CENG CENG101 101 Lecture Lecture1. 1.

Chemical ChemicalEngineering EngineeringProcesses Processes(5 (5h) h) Learning Objectives: Learning Objectives: (1) (1)Introduction Introductionto toChemical ChemicalEngineering Engineeringand andProcesses Processes (2) (2)Chemical ChemicalEngineering EngineeringCalculation Calculation Units and conversion Units and conversion Measurements Measurementsand andcalculation calculation Dimension and dimensionless Dimension and dimensionlessquantities quantities Data Presentation and analysis Data Presentation and analysis (3) (3)Processes Processesand andProcess ProcessVariables Variables Mass and volume flow Mass and volume flow Chemical Chemicalcomposition composition Temperature Temperatureand andpressure pressure Learning LearningGuides: Guides: (1) (1)Lecture Lecturehandouts handouts (2) (2)Chapters Chapters1-2 1-2of ofTextbook: Textbook:Elementary Elementaryprinciples principlesof of chemical processes chemical processes

Chemical Engineering
(1) Chemical Engineering involves taking natural raw materials and transforming them into useful products:

Crude Oil
Ph y si

Refinery

cal

tra

n sf

orm

ati o

distillation

Chemical transformation

Chemical Engineering Processes may involve

(1) Transport of materials

Chemical Engineering Processes may involve

(3) Chemically transformation of materials

(2) Physical transformation of materials

Smelting

Distillation

Chemical Engineering Processes may involve

(4) Waste reduction, pollution reduction and abatement

Chemical Engineering Processes may involve

(5) Understanding of energy generation and transformation (a) Efficiency of a process

Wastewater treatment

(b) Phase equilibria

Recycling

Chemical Engineering Processes may involve

(c) Reaction

Chemical Engineering Processes may involve

(d) Physical properties of materials

Conductivity

Crystal shape and size

Protein folding

Self-assembly structures

From Research to Product

Guide for developing a production process (1) What is the product ? Who is the customer ? - Better synthetic rubber for athletic shoes - Nike company
We do not make a lot of things you use, but we make it better . 3M

Discovery

Chemical Engineering

(2) How much will they pay ? How much should it cost ? - Market analysis, consultation with main target customer - Account for the financing the building or refurbishing of production plant, cost of raw materials and operation cost. (3) How do we produce it ? (Process) - Understand the basic chemistry of the reaction A + B + Energy Product + D + heat

Product

Process Design and Development (1) Mix the reactant A and B

Process Design and Development (2) Design and build the reactor - Tubular reactor Size ?

A+B

Reactor Product + C
Heat (a) use giant test tube (b) batch reactor (c) tube reactor

Material ? Stainless steel? Glass-lined for corrosive reaction Heating ? Electrical heater, heat exchanger or steam jacket

Process Design and Development (3) Reactant A & B

Process Design and Development (3) Reactant A & B Buy or produce ? $$ ? Purity ? Transportation ? Solid reactant A Crusher to reduce particle size and promote reaction

A+B

Reactor Product + C
Heat

State of Material: Solid, liquid or gas ?

Extractor to remove impurities

Screw pump to transport reactant A to the reactor

Process Design and Development (4) Product

Raw Material A

Process Design and Development (5) By-product C, unreacted A & B

Raw Material A Product

Separator 1 Separator 1 Separator 3

Reactor Product + C
Separator 2

Reactor
Separator 2

Heat Heat
Separator 4

Raw Material B

Sold the product as is ? Or purify and get higher price ?

Raw Material B

Product 2

Separate and sell ? Or separate and recycle for reuse ?

Process Design and Development (6) Safety and Environment Automate Process ? Safety guidelines and precautions ? Waste reduction and treatment ? Release guidelines ? Community action group ? Education ?

http://www.eng.auburn.edu/users/tplacek/courses/2100/HowToSucceed.html

Dimensions and Units in Chemical Engineering

(1) Fundamental dimensions length, mass and time Metric unit MKS: meter (m), kilogram (kg) and second (s) cgs: centimeter (cm), gram (g) and second (s) English unit foot (ft), poundmass (lbm) and second (sec) Conversions 1 m = 100 cm = 3.28 ft = 39.37 in 1 kg = 1000 g = 2.204 lbm 1 s = 1 sec (2) Derived dimensions based on primitive units (a) Force F = mass x acceleration = ma Metric unit MKS: Newton (N) English unit: poundal (lbf) cgs: dyne Conversions 1 N = 1 kg m s-2 = 105 dynes = 0.2248 lbf
http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/units_en.html

Dimensions and Units in Chemical Engineering

(b) Pressure P = force/area = F/A Metric unit MKS: Bar (bar) English unit: atmosphere (atm) cgs: Pascal (Pa) Conversions 1 bar = 105 kg m-1 s-2 = 105 N m-2 = 105 Pa = 102 kPa = 106 dyne cm-2 = 0.986 atm = 14.504 psia = 750 torr

1 torr = 1 mm Hg 1 atm = pressure exerted by the air at see level 1 atm = 760 mm Hg 1 atm = 14.7 psia 1 psia = 1 poundal per square inch absolute

http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/units_en.html

Dimensions and Units in Chemical Engineering

(c) Temperature Metric unit: Kelvin (K) English unit: Rankine (R)

Dimensions and Units in Chemical Engineering

(d) Energy E = force x distance = Fl Metric unit MKS: Joules (J) cgs: Erg (erg) English unit: ft-lbf and BTU

Conversions T (K) = t(C) + 273 = T(R)/1.8 T (R) = t(F) + 460 t(F) = 1.8 t(C) + 32

Conversions 1 J = 1 kg m-2 s-2 = 1 N m = 10 cm3 bar = 107 dyne cm = 107 erg = 0.239 cal = 0.7376 ft-lbf = 9.478 x 10-4 BTU Types of Energies: Stored Energies: Internal energy (energy stored in molecules) Potential energy (configurational energy) Kinetic energy (motion) macroscopic

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Transient Energies: Work (mechanical work) Heat

Mechanical Energies
(1) Kinetic Energy energy stored in moving objects Ek = 1/2 mu2

Mechanical Energies
(2) Potential Energy energy stored in objects due to their relative position or configuration. Gravitational potential energy: Ep = mgz

Elastic potential energy: Ep = 1/2kx2

Internal Energy
energy stored within the molecule as translational, rotational and vibrational energies. Change in the internal energy is usually manifested by a change in the temperature. U = f(T)

Work and Heat

Energy transfer between system and surrounding occurs either in the form of work or heat Work (W) refers to mechanical work W = Fdl

translational

rotational

vibrational

Heat (Q) refers to energy transferred from a hot to a cold object.

Enthalpy and Heat

Engineering Measurements
(1) Average (Mean) and Median
Measurement
52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68

Engineering Measurements
(1) Precision is denoted by the number of significant figures in the data 3.4 x 104 has 2 significant figures 3.40 x 104 has 3 significant figures 3.400 x 104 has 4 significant figures

frequency
1 4 7 20 35 15 9 2 4
35 30 25 20 15 10 5

Mathematical Operations
(1) Multiplication and division 7.29 0.4 = 2.916 2.9 8 x 100 2.00 = 4.00 4 x 100
52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68

Average = 60.11 60 Median = 58.9 59

(2) Addition and substraction 7.29 + 0.401 + 3.1 = 10.791 10.8 (2) Range, sample variance, sample standard deviation

(2) Precision and Accuracy

70 Measurements 66 62 58 54 50 0 5 10 RUN 15 20

X - Sx X X + Sx

http://bell.mma.edu/~jbouch/Glossary/Precision.html

http://bell.mma.edu/~jbouch/Glossary/Precision.html

Homework # 1

Feb 14, 2003 Feb 28, 2003

Chemical Engineering Measurements

(1) Density(mass/volume), specific volume (volume/mass) is given by kg/m3, g/cm3, lbm/ft3 Density depends on temperature as material expands during heating e.g., VHg(T) = V0(1 + 0.18182 x 10-3T + 0.0078 x 10-6T2)
Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook

Individual Problems Chapter 2:Problem 2.2 Chapter 2: Problem 2.13 Chapter 2: Problem 2.35 Team Problem Chapter 3: Problem 3.13

Specific density (/ref) usually uses water at 4C as reference ref = 1000 kg/m3 1.000 g/cm3 62.43 lbm/ft3

Self-study: (1) Find out about the units Baume, degree API and degree Twaddell

http://bell.mma.edu/~jbouch/Glossary/Precision.html

Chemical Engineering Measurements

(1) Density(mass/volume), specific volume (volume/mass) is given by kg/m3, g/cm3, lbm/ft3 Density depends on temperature as material expands during heating e.g., VHg(T) = V0(1 + 0.18182 x 10-3T + 0.0078 x 10-6T2)
Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook

Chemical Engineering Measurements

(3a) Composition: Mass fraction: xA = mass of A/total mass of mixture Mole fraction: xA = mole of A/total mole of mixture

(3b) Concentration: Mass concentration = mass of A/volume of mixture Mole concentration = mole of A/volume of mixture

Specific density (/ref) usually uses water at 4C as reference ref = 1000 kg/m3 1.000 g/cm3 62.43 lbm/ft3

Self-study: (1) Find out about the units Baume, degree API and degree Twaddell

http://bell.mma.edu/~jbouch/Glossary/Precision.html

Chemical Engineering Measurements

(4) Pressure (force/area) is given by bar, Pa, lbf/ft2 Hydrostatic pressure P = P0 + gh

Example 8. Calculate the pressure a scuba diver experience at 100 m beneath the surface of the ocean.

P0

Head P = gh

gh
P

Manometer

Example 9. The manometers shown in the figure was used to measure the pressure at point 1 and 2 along a section of a piping. Please determine the value of P1 and P2 in Psia.