LTE Frequently Asked Questions What is LTE?

What is goal of LTE? What speed LTE offers? What is LTE architecture? What is EUTRAN? What are LTE Interfaces? What are LTE Network elements? What are LTE protocols & specifications? What is oL!A? What is "# $all%ack in LTE? &ow does LTE #ecurit' works? What is I( )ultimedia #u%s'stem *I)#+? &ow do measurements work in LTE? What is Automatic Neigh%our Relation *ANR+? &ow does Intra E,UTRAN &ando-er is performed? &ow does polic' control and charging works in LTE? What is #.N & how does it work in LTE? &ow does Network #haring works in LTE? &ow does Timing Ad-ance *TA+ works in LTE? &ow does LTE UE positioning works in E,UTRAN? &ow man' operators ha-e committed for LTE? What is #ingle Radio oice "all "ontinuit' *#R ""+? &ow does Location #er-ice *L"#+ work in LTE network? &ow does Lawful Interception works in LTE E-ol-ed (acket #'stem? What is carrier aggregation in LTE,Ad-anced? What is Rela' Node and how does Rela'ing works in LTE,Ad-anced?

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What is LTE? LTEi *Long Term E-olution+ is initiated %' @!((i to impro-e the mo%ile phone standard to cope with future technolog' e-olutions and needs= What is goal of LTE? The goals for LTE include impro-ing spectral efficienc'5 lowering costs5 impro-ing ser-ices5 making use of new spectrum and reformed spectrum opportunities5 and %etter integration with other open standards= What speed LTE offers? LTE pro-ides downlink peak rates of at least 733)%itDs5 93 )%itDs in the uplink and RAN *Radio Access Network+ round,trip times of less than 73 ms= What is LTE architecture? The e-ol-ed architecture comprises E,UTRAN *E-ol-ed UTRAN+ on the access side and E(" *E-ol-ed (acket "ore+ on the core side= The figure %elow shows the e-ol-ed s'stem architecture

What is EUTRAN? The E,UTRAN *E-ol-ed UTRAN+ consists of eN0s5 pro-iding the E,UTRA user plane *(:"(DRL"D)A"D(&E+ and control plane *RR"+ protocol terminations towards the UE= The eN0s are interconnected with each other %' means of the F6 interface= The eN0s are also connected %' means of the #7 interface to the E(" *E-ol-ed (acket "ore+5 more specificall' to the ))E *)o%ilit' )anagement Entit'+ %' means of the #7,))E and to the #er-ing !atewa' *#, !W+ %' means of the #7,U= What are LTE Interfaces? The following are LTE Interfaces 1

#7,))E 1, Reference point for the control plane protocol %etween E,UTRAN and ))E= #7,U1, Reference point %etween E,UTRAN and #er-ing !W for the per %earer user plane tunnelling and inter eNode0 path switching during hando-er= #@1, It ena%les user and %earer information e>change for inter @!(( access network mo%ilit' in idle andDor acti-e state= #?1, It pro-ides related control and mo%ilit' support %etween !(R# "ore and the @!(( Anchor function of #er-ing !W= In addition5 if :irect Tunnel is not esta%lished5 it pro-ides the user plane tunnelling= #91, It pro-ides user plane tunnelling and tunnel management %etween #er-ing !W and (:N !W= It is used for #er-ing !W relocation due to UE mo%ilit' and if the #er-ing !W needs to connect to a non, collocated (:N !W for the re/uired (:N connecti-it'= #8a1, It ena%les transfer of su%scription and authentication data for authenticatingDauthori4ing user access to the e-ol-ed s'stem *AAA interface+ %etween ))E and &##= !>1, It pro-ides transfer of *Ao#+ polic' and charging rules from ("R$ to (olic' and "harging Enforcement $unction *("E$+ in the (:N !W= #G1, Inter,(L)N reference point pro-iding user and control plane %etween the #er-ing !W in the (L)N and the (:N !W in the &(L)N= #G is the inter (L)N -ariant of #9= #<1, It pro-ides transfer of *Ao#+ polic' and charging control information %etween the &ome ("R$ and the isited ("R$ in order to support local %reakout function= #731, Reference point %etween ))Es for ))E relocation and ))E to ))E information transfer= #771, Reference point %etween ))E and #er-ing !W= #761, Reference point %etween UTRAN and #er-ing !W for user plane tunnelling when :irect Tunnel is esta%lished= It is %ased on the Iu,uD!n,u reference point using the !T(,U protocol as defined %etween #!#N and UTRAN or respecti-el' %etween #!#N and !!#N= Usage of #76 is an operator configuration option= #7@1, It ena%les UE identit' check procedure %etween ))E and EIR= #!i1, It is the reference point %etween the (:N !W and the packet data network= (acket data network ma' %e an operator e>ternal pu%lic or pri-ate packet data network or an intra operator packet data network5 e=g= for pro-ision of I)# ser-ices= This reference point corresponds to !i for @!(( accesses= R>1, The R> reference point resides %etween the A$ and the ("R$ in the T# 6@=63@= #0c1, Reference point %etween "0" and ))E for warning message deli-er' and control functions=

What are LTE Network elements? eNB eN0 interfaces with the UE and hosts the (&Esical *(&E+5 )edium Access "ontrol *)A"+5 Radio Link "ontrol *RL"+5 and (acket :ata "ontrol (rotocol *(:"(+ la'ers= It also hosts Radio Resource "ontrol *RR"+ functionalit' corresponding to the control plane= It performs man' functions including radio resource management5 admission control5 scheduling5 enforcement of negotiated UL Ao#5 cell information %roadcast5 cipheringDdeciphering of user and control plane data5 and compressionDdecompression of :LDUL user plane packet headers= Mobility Management Entity manages and stores UE conte>t *for idle state1 UEDuser identities5 UE mo%ilit' state5 user securit' parameters+= It generates temporar' identities and allocates them to UEs= It checks the authori4ation whether the UE ma' camp on the TA or on the (L)N= It also authenticates the user= Serving ate!ay The #!W routes and forwards user data packets5 while also acting as the mo%ilit' anchor for the user plane during inter,eN0 hando-ers and as the anchor for mo%ilit' %etween LTE and other @!(( technologies *terminating #? interface and rela'ing the traffic %etween 6!D@! s'stems and (:N !W+=

Pa"ket #ata Net!ork ate!ay The (:N !W pro-ides connecti-it' to the UE to e>ternal packet data networks %' %eing the point of e>it and entr' of traffic for the UE= A UE ma' ha-e simultaneous connecti-it' with more than one (:N !W for accessing multiple (:Ns= The (:N !W performs polic' enforcement5 packet filtering for each user5 charging support5 lawful Interception and packet screening= What are LTE protocols & specifications? In LTE architecture5 core network includes )o%ilit' )anagement Entit' *))E+5 #er-ing !atewa' *#!W+5 (acket :ata Network !atewa' *(:N !W+ where as E,UTRAN has E,UTRAN Node0 *eN0+= #ee LTE protocols & specifications for specification mappings= (rotocol links are as %elow

Air Interface (h'sical La'er !(R# Tunnelling (rotocol User (lane *!T(,U+ !T(,U Transport )edium Access "ontrol *)A"+ Non,Access,#tratum *NA#+ (rotocol (acket :ata "on-ergence (rotocol *(:"(+ Radio Link "ontrol *RL"+ Radio Resource "ontrol *RR"+ #7 Application (rotocol *#7A(+ #7 la'er 7 #7 #ignalling Transport F6 Application (rotocol *F6A(+ F6 la'er 7 F6 #ignalling Transport

What is oL!A? oL!A stands for H oice o-er LTE -ia !eneric AccessH= The oL!A ser-ice resem%les the @!(( !eneric Access Network *!AN+= !AN pro-ides a controller node , the !AN controller *!AN"+ , inserted %etween the I( access network *i=e=5 the E(#+ and the @!(( core network= The !AN pro-ides an o-erla' access %etween the terminal and the "# core without re/uiring specific enhancements or support in the network it tra-erses= This pro-ides a terminal with a I-irtualI connection to the core network alread' deplo'ed %' an operator= The terminal and network thus reuse most of the e>isting mechanisms5 deplo'ment and operational aspects= What is "# $all%ack in LTE? LTE technolog' supports packet %ased ser-ices onl'5 howe-er @!(( does specifies fall%ack for circuit switched ser-ices as well= To achie-e this LTE architecture and network nodes re/uire additional functionalit'5 this %log is an attempt to pro-ide o-er-iew for same= In LTE architecture5 the circuit switched *"#+ fall%ack in E(# ena%les the pro-isioning of -oice and traditional "#, domain ser-ices *e=g= "# U:I -ideoD #)#D L"#D U##:+= To pro-ide these ser-ices LTE reuses "# infrastructure when the UE is ser-ed %' E UTRAN= &ow does LTE #ecurit' works? The following are some of the principles of @!(( E,UTRAN securit' %ased on @!(( Release G specifications1

The ke's used for NA# and A# protection shall %e dependent on the algorithm with which the' are used=

The eN0 ke's are cr'ptographicall' separated from the E(" ke's used for NA# protection *making it impossi%le to use the eN0 ke' to figure out an E(" ke'+= The A# *RR" and U(+ and NA# ke's are deri-ed in the E("DUE from ke' material that was generated %' a NA# *E("DUE+ le-el ABA procedure *BA#)E+ and identified with a ke' identifier *B#IA#)E+= The eN0 ke' *BeN0+ is sent from the E(" to the eN0 when the UE is entering E"),".NNE"TE: state *i=e= during RR" connection or #7 conte>t setup+=

What is I( )ultimedia #u%s'stem *I)#+? The @!(( I( )ultimedia #u%s'stem *I)#+ technolog' pro-ides an architectural framework for deli-ering I( %ased multimedia ser-ices= I)# ena%les telecom ser-ice pro-iders to offer a new generation of rich multimedia ser-ices across %oth circuit switched and packet switched networks= I)# offers access to I( %ased ser-ices independent of the access network e=g= wireless access *!(R#5 @!((Js U)T#5 LTE5 @!((6Js ":)A6333+ and fi>ed networks *TI#(ANJs N!N+ I)# defines a architecture of logical elements using #I( for call signaling %etween network elements and (ro-ides a la'ered approach with defined ser-ice5 control5 and transport planes= #ome of I)# high le-el re/uirements are noted %elow1 The application plane pro-ides an infrastructure for the pro-ision and management of ser-ices5 su%scri%er configuration and identit' management and defines standard interfaces to common functionalit'= The I)# control plane handles the call related signaling and controls transport plane= )aKor element of control plane is the "all #ession "ontrol $unction *"#"$+ 5 which comprises (ro>',"#"$ *(,"#"$+5 Interrogating,"#"$ *I, "#"$+ and #er-ing,"#"$ *#,"#"$+= The "#"$ *"allD#ession "ontrol $unction+ is essentiall' a #I( ser-er= The I)# transport plane pro-ides a core I( network with access from su%scri%er de-ice o-er wireless or wireline networks= &ow does measurements work in LTE? In LTE E,UTRAN measurements to %e performed %' a UE for mo%ilit' are classified as %elow

Intra,fre/uenc' E,UTRAN measurements Inter,fre/uenc' E,UTRAN measurements Inter,RAT measurements for UTRAN and !ERAN Inter,RAT measurements of ":)A6333 &R(: or 7>RTT fre/uencies

What is Automatic Neigh%our Relation? According to @!(( specifications5 the purpose of the Automatic Neigh%our Relation *ANR+ functionalit' is to relie-e the operator from the %urden of manuall' managing Neigh%or Relations *NRs+= This feature would operators effort to pro-ision= &ow does Intra E,UTRAN &ando-er is performed? Intra E,UTRAN &ando-er is used to hand o-er a UE from a source eNode0 to a target eNode0 using F6 when the ))E is unchanged= In the scenario descri%ed here #er-ing !W is also unchanged= The presence of I( connecti-it' %etween the #er-ing !W and the source eNode05 as well as %etween the #er-ing !W and the target eNode0 is assumed= The intra E,UTRAN &. in RR"L".NNE"TE: state is UE assisted NW controlled &.5 with &. preparation signalling in E,UTRAN= &ow does polic' control and charging works in LTE? A important component in LTE network is the polic' and charging control *(""+ function that %rings together and enhances capa%ilities from earlier @!(( releases to deli-er d'namic control of polic' and charging on a per su%scri%er and per I( flow %asis=

LTE E-ol-ed (acket "ore *E("+ E(" includes a ("" architecture that pro-ides support for fine,grained Ao# and ena%les application ser-ers to d'namicall' control the Ao# and charging re/uirements of the ser-ices the' deli-er= It also pro-ides impro-ed support for roaming= :'namic control o-er Ao# and charging will help operators moneti4e their LTE in-estment %' pro-iding customers with a -ariet' of Ao# and charging options when choosing a ser-ice= The LTE ("" functions include1

("R$ *polic' and charging rules function+ pro-ides polic' control and flow %ased charging control decisions= ("E$ *polic' and charging enforcement function+ implemented in the ser-ing gatewa'5 this enforces gating and Ao# for indi-idual I( flows on the %ehalf of the ("R$= It also pro-ides usage measurement to support charging ."# *online charging s'stem+ pro-ides credit management and grants credit to the ("E$ %ased on time5 traffic -olume or chargea%le e-ents= .$"# *off,line charging s'stem+ recei-es e-ents from the ("E$ and generates charging data records *":Rs+ for the %illing s'stem=

Refer following whitepapers for more details= Introduction to E-ol-ed (acket "ore (olic' control and charging for LTE networks Aualit' of #er-ice *Ao#+ and (olic' )anagement in )o%ile :ata Networks What is #.N & how does it work in LTE? #elf,configuring5 self,optimi4ing wireless networks is not a new concept %ut as the mo%ile networks are e-ol-ing towards ?! LTE networks5 introduction of self configuring and self optimi4ing mechanisms is needed to minimi4e operational efforts= A self optimi4ing function would increase network performance and /ualit' reacting to d'namic processes in the network= This would minimi4e the life c'cle cost of running a network %' eliminating manual configuration of e/uipment at the time of deplo'ment5 right through to d'namicall' optimi4ing radio network performance during operation= Ultimatel' it will reduce the unit cost and retail price of wireless data ser-ices= &ow does Network #haring works in LTE? @!(( network sharing architecture allows different core network operators to connect to a shared radio access network= The operators do not onl' share the radio network elements5 %ut ma' also share the radio resources themsel-es= &ow does Timing Ad-ance *TA+ works in LTE? In LTE5 when UE wish to esta%lish RR" connection with eN05 it transmits a Random Access (ream%le5 eN0 estimates the transmission timing of the terminal %ased on this= Now eN0 transmits a Random Access Response which consists of timing ad-ance command5 %ased on that UE adKusts the terminal transmit timing= The timing ad-ance is initiated from E,UTRAN with )A" message that implies and adKustment of the timing ad-ance &ow does LTE UE positioning works in E,UTRAN? UE (ositioning function is re/uired to pro-ide the mechanisms to support or assist the calculation of the geographical position of a UE= UE position knowledge can %e used5 for e>ample5 in support of Radio Resource )anagement functions5 as well as location,%ased ser-ices for operators5 su%scri%ers5 and third,part' ser-ice pro-iders= &ow man' operators ha-e committed for LTE? List of operators committed for LTE has %een compiled %' @!Americas from Informa Telecoms & )edia and pu%lic announcements= It includes a -ariet' of commitment le-els including intentions to trial5 deplo'5 migrate5 etc=

What is #ingle Radio oice "all "ontinuit' *#R ""+? Along with LTE introduction5 @!(( also standardi4ed #ingle Radio oice "all "ontinuit' *#R ""+ in Release G specifications to pro-ide seamless continuit' when an UE hando-ers from LTE co-erage *E,UTRAN+ to U)T#D!#) co-erage *UTRAND!ERAN+= With #R ""5 calls are anchored in I)# network while UE is capa%le of transmittingDrecei-ing on onl' one of those access networks at a gi-en time= &ow does Location #er-ice *L"#+ work in LTE network? In the L"# architecture5 an E-ol-ed #)L" is directl' attached to the ))E= The o%Kecti-es of this e-olution is to support location of an I)# emergenc' call5 a-oid impacts to a location session due to an inter,eNode0 hando-er5 make use of an E-ol-ed and support )o%ile originated location re/uest *).,LR+ and mo%ile terminated location re/uest )T,LR ser-ices= Release < L"# solution introduces new interfaces in the E("1

#Lg %etween the !)L" and the ))E #Ls %etween the E,#)L" and the ))E :iameter,%ased #Lh %etween the &## and the &!)L"

&ow does Lawful Interception works in LTE E-ol-ed (acket #'stem? @!(( E-ol-ed (acket #'stem *E(#+ pro-ides I( %ased ser-ices= &ence5 E(# is responsi%le onl' for I( la'er interception of "ontent of "ommunication *""+ data= In addition to "" data5 the Lawful Interception *LI+ solution for E(# offers generation of Intercept Related Information *IRI+ records from respecti-e control plane *signalling+ messages as well= What is carrier aggregation in LTE,Ad-anced? To meet LTE,Ad-anced re/uirements5 support of wider transmission %andwidths is re/uired than the 63 )&4 %andwidth specified in @!(( Release GD<= The preferred solution to this is carrier aggregation= It is of the most distinct features of ?! LTE,Ad-anced= "arrier aggregation allows e>pansion of effecti-e %andwidth deli-ered to a user terminal through concurrent utili4ation of radio resources across multiple carriers= )ultiple component carriers are aggregated to form a larger o-erall transmission %andwidth= What is Rela' Node and how does Rela'ing works in LTE,Ad-anced? $or efficient heterogeneous network planning5 @!(( LTE,Ad-anced has introduced concept of Rela' Nodes *RNs+= The Rela' Nodes are low power eNode0s that pro-ide enhanced co-erage and capacit' at cell edges= .ne of the main %enefits of rela'ing is to pro-ide e>tended LTE co-erage in targeted areas at low cost= The Rela' Node is connected to the :onor eN0 *:eN0+ -ia radio interface5 Un5 a modified -ersion of E,UTRAN air interface Uu= :onor eN0 also sr-es its own UE as usual5 in addition to sharing its radio resources for Rela' Nodes=