000 322,428 322,140 321,036 320,250 317,000 315,695 315,596 312,255 310,467 307,191 305,821 305,465 304,456 301,249 294,150 287,035

City Karnal Eluru Karimnagar Sambalpur Durg Darbhanga Bilaspur Khammam Ramagundam Imphal Ambikapur Sagar Dewas Satna Haridwar Thanjavur Ratlam Burhanpur Roorkee Bhathinda Dindigul Ongole Pathankot Gandhinagar Chittoor Murwara (Katni) Singrauli Rewa Mohali Khandwa Hoshiarpur Chandannagar Rajnandgaon Raigarh Shimla Rudrapur

State / Union Territory Haryana Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Odisha Chhattisgarh Bihar Chhattisgarh Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Manipur Chhattisgarh Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Uttarakhand Tamil Nadu Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Uttarakhand Punjab Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh Punjab Gujarat Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Punjab Madhya Pradesh Punjab West Bengal Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarh Himachal Pradesh Uttarakhand

District Karnal District West Godavari District Karimnagar District Sambalpur District Durg District Darbhanga District Bilaspur District Khammam District Karimnagar District Imphal East District, Imphal West District Surguja District Sagar District Dewas District Satna District Haridwar District Thanjavur District Ratlam District Burhanpur District Haridwar District Bathinda District Dindigul District Prakasam District Pathankot district Gandhinagar District Chittoor District Katni District Sidhi District Rewa District Mohali District East Nimar District Hoshiarpur District Hooghly District Rajnandgaon District Raigarh District Shimla District Udham Singh Nagar District

Population (2011) 286,974 285,900 272,102 269,575 268,679 266,834 265,178 262,309 252,261 250,234 243,173 232,321 230,658 225,468 225,235 222,619 221,267 221,000 220,306 217,389 207,225 202,826 200,000 195,891 189,000 186,738 185,580 183,232 174,000 171,976 168,000 162,166 143,727 143,727 142,161 140,884

City Jagdalpur Moga Kashipur Panaji Gangtok chirimiri Phagwara Janjgir Arrah Bihar sharif Begusarai North Delhi South Delhi East Delhi New Delhi

State / Union Territory Chhattisgarh Punjab Uttarakhand Goa Sikkim Chhattisgarh Punjab Chhattisgarh Bihar Bihar Bihar Delhi Delhi Delhi Delhi

District Bastar District Moga District Udham Singh Nagar District North Goa District East Sikkim District koriya District Kapurthala District Janjgir-Champa District Bhojpur District Nalanda District Begusarai District Delhi Delhi Delhi New Delhi

Population (2011) 125,345 124,624 121,610 100,000 98,658 95,974 95,626 93,727