Derivation: For a three-phase synchronous generator, according to the Newtons second law, the prime rotor motion equation

is given by:

Where J is the total moment of inertia of rotating masses, is the rotor angular acceleration, is the mechanical torque, is the electrical torque, is the net accelerating torque.

Where is the angular velocity, is the rotor angular position with respect to a stationary axis. In order to measure the rotor angular position conveniently, we decide to use a synchronously rotating reference axis instead of a stationary axis. Therefore, we define:

Therefore the rotor motion equation becomes:

Also it is convenient to work with power rather than torque and to work in per-unit rather than ( ) and divide by in actual units. Therefore, we multiply by , the equation becomes:

( ) is mechanical power, per unit and ( ) is electrical power, per unit. where Finally, it is convent to work with a normalized inertia constant. A constant (called H) is defined as:

The H constant has the advantage that is it falls within a fairly narrow range, normally between 1 and 10 pu-s. Therefore the left side in the equation becomes:

Defining per-unit rotor angular velocity:

Therefore the equation becomes:

For a synchronous generator with P poles,

The per-unit electrical frequency is:

In practice the rotor speed does not vary significantly from synchronous speed. That ( ) ( ) is . Same reason, Plug all them into the rotor motion equation.

Due to the deviation, the equation needs to be added a term that represents a damping torque anytime generator deviates from its synchronous speed, with its value proportional to the speed deviation.

Where D is either zero or a relatively small positive number with typical values between 0 and 2 This equation is called the per-unit swing equation. The equation is a second-order differential equation which can be rewritten as two first order differential equation.

Note that is nonlinear due to

( ) and

( ).

Well, now I need to assume the parameters values. Assume ( ) Therefore Therefore ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( )

( ) ( )

( )

( )

Plug the parameters values into the equation (D=1). ( ) ( )

( )

( ) )

BLOCK DIAGAM OF A GENERATION

The initial value for ( ) is 377 rad/s and the initial value for ( ) is 0.4179 rad. Variation in ( ) with damping

Variation in ( ) without damping

What if the mechanical power per unit ( Well, set ( ) at t=5

( )) is not equal to one?

As we can see, the equilibrium is increased.

Similar, set

( )

at t=5

As we can see, the equilibrium is decreased.